ABSTRACT Sweet potato is among the most important food crops in the world. Due to its high genetic diversity, this species has cultivars that can respond in different ways depending on mineral fertilization. Among the nutrients, phosphorus is related to physiological and biochemical processes that can influence the final quality of the product. This study aimed to assess the influence of P doses on the quality and bioactive compounds of sweet potato cultivars - Paraná, BRS Amélia, and BRS Cuia. The pH, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, soluble sugars, and the bioactive compounds - flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids - were evaluated. The P doses influenced sweet potato cultivars. The dose of 120 kg ha-1 promoted increments in the parameters pH, SS, TA, and SS/TA ratio for the cultivar BRS Cuia. The same dose promoted an increase in total soluble sugars for the cultivar BRS Amélia. P dose of 240 kg ha-1 promoted higher levels of flavonoids and anthocyanins in the cultivar Paraná, and there was an increase in carotenoid content at the dose of 60 kg ha-1.

RESUMO A batata-doce está entre as culturas alimentícias mais importantes do mundo. Por apresentar alta diversidade genética, essa espécie possui cultivares que podem responder de maneiras diferentes em função da adubação mineral. Dentre os nutrientes, o fósforo está relacionado com processos fisiológicos e bioquímicos que podem influenciar na qualidade final do produto. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de doses de P na qualidade e compostos bioativos de cultivares de batata-doce - Paraná, BRS Amélia e BRS Cuia. Foram avaliados o pH, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT, açúcares solúveis e os compostos bioativos - flavonoides, antocianinas e carotenoides. As doses de P influenciaram as cultivares de batata-doce. A dose de 120 kg ha-1 promoveu incrementos nos parâmetros pH, SS, AT e relação SS/AT para a cultivar BRS Cuia. A mesma dose promoveu incrementos nos açúcares solúveis totais para a cultivar BRS Amélia. A dose de 240 kg ha-1 promoveu maiores teores de flavonoides e antocianinas na cultivar Paraná, e houve aumento no teor de carotenoides na dose de 60 kg ha-1.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the helminth fauna present in continental commercial fish from the provinces of Guayas (Daule and Salitre) and Los Ríos (Vinces and Babahoyo). In total, 2317 individuals from 11 fish species were analysed. Fifteen species of parasitic helminths were identified, these being the digenean trematodes: Clinostomum complanatum, Clinostomum sp1, Clinostomum sp2, Clinostomum sp3, Cladorchiidae sp1, Cladorchiidae sp2, Cladorchiidae sp3, the cestodes: Nominoscolex sp y Proteocephalus sp, the nematodes: Contracaecum sp, Cucullanus sp, Procamallanus sp1, Procamallanus sp2, y Rhabdochona sp and acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus sp. The locality and the fish with the highest balance in terms of parasitic abundance was Vinces and Andinoacara rivulatus, respectively. The anisakid parasite Contracaecum sp presented the highest values of prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity in the four locations and in all the fish except for A. rivulatus, which registered Clinostomun sp1 as the helminth with the highest prevalence among the parasites reported for this fish.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la helmintofauna presente en peces comerciales continentales de las provincias del Guayas (Daule y Salitre) y Los Ríos (Vinces y Babahoyo). Se analizaron 2317 individuos a partir de 11 especies de peces. Se identificaron 15 especies de helmintos parásitos siendo estas los trematodos digeneos: Clinostomum complanatum, Clinostomum sp1, Clinostomum sp2, Clinostomum sp3, Cladorchiidae sp1, Cladorchiidae sp2, Cladorchiidae sp3, los cestodos: Nominoscolex sp y Proteocephalus sp, los nematodos: Contracaecum sp Cucullanus sp Procamallanus sp1, Procamallanus sp2, y Rhabdochona sp y el acantocéfalo Acanthocephalus sp. Se determinó que la localidad y el pez con mayor equilibrio en cuanto abundancia parasitaria fue en Vinces y Andinoacara rivulatus, respectivamente. El parasito anisákido Contracaecum sp presentó los valores más altos de prevalencia, abundancia media, e intensidad media en las cuatro localidades y en todos los peces a excepción de A. rivulatus que registró a Clinostomun sp1 como el helminto con mayor prevalencia entre los parásitos reportados para este pez.

