Resumo A espécie Eugenia involucrata DC. é uma planta nativa do Brasil e tradicionalmente utilizada para problemas intestinais, porém, poucas pesquisas documentam sobre seu potencial biológico e perfil fitoquímico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma prospecção fitoquímica preliminar, o potencial antimicrobiano e antioxidante dos extratos de E. involucrata. A partir das folhas de E. involucrata, foram obtidos extratos aquosos e orgânicos com os seguintes solventes (etanol, metanol, hexano, acetona, diclorometano e acetato de etila). A prospecção fitoquímica detectou a presença de saponinas, esteroides, flavonóides e taninos nos extratos. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana para a maioria das cepas bacterianas testadas, assim como para a levedura Candida albicans, com concentrações entre 3,12 e 50 mg/mL. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram alto potencial de sequestro de radicais livres (> 90%). O extrato metanólico apresentou IC50 estatisticamente igual ao encontrado para o antioxidante comercial BHT (p <0,05). Os extratos brutos obtidos com etanol e metanol foram os mais promissores. Esses resultados sugerem que os extratos metanólico, etanólico e aquoso são uma fonte promissora de bioativos naturais.

Abstract The species Eugenia involucrata DC. is a plant native to Brazil and is traditionally used for intestinal problems, however, little research has documented about its biological potential and phytochemical profile. Thus, the objective of this study was to carry out preliminary phytochemical prospecting, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of E. involucrata extracts. Using the E. involucrata leaves, aqueous and organic extracts were obtained using the following solvents (ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetone, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate). The phytochemical prospecting detected the presence of saponins, steroids, flavonoids and tannins in the extracts. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts presented antimicrobial activity for most of the bacterial strains tested, as well as for yeast Candida albicans, with concentrations between 3.12 and 50 mg/mL. The ethanolic and metanolic extract presented high free radical sequestration potential (>90%). The methanol extract showed an IC50 value statistically equal to that found for the commercial antioxidant BHT (p <0.05). The crude extracts obtained with ethanol and methanol were the most promising. These results suggest that methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts are a promising source of natural bioactive.

Medicinal products based on the Cannabis sativa plant are available in Brazil, among them, drug, cannabis products, individual import products, and those provided by patient associations. Despite this, there is no monograph for the evaluation of cannabinoids in Brazilian Pharmacopoeia (BP) or other compendia accepted. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a quick and easy method to quantify cannabinoids in authorized products for medicinal purposes. The method was developed by HPLC-UV, gradient elution composed of formic acid in acetonitrile and water, the flow rate of 0.6 mL min-1 and 220 nm detection. It was possible to resolve the peaks of cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiolic acid and cannabinol and to quantify CBD (105.35%; 104.07%) and THC (106.62%). The developed method was applied to two products and met the established requirements of precision, accuracy, linearity, and selectivity. This procedure has been tested on four cannabis-based products to attest to its effectiveness. Considering the importance of establishing minimum quality requirements for medicinal products and considering the available products in Brazil, it was found that it is important to evaluate the implementation of other products in the method developed for future validation and later inclusion in the BP.

ABSTRACT Compared to monoculture, vegetable intercropping allows the optimization of environmental resources and inputs, with positive effects on the yield and profitability of the crop. This study aimed to evaluate the yield of lettuce and arugula in intercropping and intercrop evaluation indexes according to cattle manure doses. The experiment was conducted in Aquidauana, MS, Brazil. Five doses of cattle manure (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 t ha-1) were evaluated with four replications in a randomized block design. Higher growth and yield of the intercropped species were observed when the intercrop received 60 t ha-1 of cattle manure. However, the maximum values of the variables were not reached, so better performances can be obtained with higher doses. The indexes of actual yield loss and advantage of intercropping presented higher values starting at doses of 26 and 30 t ha-1 of manure, respectively. The highest land use efficiency (1.28) was obtained with 60 t ha-1 of cattle manure, indicating the agronomic viability of the lettuce and arugula intercrop when fertilized only with cattle manure.

