Abstracto Introducción: En el 2008, el perfil de salud neurológico ecuatoriano presentaba importantes déficits, escasez de neurólogos e inaccesibilidad a residencias en neurología. Ese año una nueva constitución introdujo atención médica universal. Ninguna publicación ha analizado la capacidad de atención neurológica del Sistema de Salud Pública (SSP) del Ecuador. Un análisis actualizado del número de neurólogos y residencias neurológicas es necesario. Objetivo: Determinar el número de programas en neurología y si el SSP ecuatoriano cumple con el ratio ideal mínimo recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud de 1 neurólogo por cada 100.000 habitantes. Métodos: Análisis transversal de datos hasta noviembre, 2022 del SSP y del Consejo de Educación Superior del Ecuador. Los ratio se calcularon acorde al Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Resultados: El SSP cuenta con noventa y cuatro neurólogos. Mayormente en Pichincha (37/39,4%) y Guayas (24/25,5%). Hay uno por provincia en cinco provincias; ninguno en ocho provincias. Dos provincias cumplieron el ratio ideal. Existen 0,54:100.000 neurólogos/habitantes y una residencia de neurología en Quito. Conclusión: El SSP ecuatoriano tiene escasez de neurólogos, incumpliendo el ratio ideal mínimo, y déficit de residencias en neurología. La descentralización de servicios neurológicos, soporte atención primaria, y financiamiento gubernamental para creación de residencias en neurología son necesidades urgentes.

Abstract Introduction: In 2008, Ecuador's neurologic healthcare profile displayed significant needs, a lack of neurologists, and neurology training accessibility. In that year, a new constitution introduced universal health care. No publication analyzes Ecuador's neurological Public Healthcare capacity. Hence, an up-to-date analysis of the number of neurologists and neurology training programs is required. Objective: Determine if Ecuador's public healthcare meets the minimum ideal ratio recommended by the World Health Organization of 1 neurologist per 100,000 population and the number of neurology training programs in Ecuador. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of public data until November 2022 from Ecuador's Public Health System (PHS) and the Council of Higher Education. Ratios were calculated using the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses' information. Results: The public health network had ninety-four neurologists. Most found in Pichincha (37/39.4%) and Guayas (24/25.5%). There was one per province in five provinces. No neurologists were available in eight provinces. Two provinces met the ideal ratio. Ecuador’s ratio was 0.54:100,000 neurologists per population. One neurology training program was found in Quito. Conclusion: Ecuador's PHS has a shortage of neurologists, unfulfilling the minimum ideal ratio, and a severe lack of neurology training. Decentralizing neurological services, primary care support, and governmental funding for neurology training are an urgent need.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades fisicoquímicas, morfológicas, estructurales y térmicas del almidón recuperado de los residuos de Solanum tuberosum de la industria de frituras en México, utilizando técnicas instrumentales avanzadas. La papa residual se recogió de una empresa productora de papas fritas y el almidón se obtuvo mediante extracción acuosa. El almidón presentó un contenido de carbohidratos de 87.79 %, proteínas (1.18 %), lípidos (0.15 %), cenizas (0.26 %) y amilosa (24.35 %). La capacidad de absorción de agua fue de 1.0163 g g-1, solubilidad (30.17 - 46.65 %), hinchamiento (2.31 - 8.69 g g-1). Los análisis térmicos mostraron una gelatinización del almidón entre 61.7 - 90 °C con una pérdida máxima de peso a 288.1 °C. La microscopía electrónica de barrido-espectroscopía dispersiva de energía (SEM-EDS) mostró partículas de 14 - 69 µm con una composición de 54.3 % de carbono, 45.4 % de oxígeno y 0.15 % de potasio. La dispersión dinámica de luz (DLS) mostró partículas de tamaño nanométrico (120 nm). La resonancia magnética nuclear (NMR) y la difracción de rayos X (XRD) exhibieron la cristalinidad del almidón como tipo B (34.73 %) y la reflectancia total atenuada por espectroscopia infrarroja transformada de Fourier (FTIR - ATR) mostró los grupos funcionales distintivos de la glucosa.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical, morphological, structural, and thermal properties of starch recovered from Solanum tuberosum residual of chips industry in Mexico using advanced instrumental techniques. The residual potato was collected from a chips production company and the starch obtained by aqueous extraction. The starch presented a content of carbohydrates of 87.79 %, proteins (1.18 %), lipids (0.15 %), ashes (0.26 %), and amylose (24.35 %). The water absorption capacity was 1.0163 g g-1, solubility (30.17 - 46.65 %), swelling (2.31 - 8.69 g g-1). Thermal analyzes showed a starch gelatinization about 61.7 - 90 ºC with a maximum weight loss at 288.1 °C. The scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) showed particles of 14 - 69 µm with a composition of 54.3 % carbon, 45.4 % oxygen, and 0.15 % potassium. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed particles of nanometric size (120 nm). The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) exhibited the crystallinity of the starch as type B (34.73 %) and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) showed the functional groups distinctive of the glucose.