ABSTRACT The use of brackish water in semi-arid regions is sometimes necessary, as water is the most limiting factor for agricultural production in these regions. The present study was conducted aiming to evaluate the production of bunches of Coriandrum sativum L., cultivar Tabocas, in hydroponic system plants exposed to nutrient solutions prepared with brackish water, obtained by mixing water from a community dam (electrical conductivity of 9.93 dS m-1) with rainwater. The treatments consisted of four values of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution (1.49, 3.14, 4.87, and 6.44 dS m-1) and three seeding densities (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g of seeds per cell), arranged in a completely randomized experimental design in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme, with three replicates. Plant height was not affected up to the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution of 6.44 dS m-1 with increasing seeding density. The electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution up to 6.44 dS m-1 at the seeding density of 2.0 g of seed per cell did not affect the shoot fresh and dry mass of the hydroponic coriander, mitigating the deleterious effect of salinity on water use efficiency.

RESUMO O uso de água salobra em regiões semiáridas às vezes é necessário, pois a água é o fator mais limitante para a produção vegetal nessas regiões. O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a produção de maços de Coriandrum sativum L., cultivar Tabocas, em plantas do sistema hidropônico expostas à soluções nutritivas preparadas com água salobra, obtidas por mistura de água de um açude comunitário (condutividade elétrica de 9.93 dS m-1) com água de chuva. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro valores de condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva (1,49, 3,14, 4,87 e 6,44 dS m-1) e três densidades de semeadura (1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 g de sementes por célula), dispostos no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 × 3, com três repetições. Até à condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva de 6,44 dS m-1 com o aumento da densidade de semeadura, a altura das plantas não foi afetada. Na densidade de semeadura de 2,0 g de semente por célula, a condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva, até 6,44 dS m-1, não afetou a massa fresca e seca da parte aérea do coentro hidropônico, mitigando o efeito deletério da salinidade na eficiência do uso da água.

ABSTRACT Native Seed Banks of Communities (SBC) are one of the important social technologies that enables the coexistence with the climate in the Semiarid region of Brazil. These banks can supply appropriate seeds due to the genetic improvement carried out by farmers over generations, in addition to the traditional knowledge associated with them. The poor water distribution in part of the states in the Northeast region of Brazil makes family farmers to depend on rainfall and adapted seeds to grow viable crops. In this sense, native seeds are the most suitable due to their robustness and ideal adaptation to the environment and cultivation systems used in the region. Moreover, the conservation of native seeds in germplasm banks is an important strategy for minimizing the impacts of conventional agriculture. Thus, the objective of this study was to map seed banks of communities within the Piemonte Norte do Itapicuru Territory, state of Bahia, Brazil. The research was carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic and presented a qualitative character through a study case methodology. The steps for data collection were: identification of SBC through information from technical advisory entities; georeferencing of the SBC locations; and description of SBC specificities. Eight seed banks were mapped, distributed in three municipalities: Antonio Gonçalves, Campo Formoso, and Pindobaçu. Although the territory is composed of nine municipalities, six of them do not have this technology.

RESUMO O uso de Bancos Comunitários de Sementes (BCS) crioulas constitui-se como uma das importantes tecnologias sociais determinantes para a convivência com o semiárido. Tal estratégia apoia-se no fato de que, tais bancos possibilitam a oferta de sementes apropriadas, em virtude da seleção realizada pelos agricultores ao longo de gerações, bem como de todo conhecimento tradicional associado. Considerando a má distribuição hídrica que acomete em parte dos estados da Região Nordeste do Brasil, os agricultores familiares dependem das chuvas, bem como de sementes adaptadas para viabilizar seus cultivos. Nesse cenário, em razão da rusticidade, as sementes crioulas, são as mais adequadas, pois elas são perfeitamente adaptadas ao clima e ao sistema de cultivo utilizado. Diante dessa problemática, visando minimizar os impactos ocasionados pela agricultura convencional, a citar: a redução da agrobiodiversidade, disponibilidade de sementes no momento adequado para a semeadura, uma das estratégias adotadas é a conservação do germoplasma em bancos ou casa de sementes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo mapear os Bancos Comunitários de Sementes no Território de Identidade Piemonte Norte do Itapicuru, localizado no estado da Bahia. A pesquisa foi realizada durante a pandemia da COVID-19 e apresentou caráter qualitativo, sendo utilizada como metodologia de investigação o estudo de caso. A coleta de dados foi realizada em três etapas e como resultado, foram mapeados oito bancos, distribuídos em três municípios sendo estes: Antônio Gonçalves, Campo Formoso e Pindobaçu. Apesar de o território ser composto por nove municípios percebe-se que seis destes não utilizam essa tecnologia.