RESUMO Comparado à monocultura, o consórcio de hortaliças possibilita otimizar os recursos ambientais e insumos, com reflexos positivos sobre a produtividade e rentabilidade do cultivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produtividade da alface e rúcula em cultivo consorciado e índices de avaliação de consórcios em função de doses de esterco bovino. O experimento foi realizado em Aquidauana, MS, Brasil. Foram avaliados cinco doses de esterco bovino (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 t ha-1), em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Maior crescimento e produtividade das espécies consorciadas foram observados quando o consórcio recebeu 60 t ha-1 de esterco bovino. Porém, não foram alcançados os máximos valores das características e, portanto, melhores desempenhos podem ser obtidos com doses mais elevadas. Os índices perda real de produtividade e vantagem do consórcio apresentaram maiores valores a partir das doses de 26 e 30 t ha-1 de esterco, respectivamente. A maior eficiência no uso da terra (1,28) foi obtida com 60 t ha-1 de esterco bovino, indicando a viabilidade agronômica do consórcio de alface e rúcula quando adubado somente com esterco bovino.

ABSTRACT Technologies that improve water use efficiency (WUE) and increase crop yields are essential for the development of a responsible and productive agriculture. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate economical planting beds with the use of mulching and application of different irrigation water depths as a water-saving technology, and determine the irrigation water depth that promote the optimal plant development and fruit yield and quality of two cherry tomato cultivars. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil. A randomized block experimental design with split-plots (5×2) was used, with plots consisting of five irrigation water depths (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of the crop evapotranspiration - ETc) and subplots consisting of two cherry tomato cultivars (Carolina and Yubi), with four replications, totaling 40 experimental units. The development of tomato plants was evaluated through biometric measurements of stem diameter, plant height, and canopy area. Additionally, the following variables were evaluated during fruit harvest: number of fruits, mean fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit yield, WUE, titratable acidity, pH, and soluble solids content. The economical planting beds promoted increases in WUE. Irrigation water depths lower than 100% of ETc resulted in better plant development and higher fruit yield, number of fruits, and WUE for the evaluated cherry tomato plants. The cultivar Carolina exhibited higher production performance compared to Yubi.

RESUMO Tecnologias que promovam o aumento da eficiência do uso da água (EUA) e incremento na produtividade é indispensável para o desenvolvimento de uma agricultura responsável e produtiva. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar ‘canteiros econômicos’ com a utilização de mulching, aplicando diferentes lâminas de irrigação para consolidar o uso desses canteiros como uma tecnologia que propicia a economia de água, da mesma forma que, encontrar a lâmina de irrigação que promova o melhor desenvolvimento, rendimento produtivo e qualidade de duas cultivares de tomatecereja. A pesquisa foi conduzida na Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco em Serra Talhada - PE. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas (5 x 2), onde foram consideradas parcelas cinco lâminas de irrigação (25, 50, 75, 100, e 125% da Evapotranspiração da cultura - ETc) e subparcelas duas cultivares de tomate-cereja (Carolina e Yubi), com quatro repetições, totalizando 40 unidades experimentais. O desenvolvimento do tomateiro foi avaliado mediante coletas biométricas de diâmetro do caule, altura da planta e área da copa. Ademais, durante a colheita foi avaliado o número de frutos, massa média dos frutos, diâmetro dos frutos, produtividade, EUA, acidez titulável, potencial hidrogeniônico e sólidos solúveis dos frutos. Os canteiros econômicos promoveram aumento da EUA. Lâminas de irrigação inferiores a 100% da ETc possibilitaram maior desenvolvimento, produtividade, número de frutos e EUA do tomatecereja. A cultivar Carolina apresentou melhor desempenho produtivo comparado a Yubi.

Resumo O interesse por espécies vegetais com ação antiviral tem crescido exponencialmente e algumas tem sido relatadas como possuídoras de propriedades anti-HIV. Essa pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar o fracionamento fitoquímico biodirecionado pela atividade antirretroviral das cascas do caule da espécie Lafoensia pacari. Trata-se de um estudo experimental in vitro e a metodologia envolve preparo do material vegetal, obtenção do extrato etanólico, fracionamento, purificação, identificação e quantificação das frações, extração ácido-base, ressonância magnética nuclear, teste de inibição da TR do HIV-1 e estudos de docking molecular. A partir do fracionamento biodirecionado pela atividade antirretroviral verificou-se uma maior atividade nas subfrações acetanólica. Com destaque para a subfração acetanólica neutros com 60,98% de inibição de TR e o ácido elágico com 88,61% de inibição de TR e ausência de citotoxicidade. Verificou-se com o teste de citotoxicidade em linhagem de macrófagos que a fração clorofórmica foi mais tóxica que a fração acetanólica. A análise do espectro J-resolvido na região aromática apresentou um simpleto em 7.48 e 6.93 ppm que foram identificados como ácido elágico e ácido gálico respectivamente. A enzima 5TIQ obteve melhor parâmetro de afinidade com o ligante ácido elágico que foi confirmado pelos espectros HSQC-1H-13C. O ácido gálico mostrou-se também favorável a formar interação com a enzima 5TIQ, sendo confirmado através do espectro HSQC-1H-13C. Através da avaliação do PreADMET verificou-se que o ácido elágico é uma molécula promissora pela sua atividade de inibição da TR e parâmetros farmacocinéticos e de toxicidade.

