ABSTRACT Objective. To describe the iron status profile and to propose hemoglobin adjustment factors for altitude for children aged 6 to 8 months in Lima, Arequipa, Cusco and Puno. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study in children aged 6 to 8 months from four cities. We measured hemoglobin and other iron biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP), among others. To estimate the adjustment equation, we applied an exponential regression. We excluded children with iron deficiency (ID) and/or inflammation. Results. The proportions of ID were higher in Puno and Arequipa, while inflammation did not exceed 19% in any of the cities. Hemoglobin showed an exponential increase at higher altitude. The adjustment equation was: 10.34249 x (1.00007 ^ Alt). Conclusions. Children residing in Arequipa and Puno showed higher rates of ID and lower iron reserves; furthermore, the increase in hemoglobin by altitude was exponential, showing the need to adjust hemoglobin at altitude.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Caracterizar el estado del hierro y proponer factores de ajuste de hemoglobina por altitud, en niños de 6 a 8 meses de Lima, Arequipa, Cusco y Puno. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal en niños de 6 a 8 meses de edad en cuatro ciudades, se midió hemoglobina y otros biomarcadores de hierro, Proteína C reactiva (PCR), entre otros. Para estimar la ecuación de ajuste, se aplicó una regresión exponencial y excluimos a los niños con deficiencia de hierro (DH) y/o inflamación. Resultados. Las proporciones de DH fueron mayores en Puno y Arequipa, mientras que la inflamación no superó el 19% en ninguna de las ciudades. La hemoglobina mostró un incremento exponencial a mayor altitud. La ecuación de ajuste fue: 10,34249 x (1,00007 ^ Alt). Conclusiones. Los niños residentes en Arequipa y Puno mostraron mayores proporciones de DH y menores reservas de hierro; además el aumento de la hemoglobina por altitud fue exponencial evidenciando la necesidad de ajustar la hemoglobina en altura.

Resumen Introducción: La confiabilidad de la presión sistólica arterial pulmonar por ecocardiografía transtorácica se encuentra limitada por su variabilidad para definir la hipertensión pulmonar. Objetivo: Conocer la variabilidad en la presión sistólica arterial pulmonar estimada por ecocardiografía en la hipertensión pulmonar. Métodos: En el periodo 2016-2020 se captaron sujetos con hipertensión pulmonar que tuvieron estimada la presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar por ecocardiografía transtorácica y por cateterismo cardiaco derecho. Se obtuvieron sus variables demográficas. Los datos se analizaron con el estadístico descriptivo de Bland-Altman y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (intervalo de confianza al 95%). Resultados: Se estudiaron 152 sujetos, edad 60 ± 12 años. Índice de masa corporal 27.64 ± 4.69 kg/m2. La presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar por ecocardiografía transtorácica 58.99 ± 18.62 vs. cateterismo cardiaco 55.43 ± 16.79. Diferencia media (sesgo) –3.6 (29.1, –36.2) y coeficiente de correlación intraclase 0.717 (0.610, 0.794). Conclusiones: La variabilidad es amplia y el acuerdo es sustancial con la presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar. Se aconseja estimarla solo como tamizaje de la hipertensión pulmonar.

Abstract Introduction: The reliability of pulmonary arterial systolic pressure by transthoracic echocardiography is limited by its variability to define pulmonary hypertension. Objective: To know the variability of pulmonary arterial systolic pressure estimated by echocardiography in pulmonary hypertension. Their demographic variables were obtained. Methods: From 2016-2020 subjects with pulmonary hypertension were recruited, with pulmonary artery systolic pressure estimated by transthoracic echocardiography and by right heart catheterization. Data were analyzed using the Bland-Altman descriptive statistic and the intraclass correlation coefficient (95% confidence interval). Results: 152 subjects, age 60 ± 12 years, were studied. Body mass index 27.64 ± 4.69 kg/m2. The pulmonary artery systolic pressure estimated by transthoracic echocardiography 58.99 ± 18.62 vs. cardiac catheterization 55.43 ± 16.79 mmHg. Mean difference (bias) –3.6 (29.1, –36.2) and intraclass correlation coefficient 0.717 (0.610, 0.794). Conclusions: Variability is wide, and agreement is substantial for pulmonary artery systolic pressure. It is recommended to estimate only as screening for pulmonary hypertension.