Resumen. En la perspectiva ambiental del nuevo milenio, los sistemas indígenas de conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad son de gran relevancia en la construcción de nuevas estrategias para asegurar la conservación de este patrimonio natural. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue documentar el conocimiento morfo-anatómico de las aves por indígenas mayas yucatecos. Trabajamos en el estado de Campeche con seis comunidades mayas: Santa Cruz, Nunkiní, San Antonio Sahcabchen, Villa de Guadalupe, Pich y Chencoh en el periodo de 2010 a 2015. A partir de 240 entrevistas estructuradas, registramos la terminología de la anatomía y morfología reconocida para las aves. Obtuvimos el nominativo Ch´íich´ para designar a las aves en general, siendo la presencia de Koj (pico), K´u´uk´umel (plumaje) y Xiik´ (alas) los caracteres esenciales que se usan para definir y clasificar a este grupo animal. El sistema maya reconoce y nombra 54 órganos anatómicos y 16 estructuras morfológicas, por lo que a nivel nacional representa una de las nomenclaturas indígenas más completas para la clase Aves. El registro de una amplia nomenclatura morfo-anatómica tiene una alta importancia en la estructura perceptual como diferenciadora e identificadora de un dominio animal. Asimismo, constituye una aportación diagnóstica del nivel cognoscitivo e interacción que aún tienen los indígenas mayas con la avifauna y la diversidad faunística en general, lo cual les ha permitido generar una gama de conocimientos detallados de sus hábitos y biología general.

Abstract. In the environmental perspective of the new millennium, indigenous systems of knowledge and use of biodiversity provide valuable input for the construction of natural heritage conservation strategies. Our study aimed to document the morpho-anatomical knowledge of birds by the indigenous Yucatan Maya. From 2010 to 2015, we carried out 240 structured interviews, recording anatomical and morphological terminology recognized for birds in six Maya communities in Campeche: Santa Cruz, Nunkiní, San Antonio Sahcabchen, Villa de Guadalupe, Pich and Chencoh. We found that birds in general were given the name Ch’ijch’, with the presence of Koj (beak), Koj (beak), K ́u ́uk ́umel (feathers), and Xiik ́ (wings) being essential characters used to define and classify this animal group. The Mayan system recognizes and names 54 anatomical organs and 16 morphological structures, making it one of the most complete indigenous nomenclatures of the class Aves nationally. This record of a broad morpho-anatomical nomenclature is of high importance in the perceptual structure as a differentiator and identifier of an animal domain. Furthermore, it offers a diagnostic of the cognitive level regarding this domain and indicates an ongoing high interaction between Mayan indigenous people and their avifauna, and faunal diversity in general, which has enabled them to generate detailed biological and habitat-related knowledge.

The worldwide emergence of viral diseases such as Zika, Dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile and Yellow Fever urge the search for solutions to eliminate their common vector, the Aedes aegypti mosquito. This paper describes the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and docking studies of a series of nine 3-(3-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)propionic acids (AOPA), 1-9, previously published by our group. Additionally, three new 1,2,4-oxadiazoles, 10-12, have also been synthesized, characterized and studied. The QSAR and docking studies of all compounds, 1-12, clearly indicate that larger hydrophobic substituents such as biphenyl groups attached on position 3 in 1,2,4-oxadiazoles improve the larvicidal activity. It is worthwhile to mention that nanocapsulation of compounds 10-12 were necessary to help their dissolution in water and these three new 1,2,4-oxadiazoles also exhibited approximately equal or higher larvicidal activities compared to the former prototypes at stage L4.

