ABSTRACT Amazonian soils have been suffering severe changes resulting from human activities in the region, causing significant changes in soil attributes that can contribute to greater susceptibility to erosion processes. Therefore, the present work aimed to estimate the erodibility in natural and anthropic environments in the southern region of the Amazon. Eight areas in the region were selected, including areas of native forest, savannah, cerradão, pasture and reforestation, delimiting 32 sampling points per area, with collections at a depth of 0.00-0.20 m, totaling 256 samples. Next, texture analysis and quantification of soil organic carbon were performed, and then erodibility was estimated by indirect prediction methods, Tukey’s test, Pearson’s correlation and factorial analysis of principal components. According to the results obtained, it was observed that the evaluated areas of native forest 1 and 2, cerradão and pasture present high susceptibility to erosion in relation to the cerrado, reforestation with genipap, teak and mixed areas. Therefore, it was noted that the high level of erodibility is associated with a greater predominance of sand fraction, K factor, Ki Kr and low clay content, as well as with the management employed in the areas.

Abstract The study of adaptability and yield stability is essential for the selection and recommendation of new cultivars. Thus, this study determined the adaptability and yield stability of black bean genotypes for cultivar recommendation using a GGE biplot. To this end, nine trials were carried out at different locations in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Eleven genotypes were evaluated in three growing seasons, in a randomized block design, with three replications. Adaptability and stability of grain yield were analyzed by the GGE biplot method. The effects of genotypes, environments and of the genotype - environment interaction were significant, which explained the different responses of the genotypes to the tested environments. The GGE biplot analysis revealed Macaé as an ideal district for testing and high yield, adaptability, and stability of performance were observed for genotype CNFP 15290, which can be recommended for grain production in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

RESUMO A fusariose ou podridão-das-raízes, principal doença na pimenteira-do-reino, causa severa limitação na produção, provocada pelo fungo (Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis). O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de extratos brutos aquosos e fungicida no controle da fusariose em pimenta-do-reino. Foi avaliado a porcentagem de inibição micelial de F. solani em placas de Petri com meio BDA suplementado com extratos brutos aquosos de folhas (EBA) de pimenta-do-reino, mandioca, mamona, coentro e melão-de-são caetaneo, nas concentrações de 5, 10, 15 e 20% (v/v). A testemunha foi placa com meio BDA sem adição de produto. Para avaliação do efeito dos extratos sobre o desenvolvimento da fusariose, mudas de pimenta-do-reino foram inoculadas com o patógeno, sendo aspergidas com 20 mL dos extratos brutos aquosos de melão-de-são caetano e mandioca nas concentrações de 10 e 15%. O fungicida carbendazem foi pincelado no caules das plantas em forma de pasta na dose (0,2 g.100 mL-1). A avaliação da incidência da doença foi realizada aos 30 dias após a inoculação. Os resultados mostraram que os extratos de melão-de-são caetano e mandioca nas concentrações de 10 e 15%, proporcionaram os maiores percentuais de inibição micelial (61,01 e 57,61% e 51,55 e 55,48%) respectivamente. O EBA de melão-de-são caetano na concentração de 15% e o fungicida foram eficientes em reduzirem a incidência da fusariose em mudas de pimenta-do-reino.

ABSTRACT Fusarium or root rot, the main disease affecting black pepper, leads to severe production limitation caused by the fungus (Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of crude aqueous extracts and fungicide on the control of fusariosis in black pepper. The percentage of F. solani mycelial inhibition in Petri dishes with PDA medium supplemented with crude aqueous leaf extracts (EBA) of black pepper, cassava, castor bean, coriander and bitter melon were evaluated at the concentrations 5, 10, 15 and 20% (v/v). Control was the plate containing PDA medium without addition of any product. To evaluate the effect of extracts on the development of fusariosis, black pepper seedlings were inoculated with the pathogen and sprayed with 20 mL crude aqueous extracts of bitter melon and cassava at the concentrations 10 and 15%. The fungicide carbendazim was brushed as paste on the stems of plants at one dose (0.2 g.100 mL-1). The disease incidence was evaluated 30 days after inoculation. Results showed that the extracts of bitter melon and cassava at the concentrations 10 and 15% provided the highest percentages of mycelial inhibition (61.01 and 57.61% and 51.55 and 55.48%, respectively). The EBA of bitter melon at the concentration of 15% and the fungicide were efficient in reducing fusariosis incidence in black pepper seedlings.