Resumen Los bancos de leche humana (BLH) utilizan la pasteurización y congelación, como principales métodos de conservación. Sin embargo, su valor nutricional disminuye durante la descongelación y almacenamiento. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de las altas presiones hidrostáticas (HHP) y el secado por aspersión sobre los macronutrientes, la calidad microbiológica e inactivación de Staphylococcus aureus en LH. Para ello, se realizó la cuantificación de proteínas, lípidos, carbohidratos, cenizas, bacterias lácticas, mesófilos aerobios, coliformes, mohos, levaduras y S. aureus. Los resultados mostraron que S. aureus y los grupos microbianos evaluados fueron reducidos por debajo del límite permitido por los BLH (<10 UFC/mL). Mientras que las concentraciones de macronutrientes permanecieron sin cambio durante todo el proceso de conservación. El uso de fibra soluble durante el proceso de secado permitió obtener un rendimiento mayor al 99 %. El polvo mostró alta solubilidad y bajos niveles de humedad y actividad en agua; las cuales son propiedades deseables en los alimentos deshidratados. Por lo tanto, la combinación de HHP y el proceso de secado por aspersión demostró ser una alternativa para facilitar el manejo y mejorar la calidad microbiológica de la leche humana.

Abstract Human milk banks (HMB) use pasteurization and freezing methods to preserve the milk, nevertheless, the nutritional value of the human milk (HM) decreases during thawing and storage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of high hydrostatic pressures (HHP) and spray-drying on macronutrients, microbiological quality, and inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus on HM. The characterization of HM powder, reduction of S. aureus, and modifications in microbiological viability, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and ashes were assessed. The findings demonstrated that while S. aureus and all other examined microbial groups were undetectable, macronutrient concentrations remained constant during the entire conservation process. High yield (> 99 %) was achieved thanks to the inclusion of soluble fiber during the drying process, and the produced powder displayed high solubility, low moisture content, and activity water; which are desirable properties in dried foods. Therefore, the combination of HHP and the spray-drying process is an alternative to facilitate handling, improve the microbial quality, allow the addition of oligosaccharides, and maintain the nutritional value of HM in HMB.

Abstract Background: The Mammillaria series Stylothelae (Cactaceae) includes 16 taxa distributed mostly among the limits of the Chihuahuan Desert (CD) with the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Transmexican Volcanic Belt (TVB). In Jalisco, four pink flowered species occur at the southwestern end of the CD where it meets the TVB. The boundaries and recognition of three species related with M. fittkaui (M. fittkaui complex) are debatable. Question: Should the taxa of the Mammillaria fittkaui species complex be considered as species? Studied species: Four pink flowered Mammillaria series Stylothelae (M. fittkaui species complex) and M. zeilmanniana as comparative species. Study site: Western Mexico. Methods: Six morphological characters were sampled in specimens from the type locations of three pink flowered species, one locality of Mammillaria sp., and M. zeilmanniana. We used a permutational multivariate analysis of variance on six characters of each of the groups and a discriminant analysis to evaluate the morphological variation among species and to determine the correct classification of each individual. Results: The analyses identified four well defined morphological groups with statistical significance within the Mammillaria fittkaui complex. We recognized M. fittkaui, M. limonensis, and M. manana as species and here describe M. arreolae as a new species from Jalisco. Conclusions: In Cactaceae, morphometry has been useful to establish species boundaries. The Mammillaria fittkaui complex includes four species. Mammillaria arreolae differs from the other species by the shorter tubercles, flowers, and fruits. In addition, it develops more than one hooked central spine per areole.