Resumo O presente artigo tenta socavar as implicações da raça e o racismo na formação do despojo/privilégio, e os modos como opera a organização das desigualdades sociais instaladas na Colômbia. Faz uma aproximação à forma em que o privilégio racial imbrica a existência das pessoas não-brancas por meio do desprezo, a violência e a ignomínia. Portanto, desde uma perspectiva auto-etnográfica sobre minha experiência como não-branco, deslocado e vítima do conflito em Cali, proponho uma leitura crítica sobre os privilégios raciais que agencia o racismo e suas repercussões nos corpos racializados, coisificados, dando origem ao que denominarei o mandado da branquidade, para analisar o regime normativo dos privilégios e suas manifestações como âmbito de sociabilidade inscrito na estrutura social do projeto moderno/colônia da branquidade.

Resumen El presente artículo intenta socavar las implicaciones de la raza y el racismo en la formación del despojo/privilegio, y los modos cómo opera en la organización de las desigualdades sociales instaladas en Colombia. Hace un acercamiento a la forma en que el privilegio racial imbrica la existencia de las gentes no-blancas a través del desprecio, violencia e ignominia. Por tanto, desde una perspectiva autoetnográfica sobre mi experiencia como no-blanco, desplazado y víctima del conflicto en Cali, propongo una lectura crítica sobre los privilegios raciales que agencia el racismo y sus repercusiones en los cuerpos racializados, cosificados, dando origen a lo que denominaré el mandato de blanquidad, para analizar el régimen normativo de los privilegios y sus manifestaciones como marco de sociabilidad inscrito en la estructura social del proyecto moderno/colonial de la blanquidad.

Abstract The present article aims to undermine the implications of race and racism in the shaping of deprivation/privilege, and how this works in the organization of social inequalities in place in Colombia. It approaches the way racial privilege interweaves the existence of non-White people through contempt, violence, and dishonor. Consequently, from an ethnographic view of the author’s experience as non-White, displaced, and a victim of conflict in Cali, he presents a critical reading on racial privileges promoted by racism and its repercussions on racialized, objectified bodies, giving rise to what is called here whiteness command, in order to analyze the normative regime of privileges and their expressions as a sociability framework embedded in the social structure of Whiteness’ modern/colonial project.

Resumo A espécie Eugenia involucrata DC. é uma planta nativa do Brasil e tradicionalmente utilizada para problemas intestinais, porém, poucas pesquisas documentam sobre seu potencial biológico e perfil fitoquímico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma prospecção fitoquímica preliminar, o potencial antimicrobiano e antioxidante dos extratos de E. involucrata. A partir das folhas de E. involucrata, foram obtidos extratos aquosos e orgânicos com os seguintes solventes (etanol, metanol, hexano, acetona, diclorometano e acetato de etila). A prospecção fitoquímica detectou a presença de saponinas, esteroides, flavonóides e taninos nos extratos. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana para a maioria das cepas bacterianas testadas, assim como para a levedura Candida albicans, com concentrações entre 3,12 e 50 mg/mL. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram alto potencial de sequestro de radicais livres (> 90%). O extrato metanólico apresentou IC50 estatisticamente igual ao encontrado para o antioxidante comercial BHT (p <0,05). Os extratos brutos obtidos com etanol e metanol foram os mais promissores. Esses resultados sugerem que os extratos metanólico, etanólico e aquoso são uma fonte promissora de bioativos naturais.