Abstract Interest in antiviral plant species has grown exponentially and some have been reported to have anti-HIV properties. This research aims to perform the bio-guided phytochemical fractionation by antiretroviral activity of Lafoensia pacari stem barks. This in vitro experimental study involved the preparation of plant material, obtention of ethanolic extract, fractionation, purification, identification and quantification of fractions, acid-base extraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, HIV-1 RT inhibition test and molecular docking studies. From the bio-guided fractionation by the antiretroviral activity there was a higher activity in the acetanolic subfractions, highlighting the acetate subfraction – neutrals with 60.98% of RT inhibition and ellagic acid with 88.61% of RT inhibition and absence of cytotoxicity. The macrophage lineage cytotoxicity assay showed that the chloroform fraction was more toxic than the acetate fraction. The analysis of the J-resolved spectrum in the aromatic region showed a singlet at 7.48 and 6.93 ppm which was identified as ellagic acid and gallic acid, respectively. The 5TIQ enzyme obtained better affinity parameter with the ellagic acid ligand, which was confirmed by the HSQC-1H-13C spectra. Gallic acid was also favorable to form interaction with the 5TIQ enzyme, being confirmed through the HSQC-1H-13C spectrum. From the PreADMET evaluation it was found that ellagic acid is a promising molecule for its RT inhibition activity and pharmacokinetic and toxicity parameters.

Resumo Os produtos do metabolismo secundário das plantas têm despertado grande interesse econômico, dada sua diversidade química e atividades biológicas. Neste sentido, o estudo objetivou avaliar a composição fitoquímica, atividade antimicrobiana, inseticida e antioxidante dos extratos vegetais e óleo de Myrcia oblongata. Foram detectados a presença de saponinas, esteróides, triterpenóides, taninos e flavonóides. Os extratos apresentaram capacidade antimicrobiana sobre os microrganismos testados, exceto o extrato metanólico que não demonstrou atividade para P. mirabilis e S. Enteritidis. Quanto a análise de compostos antioxidantes observou-se que os extratos hexânico, acetato de etila e acetona apresentaram maiores atividades antioxidantes e também maior performance inseticida sobre a larva Alphitobius diaperinus e exibindo mortalidade de 80% na fase adulta. Os resultados aqui reportados mostram que pode haver uma relação entre potencial antioxidante e efeito inseticida do óleo de Myrcia oblongata; os componentes presentes tanto no extrato como o oléo podem ser utilizados como alternativa natural aos compostos sintéticos no controle biológico de parasitas e microrganismos patogênicos.

Abstract The secondary metabolism products of plants have influenced great economic interest, given their chemical diversity and biological activities. Because of this, this study evaluates the phytochemical composition, antimicrobial activity, insecticidal, and antioxidant activity of plant extracts and oil of Myrcia oblongata. Saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, and flavonoids were detected. The extracts showed antimicrobial capacity on the tested microorganisms, except for the methanolic extract, which showed no activity for P. mirabilis and S. enteritidis. Regarding the analysis of antioxidant compounds, the hexanic, ethyl acetate and acetone extracts showed higher antioxidant activities and also higher insecticidal performance on Alphitobius diaperinus larvae, resulting in 80% adult mortality. The results reported here show that there may be a relationship between antioxidant potential and the insecticidal effect of Myrcia oblongata DC. The components present in both the extract and the oil can be used as natural alternative to synthetic compounds in the biological control of parasites and pathogenic microorganisms.