Resumen Antecedentes: Mammillaria serie Stylothelae (Cactaceae) incluye 16 taxones distribuidos principalmente entre los límites del Desierto Chihuahuense (DC), la Sierra Madre Oriental y el Eje Volcánico Transmexicano (EVT). En Jalisco, cuatro taxones de flores rosas ocurren en el extremo suroeste del DC que confluye con el EVT. Los límites y el reconocimiento de tres especies relacionadas con M. fittkaui (complejo M. fittkaui) son debatibles. Pregunta: ¿Los taxones del complejo de especies Mammillaria fittkaui deberían ser considerados como especies diferentes? Especies estudiadas: Cuatro especies de Mammillaria serie Stylothelae de flores rosas (complejo M. fittkaui) y M. zeilmanniana como grupo comparativo. Sitio de estudio: Occidente de México. Métodos: Seis caracteres morfológicos fueron muestreados en las localidades tipo de las tres especies de flores rosas, una localidad de Mammillaria sp. y M. zeilmanniana. Se utilizó un análisis multivariado de varianza basado en permutaciones en seis caracteres entre los cinco grupos y un análisis discriminante para evaluar la variación morfológica entre especies y determinar la correcta clasificación de cada individuo. Resultados: Los análisis identificaron cuatro grupos bien definidos con significancia estadística dentro del complejo Mammillaria fittkaui. Reconocemos a M. fittkaui, M. limonensis y M. manana y describimos a M. arreolae como una especie nueva de Jalisco. Conclusiones: En Cactaceae, la morfometría es útil para establecer límites entre especies. El complejo Mammillaria fittkaui incluye cuatro especies. Mammillaria arreolae difiere de las otras especies por sus tubérculos, flores y frutos más cortos. Además, desarrolla más de una espina central uncinada por aréola.

Resumen Las comunidades de anuros y los componentes bióticos asociados, así como el hábitat físico circundante varían entre regiones. El éxito de las investigaciones sobre biodiversidad de anfibios dependerá entonces de conocer la eficiencia de las diferentes técnicas de muestreo que se aplican en cada ambiente particular que es analizado. En este contexto, evaluamos la efectividad relativa de registro (ERR) de cuatro técnicas diferentes en un humedal lacustre localizado en la Reserva Juan Bautista Alberdi (RJBA), en el centro-este de Argentina. Se efectuaron los relevamientos de diciembre de 2021 a marzo de 2022 (temporada de verano), sumándose un muestreo de otoño (mayo/2022). Se emplearon a) trampas de caída, b) muestreos de larvas con red, c) transectas de prospección auditiva y d) transectas de prospección visual. En cada caso, se calculó la ERR estandarizando los registros de acuerdo al esfuerzo de muestreo medido en minutos. Para estudiar el efecto de la técnica de muestreo sobre la ERR se realizó un modelo lineal randomizado mediante un test de permutación, aplicando 1,000 iteraciones. Se registraron un total de 11 especies, siendo Boana pulchella, Scinax nasicus y Rhinella dorbignyi las detectadas con mayor frecuencia. La técnica de muestreo influyó en la ERR (P = 0.001). El transecto de prospección auditiva resultó la técnica más exitosa, con una ERR del 24.44%, seguida por la búsqueda de larvas con red (3.70%) y el transecto de prospección visual (3.38%). No obstante, estas dos últimas permitieron encontrar especies no detectadas con la primera. Consecuentemente, un diseño integrando diferentes técnicas es necesario para estudiar adecuadamente las comunidades de anfibios de la RJBA. Mejorar la efectividad de los muestreos permite fortalecer nuestra comprensión sobre la biodiversidad de este grupo taxonómico, tan necesario en el contexto de declinación global actual.