Abstract The species Eugenia involucrata DC. is a plant native to Brazil and is traditionally used for intestinal problems, however, little research has documented about its biological potential and phytochemical profile. Thus, the objective of this study was to carry out preliminary phytochemical prospecting, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of E. involucrata extracts. Using the E. involucrata leaves, aqueous and organic extracts were obtained using the following solvents (ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetone, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate). The phytochemical prospecting detected the presence of saponins, steroids, flavonoids and tannins in the extracts. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts presented antimicrobial activity for most of the bacterial strains tested, as well as for yeast Candida albicans, with concentrations between 3.12 and 50 mg/mL. The ethanolic and metanolic extract presented high free radical sequestration potential (>90%). The methanol extract showed an IC50 value statistically equal to that found for the commercial antioxidant BHT (p <0.05). The crude extracts obtained with ethanol and methanol were the most promising. These results suggest that methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts are a promising source of natural bioactive.

ABSTRACT: Soil enzymes play a fundamental role in nutrient cycling in forest systems. The stoichiometry of C, N, and P–acquiring enzymes has been used to indicate nutrient limitation in the soil. However, the enzymatic stoichiometry remains poorly understood in pure and mixed eucalypt plantations. Thus, this study aims to assess the activity of enzymes in the soil to address the hypothesis that the introduction of N2-fixing trees could influence the enzymatic stoichiometry on C, N, and P cycling. The activity of β-glucosidase (BG), urease (U), and acid phosphatase (AP) was assessed in soil (0-20 cm depth) of pure Eucalyptus grandis without (E) and with N fertilization (E+N), and a mixed system with E. grandis and Acacia mangium (E+A), and a pure A. mangium (A) plantation at 27 and 39 months after planting. The activities of BG/U, BG/AP, and U/AP were used to calculate the enzyme C/N, C/P, and N/P ratios, respectively. Rates of N–acquiring enzymes were higher in E and E+N, while soil microorganisms invested in P–acquiring enzymes in A and E+A. The vector length and angle demonstrated that C demand by microorganisms does not change in relation to N and P, regardless of the treatment. However, N demand decreased in relation to P in A and E+A (mainly at 27 months). Our results suggest that enzymes activity in pure eucalypt systems is limited for their soil-litter nutrient contents. At the same time while acacia and mixed plantation seem to invest in P–acquiring enzymes to improve biological N2 fixation promoted by diazotrophic bacteria associated to acacia.

RESUMO: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae é o agente causador da pleuropneumonia suína, uma doença respiratória contagiosa associada à alta morbidade e perdas econômicas. Embora a antibioticoterapia ajude a controlar a disseminação do patógeno na fazenda, a resistência a várias classes de antibióticos tem sido relatada e o tratamento pode ser prejudicado pela capacidade bacteriana de formar biofilmes. Isso aumenta a necessidade de abordagens terapêuticas alternativas, que incluem o uso de compostos naturais com atividades antimicrobianas e/ou antibiofilme. Neste trabalho, analisamos, pelo método de microdiluição em caldo nutriente, os efeitos inibitórios e bactericidas dos óleos essenciais obtidos de dezoito plantas medicinais brasileiras populares e/ou temperos contra isolados clínicos de Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Então, concentrações subinibitórias dos óleos ativos foram testados quanto a suas atividades antibiofilme, analisados pelo método do cristal violeta. Dentre os dezoito óleos testados, oito (extraídos da canela, coentro, hortelã-pimenta, hortelã, tomilho, manjerona, eucalipto e louro) apresentaram atividade bacteriostática e bactericida contra todos os isolados, e concentrações subinibitórias de cinco deles romperam biofilmes pré-formados em até 80%, além de inibirem fortemente a formação de biofilmes. A composição química desses óleos foi avaliada por cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massa (CG/MS) e é apresentada, indicando que suas propriedades bactericidas e antibiofilme estavam principalmente associadas à presença de monoterpenos e fenilpropanóides. Este é o primeiro relato de óleos essenciais com potencial para controlar a contaminação ambiental e infecção animal por A. pleuropneumoniae, representando uma alternativa contra o crescente aumento de resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos.