RESUMO A utilização da adubação verde com o uso de espécies espontâneas tem ganhando destaque no cultivo de hortaliças, visando a sustentabilidade do ambiente e sendo um método alternativo para o Semiárido nordestino. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em duas épocas de cultivo (outono e primavera-verão), em Serra Talhada, PE, Brasil, a fim de se avaliar os efeitos de quantidades de biomassa e tempos de incorporação de Calotropis procera (Flor-de-seda) no desempenho agroeconômico da beterraba. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 × 4 , sendo o primeiro fator correspondente às quantidades de C. procera (5,4; 8,8; 12,2 e 15,6 Mg ha-1 em base seca) e o segundo, aos tempos de incorporação ao solo (0, 10, 20 e 30 dias antes da semeadura da beterraba). Além da produtividade comercial de raízes e dos custos de produção, foram determinados: renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno e índice de lucratividade. A quantidade de 15,6 Mg ha-1 de C. procera promoveu as maiores rendas bruta e líquida, enquanto que as quantidades de 5,4 e 12,2 Mg ha-1 obtiveram as melhores taxas de retorno e índices de lucratividade no outono e primavera-verão, respectivamente, sendo considerada ideal a adubação realizada no momento do plantio. O cultivo de primaveraverão possibilitou retorno econômico superior à semeadura de outono. Independente dos fatores, o uso da C. procera como adubo verde na produção de beterraba foi viável agroeconomicamente.

ABSTRACT The use of green manure from spontaneous species has gained prominence for vegetable crops focused on environmental sustainability and is an alternative method for the Semiarid region in the Northeast of Brazil. Two experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (autumn and spring-summer), in Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil, to evaluate the effects of different amounts of biomass of Calotropis procera (roostertree) and incorporation times on the agro-economic performance of beet crops. A randomized block experimental design was used, with three replications, in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement; the first factor consisted of amounts of C. procera biomass (5.4, 8.8, 12.2, and 15.6 Mg ha-1 on a dry basis) and the second factor consisted of times of incorporation into the soil (0, 10, 20, and 30 days before planting beet). Commercial root yield, production costs, and the following economic indicators were determined: gross income, net income, return rate, and profitability index. The use of 15.6 Mg ha-1 of C. procera biomass resulted in the highest gross and net incomes and the use of 5.4 and 12.2 Mg ha-1 resulted in the best return rates and profitability indexes in autumn and spring-summer seasons, respectively; the planting time was considered as ideal for the biomass incorporation. The spring-summer growing season resulted in a higher economic return than the autumn growing season. The use of C. procera as a green manure for beet production is economically viable, regardless of the factors evaluated.

Objective: Most countries fail to treat individuals with psychopathologies. Investigating treatment barriers and reasons for dropout are key elements to overcoming this scenario. Methods: A representative sample of 2,942 urban-dwelling adults was interviewed face-to-face within a cross-sectional, stratified, multistage probability survey of the general population. Psychiatric diagnosis, severity level, use of services, reasons for not seeking treatment, and treatment dropout were investigated. Results: Only 23% of individuals with a psychopathology of any severity level in the last 12 months received treatment. Low perceived need for treatment (56%) was the most common reason for not seeking treatment. The most visited settings were psychiatric, other mental health care, and general medical care. Among those with a perceived need for treatment (44%), psychological barriers were the most common reason for not seeking it. Treatment dropout was more prevalent among those who visited a general medical care setting. Among individuals still in treatment, human services and psychiatric care were the most common types. Female sex was associated with structural barriers (OR = 2.1). Disorder severity was negatively associated with need barriers (OR = 0.4), and positively associated with structural barriers (OR = 2.5) and psychological barriers (OR = 2.5). Conclusion: Despite the need for treatment and better services, psychological barriers were the major reason for not seeking treatment. Apart from providing more specialists, investing in awareness, de-stigmatization, and information is the ultimate strategy for improving psychiatric care.

An infection of the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa in cocoa trees reduces productivity of the plant. In this study, the concentrations of mineral nutrients in healthy leaves and in leaves of vegetative broom of the cocoa plant were determined, and the relationship between the disease and the nutritional composition of the leaves was assessed. The samples were analyzed using the wet digestion method and the concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and the Kjeldahl method. Results indicate that leaves of vegetative broom have lower concentrations of Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, and Ni than healthy leaves. Concentrations of P and Cu were lower in healthy leaves and higher in leaves of vegetative broom. In contrast, concentrations of K, N, and Zn were the same for both types of leaves. In short, plant-fungal interaction was reflected in the nutritional composition of the leaves, demonstrated by the differences in nutrient concentrations between healthy and infected leaf tissue.