Abstract Anuran communities and their associated biotic components, as well as the surrounding physical habitat, vary between regions. The success of research on amphibian biodiversity will then depend on knowing the efficiency of the different sampling techniques that are applied in each particular environment analyzed. In this context, we evaluated the relative registration effectiveness (RRE) of four different techniques in a lacustrine wetland located in the Juan Bautista Alberdi Reserve (JBAR), in east -central Argentina. Research was carried out from December 2021 to March 2022 (summer season), adding an autumn sampling (May/2022). Techniques used were: A) pitfall traps, b) larval sampling, c) acoustic survey transects and d) visual survey transects. In each case, the RRE was calculated by standardizing the records according to the sampling effort measured in minutes. To study the effect of the sampling technique on RRE, a randomized linear model was created using a permutation test, applying 1,000 iterations. A total of 11 species were recorded, with Boana pulchella, Scinax nasicus and Rhinella dorbignyi being the most frequently detected. The sampling technique was found to influence RRE (P = 0.001). The acoustic survey transect was the most successful technique, with an RRE of 24.44%, followed by the search for larvae with a net (3.70%) and the visual survey transect (3.38%). However, these last two allowed us to find species not detected by the first technique. Consequently, a design integrating different techniques is necessary to adequately study the amphibian communities of the JBAR. Improving the effectiveness of sampling allows us to strengthen our understanding of the biodiversity of this taxonomic group, which is so necessary in the context of current global decline.

Abstract: Background and Aims: There are seven native bamboo species in the Huasteca Potosina (HP), but the richness of introduced species is unknown. For both groups there is no record of the ecosystem services (ES) they provide. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to record the presence of introduced bamboo species in the HP and to identify the ES of native and introduced species. Methods: Botanical explorations were carried out to visit all the municipalities of the study area; 57 botanical collections were made. In order to know the ES of native and introduced species, observations were made in the field, especially in localities where bamboo is grown and used, and we interviewed 31 key informants. Key results: In addition to the seven native bamboo species in the HP there are 11 introduced taxa (ten species and one variety), all of which are woody culms. Eight species and one variety are native to Asia, one to South America, and one introduced from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. The most widely distributed introduced species are Bambusa vulgaris, B. vulgaris var. vittata and B. oldhamii. The main use of woody bamboo is for construction and the native species most used for this is Guadua velutina. The introduced species are produced for decoration, living fence and construction. Conclusions: In the HP there are 44 ha of commercial bamboo plantations, together with the native species they provide three ES and five uses. The results of this work are the basis for future research on the ES of bamboo in the HP. It is necessary to continue monitoring commercial plantations, since they are increasing; in addition to evaluating the effects of different management practices in plantations and potential uses, especially of native species.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: En la Huasteca Potosina (HP) existen siete especies nativas de bambú, pero se desconoce la riqueza de especies introducidas. De ambos grupos se carece del registro de los servicios ecosistémicos (SE) que proporcionan. Por ello, los objetivos del estudio fueron registrar la presencia de las especies introducidas de bambú en la HP e identificar los SE de las especies nativas e introducidas. Métodos: Se efectuaron exploraciones botánicas para visitar todos los municipios del área de estudio; se realizaron 57 recolectas botánicas. Para el registro de los SE de las especies nativas e introducidas se hicieron observaciones en campo, se visitaron comunidades en donde se cultiva y utiliza el bambú y se realizaron 31 entrevistas a informantes clave. Resultados clave: Además de las siete especies nativas de bambú en la HP, existen 11 taxones (diez especies y una variedad) introducidos, todos estos de culmos leñosos. Ocho especies y la variedad son nativas de Asia, una lo es de Sudamérica y otra introducida del estado de Veracruz, México. Las especies introducidas con mayor distribución son Bambusa vulgaris, B. vulgaris var. vittata y B. oldhamii. El principal uso del bambú leñoso es para la construcción y la especie nativa más utilizada para ello es Guadua velutina. Las especies introducidas son producidas para ornato, cerco vivo y construcción. Conclusiones: En la HP hay 44 ha de plantaciones comerciales de bambú; junto con las especies nativas proporcionan tres SE y cinco usos. Los resultados de este trabajo son la base para futuras investigaciones sobre los servicios ecosistémicos del bambú en la HP. Es necesario continuar con el monitoreo de plantaciones comerciales, ya que van en aumento; además de evaluación de los efectos de diferentes prácticas de manejo en plantaciones y usos potenciales, sobre todo de especies nativas.