ABSTRACT: Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of swine pleuropneumonia, a contagious respiratory disease associated with high morbidity and economic losses. While antibiotic therapy helps to control the spreading of the pathogen on the farm, resistance to several classes of antibiotics were reported, and treatment can be impaired by the bacterial ability to form biofilms. This increases the need for alternative therapy approaches, including the use of natural compounds with antimicrobial and/or antibiofilm activities. In this research we analyzed, by the broth microdilution method, the inhibitory and bactericidal activities of the essential oils obtained from eighteen Brazilian popular medicinal plants or spices against clinical isolates of Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae. After that, sub-inhibitory concentrations of active oils were tested for their antibiofilm effects, analyzed by the crystal violet method. Among the eighteen oils tested, eight (extracted from cinnamon, coriander, peppermint, spearmint, thyme, marjoram, eucalyptus, and laurel) presented bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against all isolates, and subinhibitory concentrations of five of them disrupted up to 80% preformed biofilms, and significantly inhibited biofilm formation. The chemical composition of such oils was assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and is presented, indicating that their bactericidal and antibiofilm properties were mostly associated with the presence of monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids. To our knowledge, this is the first report of essential oils with potential to control environmental contamination and animal infection with A. pleuropneumoniae, representing an alternative to increasing levels of antibiotic resistance.

ABSTRACT: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in humans is defined as the decrease of total hemoglobin concentration and the non-production of the adult hemoglobin subtype 2 - HbA2 (α2δ2 chains), which is considered a marker of IDA severity in humans, dosed together with the iron serum. This study aimed to determine the standard of hemoglobin types in piglets induced to experimentally IDA in the first 21 days of life (delivery to weaning). In the present study, 40 piglets born from four naïve gilts, were randomly and equally assigned among the gilts. On the third day after delivery, the groups were randomly distributed in different environments (cement and clay floors) and according to the iron supplementation (iron dextran and placebo). Erythrocyte parameters, serum iron, and hemoglobin trait were analyzed at four moments between birth and weaning days. The group of piglets that did not receive iron dextran supplementation on the third-day post-birth and were placed in the pen without soil did not present HbA2 from the seventh day onwards on the agarose electrophoretogram (pH 8.6) and this observation was correlated to decrease of serum iron (ρ: 0.156, p=0.003) when compared to the other groups’ piglets that did not present iron deficiency. In the present study was possible to determine the swine hemoglobin pattern in IDA, since HbA2 was absent in piglets with IDA in comparison to the non-ferropenic groups and the correlation between the reduction of iron levels and the absence of HbA2.

RESUMO: A anemia por deficiência de ferro (ADF) em humanos é definida como a diminuição da concentração de hemoglobina total e a não produção da hemoglobina adulta subtipo 2 - HbA2 (cadeias α2δ2), que é considerada um marcador de gravidade de IDA em humanos, dosado em conjunto com o soro de ferro. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o padrão dos tipos de hemoglobina em leitões induzidos experimentalmente à IDA nos primeiros 21 dias de vida (parto ao desmame). Quarenta leitões, nascidos de quatro marrãs nulíparas, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente e igualmente entre as leitoas. No terceiro dia após o parto, os grupos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em diferentes ambientes (piso de cimento e barro) e de acordo com a suplementação de ferro (ferro dextrano e placebo). Parâmetros eritrocitários, ferro sérico e traço de hemoglobina foram analisados em quatro momentos, entre o nascimento e o desmame. O grupo de leitões que não recebeu suplementação de ferro dextrano no terceiro dia pós-parto e foi colocado em baia sem solo não apresentou HbA2 a partir do sétimo dia no eletroforetograma de agarose (pH 8,6) e esta observação foi correlacionada com diminuição da concentração sérica ferro (ρ: 0,156, p=0,003) quando comparados aos demais grupos leitões que não apresentavam deficiência de ferro. No presente estudo foi possível determinar o padrão hemoglobinêmico suíno na IDA, uma vez que, a HbA2 estava ausente nos leitões com ADF em comparação aos grupos não ferropênicos e há correlação entre a redução dos níveis de ferro e a ausência de HbA2.