Resumo: O amarelão (Apuleia molaris Spruce ex Benth.) é uma essência florestal de rápido crescimento, com potencial para o reflorestamento, entretanto existem poucas informações a respeito da tecnologia e morfologia dos frutos, sementes e plântulas. Com isso, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever a morfologia de frutos, sementes e plântulas, além dos padrões anatômicos das plântulas, como contribuição para o conhecimento técnico-científico e produção de espécies amazônicas para o reflorestamento no Estado do Pará. Para isso, as descrições morfológicas seguiram os parâmetros de literatura especializada e as informações anatômicas técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal. A espécie apresenta frutos do tipo legume, semente com pleurograma, as sementes possuem dimensões médias de 51,21; 21,33; 2,09 mm para comprimento, largura e espessura respectivamente, e as plântulas com eofilos e metafilos imparipenados, cordiforme, germinação fânero cotiledonar, epigea, foliácea. Os eofilos e metafilos apresentam epiderme unisseriada, feixe vascular colateral e dorsiventral. As características morfológicas podem auxiliar na identificação em campo, e na identificação de plantas jovens, auxiliando a produção de mudas da referida espécie, anatomicamente o hipocótilo não apresenta diferenças marcantes da raiz.

Abstract: Apuleia molaris spruce ex benth, commonly known in Brazil as "amarelão," is a fast-growing forest plant with a potential for use in reforestation; however, there is little information about the physiology and morphology of its fruits, seeds, and seedlings. Thus, the objective of this work was to describe the morphology of the fruits, seeds, and seedlings, in addition to the anatomic patterns of seedlings, as a contribution to the technical-scientific knowledge and production of amazonian species for reforestation in the state of Pará. For this purpose, the morphological descriptions followed the parameters from specialized literature and the common techniques used in plant anatomy. The species presents leguminous fruit; seeds with pleurogram, average dimensions of 51.21, 21.33, and 2.09 mm length, width, and thickness, respectively; and seedlings with eophyll and pinnate metaphylls, cordiform, phanerocotylar germination, epigaeous, and foliaceous. Eophylls and metaphylls present uniseriate epidermis, collateral and dorsiventral vascular bundle. The morphological characteristics may help in field identification and in the identification of young plants, aiding the production of seedlings of this species. Furthermore, anatomically, the hypocotyl has no striking differences from the root.

Sementes de Schizolobium amazonicum apresentam dormência física a qual pode ser quebrada por diferentes métodos de escarificação. Nesta pesquisa, os efeitos da escarificação das sementes em lixa e água quente sob os aspectos fisiológicos relacionados à germinação das sementes e à qualidade das plântulas obtidas foram avaliados. Sementes de S. amazonicum foram escarificadas pela (i) imersão em água a 100°C/ 2 min e pela (ii) fricção das sementes em lixa. Sementes não escarificadas foram utilizadas como testemunha. As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: viabilidade dos tecidos (por meio do teste de tetrazólio), taxa de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), taxa de embebição das sementes, depleção do endosperma e emergência, uniformidade e acúmulo de biomassa das plântulas resultantes. As sementes oriundas de ambos os tratamentos foram igualmente coradas pelo tetrazólio. A escarificação em lixa resultou em maior germinação, maior IVG, rápida embebição e depleção do endosperma em comparação às sementes escarificadas em água a 100°C/2 min. A emergência de plântulas e o índice de emergência foram maiores em sementes escarificadas em lixa, cujas plântulas apresentaram-se mais uniformes e com maior acúmulo de biomassa que aquelas obtidas após escarificação em água a 100°C/2 min. Do exposto, a escarificação de sementes de paricá em lixa é mais eficiente na promoção da germinação e produção de plântulas uniformes.