Abstract This paper aims to study the determinants of the governance model of water resources in the agriculture of the Hermosillo-Coast (Mexico). To achieve this objective, a literature review, in-depth interviews and a workshop were carried out. The results show that the main threats to the system come from the model of granting concessions for access to water resources, the lack of supervision by the competent authority and the control of a group of stakeholders over water in relation to the rest of the interested parties. Finally, measures aimed at improving the sustainability of agricultural activity in the area are proposed.

Resumo Nos últimos anos a utilização de substratos para a produção de frutos e hortícolas em estufa tem vindo a aumentar. Estes materiais apresentam várias vantagens, nomeadamente um uso mais eficiente da água e dos nutrientes e a redução da aplicação de produtos fitofarmacêuticos. No entanto, o destino destes substratos no fim da sua vida útil é um assunto controverso que necessita de aprofundamento científico. Devido ao alto teor de matéria orgânica, a incorporação de substratos orgânicos (OS) em solos agrícolas poderá representar uma mais-valia. Porém, a segurança ambiental desta prática necessita de ser avaliada devido ao risco de acumulação de contaminantes e moléculas bioativas durante os ciclos de produção. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo efetuar uma avaliação ecotoxicológica de um OS em fim de vida, proveniente da cultura de tomate, através da realização de ensaios padronizados. Três percentagens deste resíduo foram incorporadas num solo agrícola natural (2.5, 5 e 10%), tendo sido testados os efeitos na germinação de sementes, crescimento de plantas, reprodução de oligoquetas e atividade enzimática dos solos. Os resultados preliminares não revelaram impactos negativos preocupantes para as concentrações testadas. De futuro, são necessários estudos mais abrangentes, nomeadamente para avaliar os possíveis efeitos ecotoxicológicos em matrizes aquáticas.

Abstract In recent years the use of substrates in horticultural protected crops has been increasing. Their use presents several advantages including a more efficient use of water and nutrients and a reduction in the use of phytopharmaceutical products. However, at the end-of-life of these materials, their disposal is still a matter of continuous research and controversial discussion. Due to the high organic matter content of organic substrates (OS), the incorporation of these residues in agricultural fields could be advantageous. However, this practice requires a prior assessment of its environmental safety because of the risk of contamination and accumulation of bioactive molecules during cultivation cycles. The aim of this work was to make an ecotoxicological evaluation of one OS from soilless tomato production using standard protocols. A natural agricultural soil was amended with three increasing percentages of end-of-life OS (2.5, 5 and 10%). Effects of amended soils on seedling emergence and plant growth, earthworm reproduction rate and selected soil enzymatic activity were assessed. The preliminary results did not reveal major detrimental effects derived from the amendment of soil using end-of-life coconut substrate, at least for the percentages tested. In the future, more studies are necessary to evaluate possible impacts in freshwater resources.

Resumo Introdução: A intervenção em saúde mental na infância e adolescência deve ser uma prioridade, tendo em conta a elevada prevalência das perturbações mentais nesta faixa etária associadas a uma alta taxa de comorbilidade e a tendência à cronicidade de psicopatologia para a idade adulta. A literatura realça a importância de descentralizar os cuidados de saúde mental infantil, promovendo uma intervenção baseada na comunidade e em interface entre os serviços especializados e os cuidados de saúde primários. Métodos: Realização de uma formação sobre saúde mental infantil, dirigida a médicos e técnicos dos cuidados de saúde primários. Os participantes, no início e no final do curso, responderam a um questionário de 22 perguntas, elaborado pela comissão científica. Os resultados foram avaliados através do Teste Qui Quadrado de Pearson. Resultados: Do total de 120 participantes, 109 questionários foram preenchidos no início (90% dos participantes) e 97 questionários foram preenchidos no final da ação de formação (81% dos participantes). A diferença na pontuação dos questionários inicial e final global foi estatisticamente significativa (valor p<0,05, intervalo de confiança de 95%), sendo a média de respostas corretas dos questionários iniciais de 75,15% e dos questionários finais de 86,40%. Em 15 das 22 questões foi obtida uma diferença estatisticamente significativa. Discussão e Conclusão: Tendo em consideração os resultados é possível reconhecer o impacto significativo que esta formação parece ter tido na aquisição de novos conhecimentos em saúde mental infantil. A equipa de cuidados de saúde primários é uma área privilegiada de articulação, com o potencial de promover estratégias de prevenção e promoção da saúde mental, identificar os problemas precocemente, intervir nos casos menos graves e referenciar aos serviços especializados atempadamente. A equipa de saúde mental deve colaborar com as diferentes estruturas comunitárias, em consultoria, formação, coordenação ou catalisação de iniciativas ou projetos.

