Abstract Objectives: To estimate acute otitis media incidence among young children and impact on quality of life of parents/caregivers in a southern Brazilian city. Methods: Prospective cohort study including children 0-5 years of age registered at a private pediatric practice. Acute otitis media episodes diagnosed by a pediatrician and impact on quality of life of parents/caregivers were assessed during a 12-month follow-up. Results: During September 2008-March 2010, of 1,136 children enrolled in the study, 1074 (95%) were followed: 55.0% were ≤2 years of age, 52.3% males, 94.7% white, and 69.2% had previously received pneumococcal vaccine in private clinics. Acute otitis media incidence per 1000 person-years was 95.7 (95% confidence interval: 77.2-117.4) overall, 105.5 (95% confidence interval: 78.3-139.0) in children ≤2 years of age and 63.6 (95% confidence interval: 43.2-90.3) in children 3-5 years of age. Acute otitis media incidence per 1000 person-years was 86.3 (95% confidence interval: 65.5-111.5) and 117.1 (95% confidence interval: 80.1-165.3) among vaccinated and unvaccinated children, respectively. Nearly 68.9% of parents reported worsening of their overall quality of life. Conclusion: Acute otitis media incidence among unvaccinated children in our study may be useful as baseline data to assess impact of pneumococcal vaccine introduction in the Brazilian National Immunization Program in April 2010.

In this work we consider a region S ⊂ given by a finite number of nonlinear smooth convex inequalities and having nonempty interior. We assume a point x 0 is given, which is close in certain norm to the analytic center of S, and that a new nonlinear smooth convex inequality is added to those defining S (perturbed region). It is constructively shown how to obtain a shift of the right-hand side of this inequality such that the point x 0 is still close (in the same norm) to the analytic center of this shifted region. Starting from this point and using the theoretical results shown, we develop a heuristic that allows us to obtain the approximate analytic center of the perturbed region. Then, we present a procedure to solve the problem of nonlinear feasibility. The procedure was implemented and we performed some numerical tests for the quadratic (random) case.

Diferentes silagens de milho foram avaliadas através de sua composição química e pelos métodos de degradabilidade in situ, digestibilidade in vitro convencional e produção de gases in vitro, com o objetivo de comparar os métodos entre si na estimativa do valor nutritivo das silagens. Foram confeccionados 36 mini-silos com três teores de matéria seca (MS) (200, 260 e 280g kg-1), e duas densidades de compactação: Alta compactação (AC) e Baixa compactação (BC). Os valores de digestibilidade obtidos pelos métodos in vitro convencional e in situ somente foram afetados pelo teor de MS (P<0,05). Os valores de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) estimados pela composição química foram afetados tanto pelos teores de MS e densidade, como pelas suas interações (P<0,05). As digestibilidades da matéria orgânica (MO) das silagens de milho estimadas tanto pelo método convencional in vitro como in situ foram menores que aquelas estimadas pela técnica de produção de gases in vitro ou dos valores de NDT calculados a partir da composição química (P<0,05). Comparado aos métodos in vitro convencional e in situ, a técnica de produção de gases foi mais sensível, permitindo detectar diferenças nos parâmetros de degradabilidade em função dos níveis de umidade e compactação, o que a torna mais precisa para avaliar o valor nutritivo de silagens de milho.

The nutritional value of different maize silages was estimated and compared by means of chemical composition, or by tests in situ, conventional in vitro or by a semi-automated in vitro gas production technique. Thirty-six samples of maize silages prepared in mini-silos with three DM contents (200, 260 and 280g kg-1) and two packing densities; higher density (HD) or lower density (LD), were evaluated. Digestibility values from in situ and conventional in vitro tests were affected only by silage moisture concentration (P<0.05). Total digestible nutrients values estimated from the chemical composition were affected by both moisture and density treatments, as well as by its interaction (P<0.05). OM digestibilities of maize silages estimated either by conventional in vitro or by in situ methods were lower than those estimated by in vitro gas fermentation or than the TDN values calculated from chemical composition (P<0.05). Compared to the traditional in vitro and in situ tests, the in vitro gas production technique was more accurate to evaluate the nutritional value of maize silages.

Este estudo teve como finalidade realizar um levantamento sobre a existência de nove tipos de informações toxicológicas sobre os produtos químicos que estão sendo utilizados no Brasil, em quantidades superiores ou iguais a 500 toneladas por ano, restritos àqueles produtos cujas investigações não estão sendo feitas por entidades reconhecidas pela comunidade científica internacional, fora do Brasil. Como resultado, observou-se que na amostragem de 461 produtos químicos utilizados em larga escala no Brasil, apenas dezoito destes produtos possuíam os nove tipos de informações toxicológicas abordadas nesse estudo. Também constatou-se que doze produtos químicos não possuíam quaisquer informações toxicológicas, impossibilitando um estudo de avaliação do risco destes produtos.

This study had as purpose to survey the existence of nine types of toxicological information on chemical products that are being used in Brazil, in higher or equal amounts of 500 tons per year, restricted to those products whose inquiries are not being made by recognized entities in the international scientific community. As result, the study showed that in sampling of 461 chemical products used in wide scale in Brazil, only eighteen of these products had the nine types of toxicological information evaluated. Also it was demonstrated that twelve chemical products did not had any toxicological information, disabling their risk evaluation.