Resumen Los bancos de leche humana (BLH) utilizan la pasteurización y congelación, como principales métodos de conservación. Sin embargo, su valor nutricional disminuye durante la descongelación y almacenamiento. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de las altas presiones hidrostáticas (HHP) y el secado por aspersión sobre los macronutrientes, la calidad microbiológica e inactivación de Staphylococcus aureus en LH. Para ello, se realizó la cuantificación de proteínas, lípidos, carbohidratos, cenizas, bacterias lácticas, mesófilos aerobios, coliformes, mohos, levaduras y S. aureus. Los resultados mostraron que S. aureus y los grupos microbianos evaluados fueron reducidos por debajo del límite permitido por los BLH (<10 UFC/mL). Mientras que las concentraciones de macronutrientes permanecieron sin cambio durante todo el proceso de conservación. El uso de fibra soluble durante el proceso de secado permitió obtener un rendimiento mayor al 99 %. El polvo mostró alta solubilidad y bajos niveles de humedad y actividad en agua; las cuales son propiedades deseables en los alimentos deshidratados. Por lo tanto, la combinación de HHP y el proceso de secado por aspersión demostró ser una alternativa para facilitar el manejo y mejorar la calidad microbiológica de la leche humana.

Abstract Human milk banks (HMB) use pasteurization and freezing methods to preserve the milk, nevertheless, the nutritional value of the human milk (HM) decreases during thawing and storage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of high hydrostatic pressures (HHP) and spray-drying on macronutrients, microbiological quality, and inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus on HM. The characterization of HM powder, reduction of S. aureus, and modifications in microbiological viability, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and ashes were assessed. The findings demonstrated that while S. aureus and all other examined microbial groups were undetectable, macronutrient concentrations remained constant during the entire conservation process. High yield (> 99 %) was achieved thanks to the inclusion of soluble fiber during the drying process, and the produced powder displayed high solubility, low moisture content, and activity water; which are desirable properties in dried foods. Therefore, the combination of HHP and the spray-drying process is an alternative to facilitate handling, improve the microbial quality, allow the addition of oligosaccharides, and maintain the nutritional value of HM in HMB.

Con el fin de establecer el nivel de contaminación por metales pesados (MP), se llevó a cabo una caracterización florística y análisis de la matriz de residuos (MR) y muestras de tejidos vegetales en el morro de basuras de Moravia en Medellín, un antiguo botadero de basuras habitado desde 1984 por más de 17.000 personas. Se identificaron más de 65 especies vegetales, la mayoría de ellas herbáceas, agrupadas en 28 familias. El contenido de MP en 14 diferentes muestras de MR varió considerablemente, yendo de 121 y 9.600 mg/kg de Hg y Pb, respectivamente. El contenido promedio de MP en la MR siguió el orden: Pb > Ni > Cr > Hg > Cd. Hubo absorción de MP en diversas especies vegetales, alcanzando valores máximos de 1,0; 123,7; 263,7 mg/kg en el caso de Hg, Pb y Cr, respectivamente. Sin embargo, a excepción de Lepidium virginicum, los valores de factores de bioconcentración estimados no fueron mayores que 1.0. Dada su cobertura y adaptación a las condiciones del antiguo basurero, Bidens pilosa, Urochloa maxima y L. virginicum, se evidencian como especies adecuadas para el proceso de revegetación del Morro de Moravia. Aún después de 24 años desde la clausura del basurero, se encontraron altos contenidos de MP tanto en la MR como en los tejidos vegetales muestreados. Dado que estudios complementarios a este han mostrado que aún existe producción de lixiviados en Moravia y que existe transferencia activa de metales pesados a la fauna presente en Moravia, existe la necesidad de implementar medidas de reducción de la contaminación en este sitio.

. Floristic characterization, plant tissue and residue matrix (RM) analysis were conducted to establish the extent of heavy metal (HM) pollution of the Moravia dump at Medellín, Colombia, a site that was inhabited by more than 17000 people since 1984. More than 65 plant species (28 families) were identified, most of which were herbaceous. Content of HM in the (RM) was determined in 14 different RM samples varied greatly among them, reaching 121 and 9600 mg/kg of Hg and Pb respectively. Mean content of HM (mg/kg) in the RM had the following pattern: Pb > Ni > Cr > Hg > Cd. Uptake of HM from the RM to plants was evident in most sampled species, with concentrations of Pb, Cr, and Hg reaching maximum values of 1.0, 123.7, 263.7 mg/kg of Hg, Pb and Cr respectively. However, Lepidium virginicum excluded, estimated bioconcentration factors were not greater than 1.0. Given their adaptation, Bidens pilosa, Urochloa maxima and L. virginicum, appear to be suitable for the revegetation of Moravia. Twenty-four years after its closure, HM content in Moravia continue to be high and the local flora actively takes up HM. Since other studies have shown that in Moravia there is still production of lixiviates and that there is an active heavy metal transference to the local Moravia fauna, it is imperative to implement adequate control measures in order to control HM contamination at this site.

Contextualização: Para que sejam realizadas atividades funcionais da vida diária é primordial a manutenção do equilíbrio estático, possibilitando posturas, movimentos e respostas adequadas. Objetivos: O presente trabalho teve como finalidade avaliar e comparar, através do teste de Romberg adaptado, as oscilações do equilíbrio estático de amputados protetizados de membros inferiores com indivíduos não amputados. Método: Foram avaliados 33 indivíduos do sexo masculino com idade média de 33,38 anos, divididos em três diferentes grupos. O grupo A foi composto por 12 indivíduos amputados que utilizavam prótese transfemural. O grupo B foi formado por 9 indivíduos amputados transtibiais. O grupo controle C continha 12 indivíduos não amputados. Cada indivíduo foi filmado nos planos frontal e sagital, avaliado quadro a quadro para a seleção de momentos de maiores oscilações. As imagens selecionadas foram quantificadas através da Biofotogrametria Computadorizada, utilizando-se o programa ALCimage 2.1®. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas entre as oscilações anteriores para o grupo A (transfemural) e entre as oscilações para o lado esquerdo, no grupo B. Conclusão: A partir destes resultados, conclui-se que amputados de membros inferiores apresentam uma tendência de oscilação mais significante em direção anterior e para o lado contra-lateral à prótese. Com o avanço da idade, nota-se uma menor tendência à oscilação posterior.

Background: To accomplish day-to-day functional activities, it is fundamentally important to maintain static balance, thereby enabling appropriate postures, movements and responses. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate oscillations in static balance among amputees with lower limb prostheses, by means of an adapted Romberg test, and to compare such oscillations with those among individuals without amputations. Method: Thirty-three male individuals of mean age 33.38 years were evaluated, in three different groups. Group A was composed of 12 amputees who were utilizing a transfemoral prosthesis. Group B was formed by 9 individuals with a transtibial amputation. Group C (control) contained 12 normal individuals. All subjects were filmed in the frontal and sagittal planes, and their movements were evaluated frame by frame to select the moments of greatest oscillation. The images selected were quantified by means of computerized biophotogrammetry using the program ALCimage 2.1®. Results: The results showed significant differences among the anterior oscillations for the group A and among the left-side oscillations for group B. Conclusion: From these results, it was concluded that lower-limb amputees present a tendency towards more significant oscillations in the anterior direction and contralaterally to the prosthesis. With advancing age, a lesser tendency towards posterior oscillation was noted.