RESUMO O nitrogênio (N) é o nutriente mais limitante ao desenvolvimento da cana-de-açúcar e com a utilização de variedades mais produtivas e exigentes, as doses utilizadas na adubação nitrogenada na cana planta podem estar subestimadas e os teores críticos de N na folha poderão sofrer modificações. O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar a curva de diluição dos teores críticos de N (CNDC) na folha, avaliar a produção da massa seca da parte aérea (ADM) e a produtividade de duas variedades de cana-de-açúcar em relação à adubação nitrogenada. A pesquisa foi realizada em condições de campo, sendo avaliadas as variedades RB92579 e RB867515, quando adubadas com sete doses de N (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 200 kg ha-1). As variedades e doses de N foram dispostas em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições sob o esquema fatorial de 2 × 7. O teor de N na folha reduziu com o aumento da ADM e se ajustou ao modelo exponencial que permitiu estimar os teores críticos de 13,03 e 12,46 g de N kg-1 de matéria seca nas variedades RB92579 e RB867515, respectivamente. A cana planta respondeu positivamente à adubação nitrogenada e aumentou em 18,66% a tonelada de colmos por hectare (TCH) com adição de até 129,45 kg ha-1 de N. A variedade RB92579 apresentou menor diluição do teor crítico do N, maior produção de ADM e maior produtividade de colmos, sendo considerada mais eficiente na utilização do N-fertilizante.

ABSTRACT Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient for the development of sugarcane and particularly the use of more productive and demanding varieties, for which the doses of nitrogen fertilization necessary during the plant cane cycle may be underestimated and the critical levels of nitrogen in the leaf may be modified. The objective of this study was to determine the critical nitrogen dilution curve (CNDC) for leaves, evaluate the aboveground dry mass production (DM) and productivity of two varieties fertilized with N in the plant cane cycle. The study was conducted under field conditions, evaluating two sugarcane varieties RB92579 and RB867515, fertilized with seven doses of N (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 200 kg ha-1). The varieties and doses were arranged in randomized blocks and analyzed in the 2 × 7 factorial scheme. It was found that the nitrogen concentration in the leaf decreased with four repetitions increase in DM yield and adjusted an exponential model, which enabled to estimate the critical levels of 13.03 and 12.46 g N kg-1 dry matter in the varieties RB92579 and RB867515, respectively. The plant cane cycle were observed to respond positively to nitrogen fertilization, with increase of 18.66% in tons of stalk per hectare (TSH) in response to the application addition of up to 129.45 kg N ha-1. The variety RB92579 showed the lowest dilution of the critical nitrogen concentration, the highest production of DM and higher stalk yield, and accordingly is considered to be the more efficient of the two varieties with respect to nitrogen fertilizer utilization.

Abstract This paper presents an exact solution for the boundary-value problem which describes the linear buckling of axially-compressed cylindrical panels with frames attached to the circular edges. The boundary conditions differ from the classical simply supported ones, often assumed for design purposes, in the sense that the torsion resisted by the frames are also taken into account. The quality of the results reported herein may be valuable benchmark data.

RESUMO. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a eficácia da aplicação do Sistema de Triagem de Manchester para melhorar o fluxo de pacientes em um hospital brasileiro possibilitando obter um serviço mais acolhedor e decisivo. Desta forma, técnicas de análise de sobrevivência são aplicadas com base em modelos de regressão paramétricos cujo objetivo é investigar indicadores para o setor de emergência/urgência e, assim, contribuir para uma melhor eficiência operacional. Os resultados mostram que diferentes variáveis explicativas, tais como, classificação, idade, período, entre outras, influenciam no tempo de atendimento. Por fim, este trabalho possibilitou o desenvolvimento de um modelo simples que pode ser utilizado para prever o tempo de atendimento considerando diferentes variáveis explicativas para um hospital brasileiro em particular.

ABSTRACT. The present work intends to study the effectiveness of applying the Manchester Triage System to improve patient flow in a Brazilian hospital, which allows a more welcoming and decisive service. Thus, time to event techniques is applied based on parametric regression models with the objective of investigating indicators for the emergency/urgency sector and thus, contributing to better operational efficiency. The results show that different explanatory variables such as classification, age, period, among others, influence the time of attendance. In the end, we provide a simple model that can be used to predict such time under different explanatory variables for a particular Brazilian hospital.