Resumo: Fatores associados a anemia e deficiência de vitamina A foram investigados em 7.716 crianças de 6-59 meses de idade parte da Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019). Adotamos uma abordagem hierárquica baseada em um modelo teórico do Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância (UNICEF) com três níveis estratificados por idade (6-23; 24-59 meses). Foram estimadas razões de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Determinantes habilitadores: observamos maior prevalência de anemia em crianças de 6-23 meses de idade cujas mães tinham ≤ 7 anos de escolaridade (RP = 1,92; IC95%: 1,10; 3,34), < 20 anos de idade (RP = 2,47; IC95%: 1,34; 4,56) ou 20-30 anos de idade (RP = 1,95; IC95%: 1,11; 3,44), cor parda (RP = 1,57; IC95%: 1,06; 2,23); e em crianças de 24-59 meses de idade na Região Norte (RP = 3,11; IC95%: 1,58; 6,13). Encontramos maior prevalência de deficiência de vitamina A em crianças de 6-23 meses de idade no Centro-oeste (RP = 2,32; IC95%: 1,33; 4,05) e em crianças de 24-59 meses de idade residentes nas regiões Norte (RP = 1,96; IC95%: 1,16; 3,30), Sul (RP = 3,07; IC95%: 1,89; 5,01) e Centro-oeste (RP = 1,91; IC95%: 1,12; 3,25) cujas mães tinham entre 20-34 anos de idade (RP = 1,62; IC95%: 1,11; 2,35). Determinantes subjacentes: a presença de mais de uma criança < 5 anos de idade no domicílio se associou a maior prevalência de anemia (RP = 1,61; IC95%: 1,15; 2,25) e deficiência de vitamina A (RP = 1,82; IC95%: 1,09; 3,05) em crianças de 6-23 meses de idade. Determinantes imediatos: o consumo de 1-2 grupos de alimentos ultraprocessados em crianças de 24-59 meses de idade (RP = 0,44; IC95%: 0,25; 0,81) e o não aleitamento materno no dia anterior em crianças de 6-23 meses de idade (RP = 0,56; IC95%: 0,36; 0,95) foram associados com a menor prevalência de anemia e deficiência de vitamina A. Políticas públicas focadas em grupos geográfica e socialmente vulneráveis são necessárias para promover equidade.

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Abstract: Factors associated with anemia and vitamin A deficiency were investigated in 7,716 children 6-59 months of age studied in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). We adopted a hierarchical approach based on a United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) theoretical model with three levels, stratifying by age (6-23; 24-59 months). Prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were estimated. Enabling determinants: a higher prevalence of anemia was observed in children 6-23 months whose mothers had ≤ 7 years of schooling (PR = 1.92; 95%CI: 1.10; 3.34), < 20 years old (PR = 2.47; 95%CI: 1.34; 4.56) or 20-30 years old (PR = 1.95; 95%CI: 1.11; 3.44), mixed-race (PR = 1.57; 95%CI: 1.06; 2.23); and in children 24-59 months in the North Region (PR = 3.11; 95%CI: 1.58; 6.13). A higher prevalence for vitamin A deficiency was observed in children 6-23 months from Central-West (PR = 2.32; 95%CI: 1.33; 4.05), and in children 24-59 months living in the North (PR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.16; 3.30), South (PR = 3.07; 95%CI: 1.89; 5.01), and Central-West (PR = 1.91; 95%CI: 1.12; 3.25) and whose mothers were 20-34 years (PR = 1.62; 95%CI: 1.11; 2.35). Underlying determinants: the presence of more than one child < 5 years old in the household was associated with a higher prevalence of anemia (PR = 1.61; 95%CI: 1.15; 2.25) and vitamin A deficiency (PR = 1.82; 95%CI: 1.09; 3.05) in children 6-23 months. Immediate determinants: consumption of 1-2 groups of ultra-processed foods in children 24-59 months (PR = 0.44; 95%CI: 0.25; 0.81) and lack of breastfeeding in the day before in children 6-23 months (PR = 0.56; 95%CI: 0.36; 0.95) were associated with lower prevalence of anemia and vitamin A deficiency. Public policies focused on geographically and socially vulnerable groups are needed to promote equity.

Abstract This study described the growth, morphometric, biomechanical, and chemical properties of the femur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus of European and Japanese quail. Analyses were performed at 13 and 15 days of incubation, at hatch, and at 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days post-hatch (n=6/subspecies/period). Bone specimens were analyzed by cone-beam computed tomography, biomechanical assays, chemical analyses, and histomorphometry. Variables were fitted by the Gompertz function and its derivative or assessed using the analysis of variance. Analysis of the derivative of Gompertz curves showed that the growth behavior of the tarsometatarsal bone was similar between quail subspecies, and the femur and tibiotarsus of European quail increased first in width and then in length, whereas the opposite occurred in Japanese quail. There was an interaction between quail subspecies and days of growth on femoral, tarsometatarsal, and tibiotarsal bone densities. Femoral and tibiotarsal cross-sectional areas were influenced by the interaction of quail subspecies and day of growth. Interaction effects were significant for breaking strength and phosphorus percentage. European and Japanese quail have different femoral and tibiotarsal growth patterns, especially in the first few days after hatching, whereas tarsometatarsal growth is similar between subspecies.