Medicinal products based on the Cannabis sativa plant are available in Brazil, among them, drug, cannabis products, individual import products, and those provided by patient associations. Despite this, there is no monograph for the evaluation of cannabinoids in Brazilian Pharmacopoeia (BP) or other compendia accepted. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a quick and easy method to quantify cannabinoids in authorized products for medicinal purposes. The method was developed by HPLC-UV, gradient elution composed of formic acid in acetonitrile and water, the flow rate of 0.6 mL min-1 and 220 nm detection. It was possible to resolve the peaks of cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiolic acid and cannabinol and to quantify CBD (105.35%; 104.07%) and THC (106.62%). The developed method was applied to two products and met the established requirements of precision, accuracy, linearity, and selectivity. This procedure has been tested on four cannabis-based products to attest to its effectiveness. Considering the importance of establishing minimum quality requirements for medicinal products and considering the available products in Brazil, it was found that it is important to evaluate the implementation of other products in the method developed for future validation and later inclusion in the BP.

Rutin is found in several plant sources and has therapeutic effects with excellent healing potential. Its use is restricted due to its low aqueous solubility, requiring a carrier matrix that allows an adequate delivery system. Biopolymer matrices can release the active ingredient in a controlled manner, keeping it within the therapeutic range and minimizing side effects. This study used babassu mesocarp starch films prepared by different routes as Arrabidaea brachypoda DC Bureau (AB) leaf extract carrier matrices to produce a controlled release system. The films were produced by the casting method, and the AB extract was incorporated in the proportion of 0.5% m/m of dry starch. The presence of the extract in the matrix was identified with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) data and functional analyses. The in vitro release of the AB extract was carried out in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4, and adapted to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, with coefficients of determination (R2) ≥ 0.9018. The release exponents (n) revealed that the release mechanism is diffusion controlled. Different kinetic constant values (k) indicated that the treatments employed allowed slower and more controlled release profiles, according to the route chosen for matrix preparation. Thus, the materials produced emerge as a new approach to releasing vegetable extracts.

ABSTRACT Technologies that improve water use efficiency (WUE) and increase crop yields are essential for the development of a responsible and productive agriculture. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate economical planting beds with the use of mulching and application of different irrigation water depths as a water-saving technology, and determine the irrigation water depth that promote the optimal plant development and fruit yield and quality of two cherry tomato cultivars. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil. A randomized block experimental design with split-plots (5×2) was used, with plots consisting of five irrigation water depths (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of the crop evapotranspiration - ETc) and subplots consisting of two cherry tomato cultivars (Carolina and Yubi), with four replications, totaling 40 experimental units. The development of tomato plants was evaluated through biometric measurements of stem diameter, plant height, and canopy area. Additionally, the following variables were evaluated during fruit harvest: number of fruits, mean fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit yield, WUE, titratable acidity, pH, and soluble solids content. The economical planting beds promoted increases in WUE. Irrigation water depths lower than 100% of ETc resulted in better plant development and higher fruit yield, number of fruits, and WUE for the evaluated cherry tomato plants. The cultivar Carolina exhibited higher production performance compared to Yubi.