Seeds of Schizolobium amazonicum present physical dormancy which can be broken through different scarification methods. In this work, the effects of sandpaper and hot water seed scarification on physiological aspects related to seed germination and seedling quality were evaluated. Seeds of S. amazonicum were scarified by (i) immersion in water at 100°C/2 min and (ii) by scrubbing seeds on sandpaper. Non-scarified seeds were used as control. The following variables were evaluated: tissue viability (by using tetrazolium test), germination rate, speed germination index (SGI), seed imbibition rate, endosperm depletion, and seedling emergence rate, uniformity and biomass accumulation. Seeds from both treatments were equally dyed by tetrazolium. Seeds scarified on sandpaper showed higher germination rate, higher SGI, faster seed imbibition and endosperm depletion than those scarified in water at 100°C/2 min. Seeds scarified on sandpaper presented higher seedling emergence rate and emergence index, and their seedlings were more uniform and with greater biomass than those obtained after scarification in water at 100°C/2 min. Therefore, scarification of paricá seeds on sandpaper is more efficient in promoting germination and production of uniform seedlings.

OBJETIVO: avaliar o efeito do raloxifeno sobre a angiogênese do carcinoma de mama em mulheres menopausadas. MÉTODOS: dezesseis pacientes menopausadas com carcinoma de mama operável, estádio II (diâmetro >3 cm), positivo para receptor de estrógeno, foram incluídas no estudo. Após confirmação do diagnóstico por biópsia incisional, as pacientes receberam 60 mg de raloxifeno diariamente por 28 dias, previamente à cirurgia definitiva. Exame imunohistoquímico foi realizado nas amostras tumorais, obtidas por ocasião da biópsia para diagnóstico e avaliação do status do receptor de estrógeno e da cirurgia definitiva. O anticorpo monoclonal anti-CD34 foi usado como marcador das células endoteliais. A unidade vascular considerada foi qualquer célula ou grupo de células endoteliais coradas, nitidamente separadas de microvasos adjacentes, células tumorais ou tecido conjuntivo, formando ou não lúmen. A contagem de microvasos antes e após tratamento com raloxifeno foi realizada em dez campos aleatórios, usando microscópio acoplado a sistema de captura e análise de imagem (Imagelab®) com magnificação de 400X. O teste t de Student para duas amostras pareadas foi usado para análise estatística dos dados (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: as médias da quantidade de microvasos antes e após o tratamento com raloxifeno foi 44,4±3,5 e 22,6±1,6, respectivamente. Foi observada redução significativa da quantidade de microvasos após tratamento com raloxifeno (p<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: o tratamento primário com raloxifeno reduz significantemente a quantidade de microvasos no carcinoma de mama positivo para receptor de estrógeno em mulheres na pós-menopausa.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of raloxifene on breast cancer angiogenesis of menopausal women. METHODS: sixteen menopausal women with stage II (>3 cm) estrogen receptor positive operable breast cancer were enrolled in this study. Following confirmation of the diagnosis by incisional biopsy, the patients received 60 mg raloxifene daily for 28 days prior to the definitive surgery. Immunohistochemical study was performed on the sample tumors obtained during the biopsy for the diagnosis and evaluation of the status of estrogen receptor and during the definitive surgery. The anti-CD34 monoclonal antibody was used as a marker for endothelial cells. The vascular unit was considered as any endothelial cell or group of cells of a brownish color, clearly separated from adjacent microvessels, tumor cells or other connective tissue, forming or not lumen. Microvessel count was performed in ten fields of each slide using a 40X objective lens (400X magnification). A microscope coupled to a system of capture and analysis of image was used (Imagelab®). Statistical analysis of data was carried out using the paired Student t-test and significance level was established at p<0.05. RESULTS: mean numbers of anti-CD34 antibody-stained microvessels before and after raloxifene treatment were 44.4±3.5 and 22.6±1.6, respectively. A significant reduction in the number of microvessels following raloxifene therapy was observed (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: when administered as primary therapy for menopausal women with breast carcinoma, raloxifene significantly reduced tumoral angiogenesis.