Objective: Amygdala has been demonstrated as one of the brain sites involved in the control of cardiorespiratory functioning. The structural and physiological alterations induced by epileptic activity are also present in the amygdala and reflect functional changes that may be directly associated with a sudden unexpected death. Seizures are always associated with neuronal damage and changes in the expression of cation-chloride cotransporters and Na/K pumps. In this study, the authors aimed to investigate if these changes are present in the amygdala after induction of status epilepticus with pilocarpine, which may be directly correlated with Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). Methods: Pilocarpine-treated wistar rats 60 days after Status Epilepticus (SE) were compared with control rats. Amygdala nuclei of brain slices immunostained for NKCC1, KCC2 and α1-Na+/K+-ATPase, were quantified by optical densitometry. Results: The amygdaloid complex of the animals submitted to SE had no significant difference in the NKCC1 immunoreactivity, but KCC2 immunoreactivity reduced drastically in the peri-somatic sites and in the dendritic-like processes. The α1-Na+/K+-ATPase peri-somatic immunoreactivity was intense in the rats submitted to pilocarpine SE when compared with control rats. The pilocarpine SE also promoted intense GFAP staining, specifically in the basolateral and baso-medial nuclei with astrogliosis and cellular debris deposition. Interpretation: The findings revealed that SE induces lesion changes in the expression of KCC2 and α1-Na + /K + -ATPase meaning intense change in the chloride regulation in the amygdaloid complex. These changes may contribute to cardiorespiratory dysfunction leading to SUDEP.

ABSTRACT The present work evaluated the effect of thermal treatment on the acoustic behavior of african mahogany wood (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev.) submitted to two types of thermal treatments called dry treatment, carried out in an oven at temperatures of 130, 160 and 190 °C, and wet treatment, using steam in an autoclave at temperatures and pressures of 123 °C and 1.2 kgf.cm−2 and 160 °C and 6.0 kgf.cm−2, respectively. Conjugated treatments were also carried out, where part of the samples first went through wet treatment and after that, through dry treatment. After treatments, the samples were submitted to acoustic evaluation through mechanical vibration tests, using the transverse impulse excitation technique, as reported for in the ASTM-E1876 standard. The fundamental resonance frequency (fr), the specific transverse dynamic (Espe), the logarithmic decrement of damping (LDD) and the acoustic conversion efficiency (ACE) were determined. According to the results obtained, the wood treated only by steam in an autoclave at 123 °C stood out in relation to the other treatments, including the conjugated was. An increase of 7.3 % was verified for the fr, 10.8 % for Eesp and 26.4 % for ECA, and reduction of 11.9 % for Dl. It was observed the optimization of African mahogany’s acoustic properties.

RESUMO O presente trabalho avaliou o efeito do tratamento térmico no comportamento acústico em madeira de mogno africano (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev.) submetida a dois tipos de tratamentos, denominados tratamento a seco (TS), realizado em mufla elétrica a temperaturas de 130, 160 e 190 °C, e tratamento hidrotérmico (TH), utilizando vapor de água em autoclave nas temperaturas e pressões de 123 °C e 1,2 kgf.cm−2 e 160 °C e 6,0 kgf.cm−2, respectivamente. Os tratamentos foram realizados em conformidade com um planejamento experimental. Após os tratamentos, as amostras foram submetidas à avaliação acústica através de ensaios por vibração mecânica, utilizando a técnica de excitação por impulso transversal, como previsto na norma ASTM-E1876. As grandezas acústicas determinadas foram: frequência de ressonância transversal (fr(Tr)), decaimento logarítmico transversal (Dl(Tr)), módulo de elasticidade dinâmico específico transversal (Eesp(Tr)) e eficiência da conversão acústica transversal (ECA(Tr)). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a madeira modificada em autoclave a 123 °C se destacou em relação aos outros tratamentos, inclusive dos conjugados. Foram verificados aumentos de 7,3 % para fr(Tr), 10,8 % para o Eesp(Tr) e 26,4 % para o ECA(Tr), e redução de 11,9 % para Dl. Tais resultados indicam otimização das propriedades do mogno africano para aplicações acústicas.

Abstract Anisopodus subarmatusMelzer, 1931 is synonymized with A. jaculus (Gyllenhal, 1817) and a discussion about the type-locality of the latter is provided. Photographs of the lectotype of the former and of the holotype of the latter are provided.