Abstract Introduction: Intervention in mental health in childhood and adolescence should be a priority, considering the high prevalence of mental disorders in childhood and adolescence associated with a high rate of comorbidity and the frequent continuity of severe psychopathology in adulthood. The literature highlights the importance of decentralizing child mental health care, promoting community-based intervention, and an interface between specialized services and primary health care. Methods: Conducting specialized training in child mental health, aimed at primary care physicians and technicians. Participants, at the beginning and end of the course, answered a 22-question questionnaire prepared by the scientific committee. The results were evaluated using Pearson's Chi-squared test. Results: Out of a total of 120 participants, 109 questionnaires were completed at the beginning (90% of participants), and 97 questionnaires were completed at the end of the training course (81% of participants). The score of the global initial and final questionnaires was statistically significant (p-value <0.05, 95% confidence interval), with the average of correct answers from the initial questionnaires being 75.15% and the final questionnaires of 86.40%. In 15 of the 22 questions, a statistically significant difference was obtained. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the results, it is possible to recognize the significant impact that this training seems to have had in the acquisition of new knowledge in child mental health. Primary health care teams are privileged areas for articulation, with the potential to promote prevention and mental health promotion strategies, identify problems early, intervene in less severe cases and refer to specialized services in a timely manner.

Abstract Colombia has experienced a non-international armed conflict which has lasted for more than 60 years. On September 4, 2012, during the presidential term of Juan Manuel Santos, peace negotiations began between the Colombian State and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia -People's Army (FARC-EP) - with the aim of ending the armed conflict between both actors. The agreements culminated on September 26, 2016. Regarding the foregoing, questions arose on the criminal liability of the State agent. The question on their liability has resounded in the competent international bodies, such as the International Criminal Court and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The recently created Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP) is now to decide the possible activation of the principle of complementarity to avoid delays in processes involving high-ranking State officials and properly comply with the provisions of Article 120, Statute of Rome.

Resumen Colombia ha vivido un conflicto armado de carácter no internacional que ha durado más de 60 años. El 4 de septiembre de 2012, durante el periodo presidencial de Juan Manuel Santos, se iniciaron las negociaciones de paz entre el Estado colombiano y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia -Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP)-, con el objetivo de terminar el conflicto armado entre ambos actores. Los acuerdos culminaron el 26 de septiembre de 2016. Con ello surgieron cuestionamientos en los que se reclama la responsabilidad de los agentes del Estado. La cuestión en torno a dicha responsabilidad ha retumbado en las instancias internacionales competentes, como la Corte Penal Internacional y la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. La recientemente creada Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz (JEP) es ahora la encargada de dirimir la posible activación del principio de complementariedad para evitar dilaciones en los procesos que involucren altos mandos del Estado y, así, cumplir lo dispuesto en el artículo 120 del Estatuto de Roma.