RESUMO Tecnologias que promovam o aumento da eficiência do uso da água (EUA) e incremento na produtividade é indispensável para o desenvolvimento de uma agricultura responsável e produtiva. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar ‘canteiros econômicos’ com a utilização de mulching, aplicando diferentes lâminas de irrigação para consolidar o uso desses canteiros como uma tecnologia que propicia a economia de água, da mesma forma que, encontrar a lâmina de irrigação que promova o melhor desenvolvimento, rendimento produtivo e qualidade de duas cultivares de tomatecereja. A pesquisa foi conduzida na Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco em Serra Talhada - PE. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas (5 x 2), onde foram consideradas parcelas cinco lâminas de irrigação (25, 50, 75, 100, e 125% da Evapotranspiração da cultura - ETc) e subparcelas duas cultivares de tomate-cereja (Carolina e Yubi), com quatro repetições, totalizando 40 unidades experimentais. O desenvolvimento do tomateiro foi avaliado mediante coletas biométricas de diâmetro do caule, altura da planta e área da copa. Ademais, durante a colheita foi avaliado o número de frutos, massa média dos frutos, diâmetro dos frutos, produtividade, EUA, acidez titulável, potencial hidrogeniônico e sólidos solúveis dos frutos. Os canteiros econômicos promoveram aumento da EUA. Lâminas de irrigação inferiores a 100% da ETc possibilitaram maior desenvolvimento, produtividade, número de frutos e EUA do tomatecereja. A cultivar Carolina apresentou melhor desempenho produtivo comparado a Yubi.

Abstract Introduction: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a frequent pathology that affects up to 60% of women. Transvaginal uterosacral ligament high fixation (USLs: utero-sacral ligaments) is an alternative for the treatment of apical prolapse with good results, limited operative and recovery times, as well as low rates of complications. Objective: To evaluate the anatomical and subjective success rate in patients with an apical prolapse undergoing STALUS at the Quilpué Hospital at 24 months of follow-up. Materials and method: A descriptive observational retrospective study was carried out, selecting all symptomatic patients with an apical prolapse ≥ 2 of the POP Q classification, submitted to a FAUS between September 2014 and October 2019. The data were obtained from the database of the Urogynecology Unit of the Quilpué Hospital, prior approval of the ethics committee. Objective success was defined as a C-point 1 centimeter above the hymen and subjective success with better or much better Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I) scale and/or a greater than 80% Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), at 24 months of follow-up. Results: 46 patients were included. The objective success rate was 84% and the subjective success rate was 70%. Conclusions: The transvaginal FAUS with permanent sutures is an excellent alternative for the treatment of apical prolapse with a success rate similar to the gold standard at 24 months of follow-up.

Resumen Introducción: El prolapso de órganos pélvico (POP) es una patología frecuente que afecta hasta el 60% de las mujeres. La fijación alta al ligamento uterosacro (FAUS) transvaginal es una alternativa para el tratamiento del prolapso apical con buenos resultados, tiempos operatorios y de recuperación acotados, además de bajas tasas de complicaciones. Objetivo: Evaluar la tasa de éxito anatómico y subjetivo en pacientes portadoras de un prolapso apical sometidas a FAUS en el Hospital de Quilpué a 24 meses de seguimiento. Materiales y método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo observacional descriptivo, seleccionando a todas las pacientes sintomáticas con un prolapso apical ≥ 2 de la clasificación de POP-Q, sometidas a una FAUS entre septiembre de 2014 y octubre de 2019. Los datos fueron obtenidos desde la base de datos de la unidad de uroginecología del Hospital de Quilpué, previa aprobación del comité de ética. El éxito objetivo se definió como un punto C a 1 centímetro sobre el himen y el éxito subjetivo con una escala de impresión de mejora global del paciente (PGI-I) mejor o mucho mejor y/o una escala visual analógica (EVA) mayor al 80%, a 24 meses de seguimiento. Resultados: Se incluyeron 46 pacientes. La tasa de éxito objetivo fue del 84% y de éxito subjetivo del 70%. Conclusiones: La FAUS transvaginal con suturas permanentes es una excelente alternativa para el tratamiento del prolapso apical con una tasa de éxito similar al gold standard a 24 meses de seguimiento.