The copper alloy UNS-C27200 is a binary brass, composed of 38wt%Zn, beeing one of the most used in the industry. The union of Cu-Zn alloys by conventional welding by fusion in thin plates presents several challenges. The Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process performs the union of two, or more materials, through a rotating tool that travels throughout the welding region. One the great advantages of FSW is working below the melting point of the material, which reduces the change in the microstructure and properties of the material, when compared to conventional welding processes. Due to the lack of research on FSW process in lap brass joints with thin thicknesses, the present work aims to expand these studies in order to contribute to future research. Eight conditions were evaluated, varying rotation and welding speed. In the best results by visual inspection, analyzes of microstructure, temperature, microhardness and mechanical strength were performed. The better welding results were obtained with ω=1050 rpm and ν=20 mm/min. There was reduction of approximately 50% between Stir Zone and Base metal. The mechanical strength was affected by the pin hole resulting from the process. The microstructure revealed a homogeneous mixture in the stir zone and no defects were detected.

Crotalaria ochroleuca (Fabaceae) is rich in bioactive compounds used for nematode control. Transformed root culture allows the production of a large amount of hairy root biomass, conditioned by auxin biosynthesis-related genes integrated via the process of Agrobacterium rhizogenes infection, which is known to cause a hairy root phenotype. We transformed A. rhizogenes to increase the biomass of hairy roots and optimized the process of production of bioactive compounds. The transformed nature of hairy roots was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, which confers kanamycin resistance. The transformed roots were cultured in full-strength in liquid media to realize the growth of hairy roots and the production of bioactive compounds. The transformed roots were grown in a culture medium supplemented with elicitors to produce total phenols, and flavonoids. Chromatographic analysis of transformed roots revealed the presence of flavonoids apigenin-6,8-C-diglucoside and luteolin-6-C-glucoside. The results were obtained by conducting physiological and biochemical studies with the Flavonoids and studying the pathways that led to the production of large amounts of bioactive compounds from the hairy roots of C. ochroleuca. It was observed that the extraction of the compounds significantly affected nematodes and insect larvae, resulting in significantly high levels of economic damage to crops.

The welding of metallic materials by the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) method is a very attractive process for preserving their characteristics, especially for copper and its alloys that require high heat input and present many distortions by traditional methods. However, it is a great challenge to produce welds free of defects and maintain or improve their mechanical properties. In the current literature data on FSW parameters for copper and its alloys are scarce. In this study, tests were performed with a combination of four tool rotations (750, 850, 950, 1050 rev.min-1) and two welding speeds (20 and 60 mm.min-1), maintaining the tool inclination angle in 3° and waiting time of 5 seconds. The objective of this work is to analyze the microstructure and mechanical performance of lap joints of the UNS C19400 alloy joined by FSW. The process temperature was monitored to trace the heating profile of the process, in addition to microhardness and shear strength tests, in addition to optical microscopy for analysis. The joints welded by the parameters Ω 950 rev.mm-1 �� 20mm.min-1 obtained a mechanical performance of 73% compared to the characteristics of the base metal and despite the appearance of volumetric defects at the microstructural level, the metallurgical transformations of recovery and recrystallization of the grains observed in the microstructure played a key role in the result.

Abstract Background The 6-OHDA nigro-striatal lesion model has already been related to disorders in the excitability and synchronicity of neural networks and variation in the expression of transmembrane proteins that control intra and extracellular ionic concentrations, such as cation-chloride cotransporters (NKCC1 and KCC2) and Na+/K+-ATPase and, also, to the glial proliferation after injury. All these non-synaptic mechanisms have already been related to neuronal injury and hyper-synchronism processes. Objective The main objective of this study is to verify whether mechanisms not directly related to synaptic neurotransmission could be involved in the modulation of nigrostriatal pathways. Methods Male Wistar rats, 3 months old, were submitted to a unilateral injection of 24 µg of 6-OHDA, in the striatum (n= 8). The animals in the Control group (n= 8) were submitted to the same protocol, with the replacement of 6-OHDA by 0.9% saline. The analysis by optical densitometry was performed to quantify the immunoreactivity intensity of GFAP, NKCC1, KCC2, Na+/K+-ATPase, TH and Cx36. Results The 6-OHDA induced lesions in the striatum, were not followed by changes in the expression cation-chloride cotransporters and Na+/K+-ATPase, but with astrocytic reactivity in the lesioned and adjacent regions of the nigrostriatal. Moreover, the dopaminergic degeneration caused by 6-OHDA is followed by changes in the expression of connexin-36. Conclusions The use of the GJ blockers directly along the nigrostriatal pathways to control PD motor symptoms is conjectured. Electrophysiology of the striatum and the substantia nigra, to verify changes in neuronal synchronism, comparing brain slices of control animals and experimental models of PD, is needed.