ABSTRACT. Sea cucumbers (holothuroids) play a major role in coastal environments; their detritivore conduct favors oxygen penetration in the sediments and the disposal of pathogens on the sea floor. This study determined holothuroid diversity in the rocky intertidal zone of Matanchén Bay, Mexico. Sampling campaigns were carried out in January, March, May, and July 2018. Linear transects (10 m length and 1 m width) perpendicular to the coastline in rocky areas (0-3 m depth) were established, where the density (ind m-2) and proportion (%) of sea cucumbers were estimated. Organisms were photographed, examined live, and preserved in 70% alcohol for subsequent identification utilizing ossicle characterization. Our results show the presence of four sea cucumber species: Holothuria (Halodeima) inornataSemper, 1868, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubricaSelenka, 1867, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) portovallartensisCaso, 1954, and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantiaBorrero-Pérez & Vanegas-González, 2019. The average density per species was 0.208, 0.108, 0.017, and 0.025 ind m-2, respectively; each species' proportion was 58.1, 30.2, 4.7, and 7.0%, respectively. Due to the above values, we found that the number and spatial distribution of sea cucumber species vary in Matanchén Bay.

Abstract Background: Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy is the current treatment of choice in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. The objective of the present study was to analyze the clinical and hemodynamic outcomes and the risk factors for mortality in a cardiovascular center in Colombia. Methods: Cohort study, conducted between 2001 and 2019. All operated patients were included in the study. Risk factors associated with mortality were established by means of a multivariate regression using the COX method and survival was established using the Kaplan–Meier method. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Seventy-three patients were operated. Median age was 51 years, 55% of females, 79% had functional Class III and IV. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 50 mmHg and 640 dyn.s.cm−5 for pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). After the intervention, there was a decrease in mean pulmonary artery pressure (p ≤ 0.001) and in PVR (p = 0.357); 21% had evidence of residual pulmonary hypertension. Only 8% and 6% continued with functional Class III and IV at 6 and 12 months, respectively. There were 15 deaths (19.1%; 12% at 30 days). The factors associated with mortality were the diastolic diameter of the right ventricle measured postoperatively (hazard ratio [HR] 10.88 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.97-62, p = 0.007), time of invasive mechanical ventilation (HR 1.06 95% CI 1.02-1.09 p = 0.004), and the presence of complications during the surgical procedure (HR 5.62 95% CI 1.94-16.22 p = 0.001). Conclusions: Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy is associated with excellent clinical and hemodynamic outcomes. The mortality risk factors found are not those usually described in the literature.

Resumen Antecedentes: La tromboendarterectomía pulmonar es el tratamiento de elección actual en pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los resultados clínicos y hemodinámicos y los factores de riesgo de mortalidad en un centro cardiovascular de Colombia. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte entre 2001 y 2019. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes operados. Los factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad se establecieron mediante una regresión multivariante mediante el método COX y la supervivencia se estableció mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier. Los valores de p < 0.05 se consideraron estadísticamente significativos. Resultados: se operaron 73 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue de 51 años, 55% mujeres, 79% tenían clase funcional III y IV. La presión arterial pulmonar media fue de 50 mmHg y 640 dyn.s.cm−5 para la resistencia vascular pulmonar. Después de la intervención, hubo una disminución en la presión arterial pulmonar media (p ≤ 0.001) y en la resistencia vascular pulmonar (p = 0.357). El 21% tenía evidencia de hipertensión pulmonar residual. Solo el 8% y el 6% continuaron con clase funcional III y IV a los 6 y 12 meses respectivamente. Hubo 15 muertes (19.1%; 12% a los 30 días). Los factores asociados con la mortalidad fueron el diámetro diastólico del ventrículo derecho medido en el postoperatorio (HR 10.88 IC 95% 1.97-62, p = 0.007), el tiempo de ventilación mecánica invasiva (HR 1.06 IC 95% 1.02-1.09 p = 0.004) y el presencia de complicaciones durante el procedimiento quirúrgico (HR 5.62 IC 95% 1.94-16.22 p = 0.001). Conclusiones: La tromboendartectomía pulmonar se asocia con excelentes resultados clínicos y hemodinámicos. Los factores de riesgo de mortalidad encontrados no son los habitualmente descritos en la literatura.