Resumo A análise granulométrica é uma ferramenta básica no processo de caracterização de materiais particulados, podendo ser obtida por vários métodos, destacando-se os métodos do densímetro e difração a laser. No entanto, estas técnicas são baseadas em princípios físicos distintos, que geram resultados diferentes, causando dúvidas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar ambos os métodos com a uniformização da preparação de amostras seguindo a norma brasileira (NBR 7181). Amostras de caulim e quartzo foram utilizadas para representar as frações argilosa e arenosa do solo, respectivamente, com composições variando de 100% a 0% de teor de caulim, obtendo curvas de distribuição granulométrica e respectivas frações de cada composição. Esses resultados foram comparados estatisticamente por análise de variância (teste F) e correlacionados por meio de regressão linear. A comparação estatística indicou uma forte dependência entre os métodos do densímetro e difração a laser com e sem a preparação da amostra, indicando uma correlação direta com 95% de confiança.

Abstract The granulometric analysis is a basic tool in the characterization process of particulate materials and can be determined through numerous methods, most notably the densimeter and laser diffraction methods. However, these techniques are based on distinct physical principles that can generate different results causing doubts. The objective of this paper was to study both methods, using a standardized sample preparation according to Brazilian standard NBR 7181. Kaolin and quartz samples were used to represent the clayey and sandy soil fractions, respectively, with compositions varying from 100% to 0% kaolin content. Granulometric distribution curves and respective fractions of each composition were determined. These results were statistically compared by analysis of variance (F-test) and correlated using linear regression. The statistical comparison indicated a strong dependence between the densitometer and laser diffraction methods with and without the same sample preparation, indicating a direct correlation with 95% confidence.

Abstract Synthetic biology (SynBio) it is considered a very recent discipline. View as a tool serves to design or re-design biological systems, giving them improved qualities or new qualities. In the SynBio, the design of new biological systems requires very precise molecular tools, such as: a) bioinformatics, b) sequencing NGS (Next Generation Sequencing), assembly and synthesis of DNA c) and CRISPR- Cas9 genome editing. Within the SynBio there are other social profile disciplines which concerned to ethical, legal, philosophical, and economic, and for that reason it is considered a multidiscipline. The SynBio is promoting the development of new (emerging) technologies based on an engineering perspective. In SynBio, DNA is understood in a practical and abstract way as a series of parts that can be assembled in a certain order to obtain the desired products once the functionality of each part is known. The SynBio has given rise to a new conception of the economy worldwide and consequently the term Bioeconomy is already taken very seriously as a new discipline that will transform societies.

Resumen La biología sintética (SynBio) es una disciplina de reciente aparición que sirve para diseñar o re-diseñar sistemas biológicos y otorgarles cualidades mejoradas o nuevas cualidades. En la SynBio el diseño de nuevos sistemas biológicos requiere de herramientas moleculares muy precisas, tales como: a) la bioinformática, b) la secuenciación NGS (Next Generation Sequencing), el ensamble y/o síntesis de ADN c) y la edición de genomas a través de CRISPR-Cas9. En la SynBio encontramos además otras disciplinas con un perfil más hacia el ámbito social, las cuales tocan aspectos éticos, legales, filosóficos y económicos, considerándose así una multidisciplina. La SynBio está propiciando el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías (emergentes) partiendo de una óptica ingenieril. En la SynBio, al ADN se le entiende de forma práctica y abstracta como una serie de partes que se pueden ensamblar en cierto orden para obtener los productos deseados una vez que se conoce la funcionalidad de cada parte. La SynBio ha dado pie a una nueva concepción de la economía a nivel mundial y por consecuencia se ha tomado muy seriamente el termino Bioeconomía como una nueva disciplina que transformará a las sociedades.

The first 1000 days of life constitute a short and exceptionally important period when the foundation is established for children’s growth, development and lifelong health. Cuba has a comprehensive care system for this population that aims to promote the best start in life so that children can reach their highest development potential. This is carried out through the national public health and education systems and also includes elements of health protection, prevention of harm and disease and social welfare for children. Cuba’s infant mortality rate has remained <5 deaths per 1000 live births for 10 consecutive years, and in 2017 reached 4 per 1000, the lowest rate to date. The mortality rate for children aged <5 years in 2017 was 5.5 per 1000 live births, with a survival rate of 99.5%; low birth weight was 5.1% and vaccination coverage >95%. Among children aged 1 year in Cuba’s Educate Your Child program in 2014, >90% met age-specific indicators in all four developmental domains (intellectual, motor, socioaffective and language). Cuba has universal coverage for antenatal care and, in 2017, 99.9% of births occurred in health institutions. All working mothers receive paid antenatal leave from 34 weeks of gestation, continued through the child’s first year, to facilitate breastfeeding and child care. In 2018, the Cuban government allocated 27% of its national budget to health and social welfare and 21% to education.