Abstract Background: Argemone ochroleuca is a worldwide invasive weed but is also highly valuable for their chemical compounds. Knowledge about its reproduction will help create plans for its control or its propagation. Questions: Does A. ochroleuca has an incompatibility system like other Papaveraceae species? Which are the reproductive strategies that favor the seed formation in A. ochroleuca? Studied species: A. ochroleuca is an annual species with bisexual flowers. Study site and dates: Mexico City, Mexico. The fieldwork was performed from February to May in 2013, 2014, and 2017. Methods: Direct observations were made to describe the flower cycle of A. ochroleuca. We used self-pollinated flowers to analyze if this species is self-incompatible by following the pollen tube growth through gynoecium. Controlled pollinations were made to quantify and compare the number of seeds produced per treatment to know the mating system and explore if the species presents a mechanism of reproductive assurance through autogamy, or exhibits inbreeding depression. Results: A. ochroleuca is self-compatible and exhibits a mixed mating system. Although outcrossing is how more seeds are produced, both autogamy and pseudocleistogamy are present as reproductive assurance mechanisms. Naturally pollinated flowers produce the maximum number of seeds, but inbreeding depression is present in the population. Thus, the number of seeds will be affected by continuous selfing. Conclusions: This study highlights the mixed mating system and reproductive assurance mechanisms as successful strategies for A. ochroleuca, a common pattern in invasive weeds.

Resumen Antecedentes: A. ochroleuca es una maleza invasiva a nivel mundial pero también es altamente valiosa por sus compuestos orgánicos. El conocimiento sobre su reproducción permitirá crear planes para su control o bien para su propagación. Preguntas: ¿A. ochroleuca tiene un sistema de autoincompatibilidad como otras especies de Papaveraceae? ¿Cuáles son las estrategias reproductivas de A. ochroleuca que favorecen la formación de semillas? Especie de estudio: A. ochroleuca una especie anual con flores bisexuales. Sitio y años de estudio: Ciudad de México, México. El trabajo se realizó durante los años 2013, 2014 y 2017 de febrero a mayo. Métodos: Se realizaron observaciones directas para describir el ciclo floral. Asimismo, se analizó el crecimiento de los tubos polínicos en flores autopolinizadas, para conocer si son autoincompatibles. Para conocer el sistema de cruza, así como para saber si la especie presenta mecanismos de aseguramiento reproductivo o depresión por endogamia, se realizaron polinizaciones controladas para cuantificar y comparar el número de frutos y semillas formados por tratamiento. Resultados: A. ochroleuca es autocompatible y presenta un sistema de cruza mixto. Las semillas se forman principalmente por xenogamia, pero la autogamia y la pseudocleistogamia se presentan como mecanismos de aseguramiento reproductivo. Las flores polinizadas naturalmente forman la máxima cantidad de semillas. Sin embargo, la población presenta depresión endogámica indicando que la constante autopolinización afectará la formación de semillas. Conclusiones: Este trabajo resalta los sistemas de cruza mixtos y el aseguramiento reproductivo como estrategias exitosas en A. ochroleuca, un patrón común en malezas invasoras.