Resumen Una mayor diversidad de forrajes en otoño-invierno incrementa la entrada de carbono (C) y nitrógeno (N) al suelo en los residuos de cosecha. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el aporte potencial de C y N al suelo en los residuos de forrajes alternativos y tradicionales durante el ciclo otoño-invierno. En el experimento se evaluó el rendimiento de materia seca (MS), cantidad de residuos y la relación C/N en 11 especies forrajeras. Los cultivos tradicionales avena, cebada, triticale, trigo, trébol Alejandrino y ballico anual aportaron menor cantidad de residuos de cosecha (365 a 612 kg ha-1) y de menor calidad con valores de la relación C/N de 23.5 a 42.8. Los cultivos alternativos canola, remolacha, brásicas, rábano y garbanzo aportaron mayor cantidad de residuos (432 a 2 958 kg ha-1), con mayores contenidos de N (18.5 a 32.6 g kg-1) y menores valores de la relación C/N (11.4 a 20). Los cultivos alternativos con raíces engrosadas como remolacha, brásicas y rábano mejoraron la cantidad y calidad de aportación de residuos de cosecha, con una capacidad potencial de captura de C similar a los cultivos tradicionales. Sin embargo, sólo la brásica Winfred y el rábano Graza obtuvieron rendimientos de MS (10 094 a 11 636 kg ha-1) similares o mayores a los observados en los cereales testigo avena Cuauhtémoc (11 161 kg ha-1) y triticale AN105 (9 644 kg ha-1). Una mayor diversidad de forrajes puede mejorar en cantidad y calidad la aportación de residuos de cosecha al suelo.

Abstract A greater diversity of forages in autumn-winter increases the input of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) into the soil in the harvest residues. The objective of the study was to evaluate the potential contribution of C and N to the soil in alternative and traditional forage residues during the autumn-winter cycle. The experiment evaluated the dry matter (DM) yield, quantity of residues and C/N ratio in 11 forage species. The traditional crops oats, barley, triticale, wheat, berseem clover and annual ryegrass contributed less harvest residues (365 to 612 kg ha-1) and of lower quality, with values of the C/N ratio of 23.5 to 42.8. Alternative crops canola, beet, brassicas, radish and chickpea contributed more residues (432 to 2 958 kg ha-1), with higher N contents (18.5 to 32.6 g kg-1) and lower values of the C/N ratio (11.4 to 20). Alternative crops with thickened roots such as beet, brassica and radish improved the quantity and quality of harvest residue contribution, with a potential C capture capacity similar to traditional crops. However, only Winfred brassica and Graza radish obtained DM yields (10 094 to 11 636 kg ha-1) similar to or greater than those observed in the control cereals Cuauhtémoc oats (11 161 kg ha-1) and AN105 triticale (9 644 kg ha-1). A greater diversity of forages can improve in quantity and quality the contribution of harvest residues to the soil.

ABSTRACT Wildfires are non-controlled large-scale fires of various vegetation types that have long affected the Mediterranean- climate regions, but their increased frequency and severity has led to the degradation of the ecosystems. Particularly in Chile, 147 major wildfires in 2017, were responsible of burning 546 678 ha, which included 28 729 ha of traditional small-scale non irrigated agricultural systems, highlighting the vulnerability of these agricultural soils to wildfires. Soil biological properties are more sensitive to heating than physicochemical properties. Thus, a reduction of microbial communities and associated enzyme activities generally occur in low-intensity fires (< 200 °C). Most significant changes in physicochemical properties of soil occurring in moderately intense fires (250 to 450 °C) are increases of soil pH, nutrient availability, bulk density and soil water repellency, whereas soil aggregate stability and water holding capacity generally decrease. When vegetation cover is completely destroyed by fire, emergency stabilization treatments such as mulching and seeding provide an immediate ground cover to reduce soil erosion and preserve nutrients. Therefore, it is important to define the impacts of wildfire on soil properties of agricultural lands to establish a roadmap to implement an adequate and viable restoration.