RESUMEN Introducción: El sarampión era una enfermedad común en la infancia, que con elevadas coberturas vacunales, se han producido brotes en distintas regiones por movilidad geográfica. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia epidemiológica y clínica del brote de sarampión en el periodo de enero a junio del 2020 en la Ciudad de México/Delegación Norte del IMSS. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo de 124 datos de casos notificados en OOAD Norte D.F. IMSS, enero-junio 2020, bajo consentimiento informado, obteniendo datos sociodemográficos, semana notificación, manifestaciones clínicas, antecedente inmunización, casos sospechososo confirmados mediante prueba de laboratorio, utilizando estadística descriptiva con un, intervalo de confianza de 95%. Resultados: La prevalencia de sarampión fue del 0.00006063%, la mediana de edad fue de 7 años (intervalo intercuartílico: 26 años. Grupo etario más afectado de 1-4 años (27.4%); hombres en 52.4% y 62.9% residentes de la Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero. La semana con más casos fue la 13 (22 al 28 de marzo) con 19.4%. Antecedente de inmunización un 36.3%. El diagnóstico en el 19.4% de los casos fue confirmatorio por laboratorio, y el 80.6% se mantuvo como sospechoso por presentar manifestaciones clínicas. Conclusiones: La prevalencia del brote de sarampión en la Delegación Norte del IMSS, entre enero y junio de 2020 fue de 0.00006063% (6.063 por 100,000 habitantes) siendo diagnosticados principalmente por sus características clínicas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Measles was a common disease that, with high vaccination coverage, has caused outbreaks in different regions due to geographic mobility. Objective: To determine the epidemiological and clinical prevalence of the measles outbreak from January to June 2020 in Mexico City/IMSS North Delegation. Materials and methods: Retrospective, descriptive study in 124 reported cases of measles in the OOAD Norte D.F. IMSS; January-June 2020, under informed consent, obtaining sociodemographic data, week of notification, clinical manifestations, immunization history, suspected case or confirmed by confirmatory serum test and pharyngeal exudate. Using descriptive statistics with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: Prevalence of measles was 0.00006063%, the median age was 7 years (IQR = 26 years). The most affected age group was 1-4 years (27.4%). 52.4% of the sample were men. 62.9 % were residents of the Gustavo A. Madero Mayor’s Delegation The week with the most cases was 13 (March 22 to 28) with 19.4% History of immunization 36.3% and 63.7% without immunization Diagnosis in 19.4% of the cases were confirmed by laboratory and 80.6% remained suspicious for presenting clinical manifestations of measles. Conclusions: The epidemiological and clinical prevalence of the measles outbreak from January to June 2020 in Mexico City/Delegación Norte IMSS was determined, being 0.00006063 (a rate of 6,063 cases per 100 thousand inhabitants), being mainly diagnosed by clinical characteristics.

Resumen Introducción. La malaria, o paludismo, es una enfermedad de gran impacto en la población colombiana, que debe ser abordada desde el punto de vista del trabajo en equipo de instituciones para el intercambio de conocimiento. Objetivo. Analizar las interacciones de la Red de Gestión del Conocimiento, Investigación e Innovación en Malaria de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un análisis de redes sociales que permitió identificar la proximidad entre los actores y el grado de conocimiento entre ellos; se observaron indicadores de densidad, diámetro, distancia media y centralidad de grado. El corpus documental para el estudio estuvo constituido por 193 documentos técnicos publicados entre el 2016 y el 2021, que fueron analizados empleando técnicas de procesamiento de texto mediante el lenguaje de programación R. La categorización de la red se realizó a partir de cinco variables: atención integral a pacientes, diagnóstico, epidemiología y sistemas de análisis de información en salud, política pública, y promoción y prevención. Resultados. El análisis de las interacciones indicó que la red la conformaban 99 actores, de los cuales 97 (98 %), mostraron más interés en la producción de conocimientos en epidemiología y sistemas de análisis de información en salud, seguido de la categoría de atención integral a pacientes con 79 (80 %). El 54 % de los actores llevó a cabo estudios de promoción y prevención, siendo esta la categoría de menor abordaje. Conclusiones. Este estudio contribuye al fortalecimiento de estrategias clave en la divulgación del conocimiento sobre la malaria en Colombia.

Abstract Introduction: Malaria is a disease with a high impact on Colombian population, which must be approached from the point of view of teamwork of institutions for knowledge exchange. Objective: To analyze the interactions of the Red de Gestión del Conocimiento, Investigación e Innovación en Malaria de Colombia. Materials and methods: An analysis of social networks was applied that allowed identifying the proximity between actors and the degree of knowledge between them. Indicators of density, diameter, average distance, and degree of centrality were observed. The documentary corpus for the study consisted of 193 technical documents published between 2016 and 2021, which were analyzed using text mining using the R programming language. The network was categorized based on five variables: comprehensive patient care, diagnosis, epidemiology and health information analysis systems, public policy and promotion and prevention. Results: The analysis of interactions indicated that the network was made up by 99 actors. The main interest in knowledge production was on epidemiology and health information analysis systems (98 % of the actors), followed by the integral patient care (80 % of the actors). On the contrary, the least approached category was malaria promotion and prevention practices (54 % of the actors). Conclusions: In general, this study contributes to the strengthening of key strategies in the dissemination of knowledge about malaria in Colombia.