Abstract: Introduction: Due to the high contamination rate and number of cases of the SARS-Cov-2, local authorities decreed the closure of universities and schools, which has forced these institutions to come up with innovative solutions for the continuation of their activities. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess both the impact and level of satisfaction amongst undergraduate students of the online teaching of theoretical anesthesiology as an alternative method to the face-to-face teaching as the latter is currently impaired by the difficulties imposed by the pandemic. Methodology: The teaching method chosen consisted of conducting online classes taught by a specialist using the Microsoft Teams platform. The level of knowledge of the participants was assessed through the application of questionnaires before and after each term of the course. Results: A total of 812 questionnaires were completed, with a significant increase of 41.61% in the average of correct answers (3.94 vs 5.57; p <0.001). Conclusion: The main focus of this study is that the e-learning of theoretical anesthesiology and its results showed considerable increase in the students’ knowledge. Also, it was observed that the levels of satisfaction were higher than the expectation levels.

Resumo: Introdução: Devido à alta taxa de contaminação do SARS-Cov-2 e ao surgimento de um grande número de casos, autoridades locais decretaram o fechamento de universidades e escolas, demandando a implementação de soluções inovadoras para a continuidade das atividades acadêmicas. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o impacto e nível de satisfação do modelo de ensino teórico à distância de anestesiologia em alunos de graduação como método alternativo ao ensino presencial em virtude das dificuldades impostas pela pandemia. Metodologia: O método utilizado consistiu na realização de aulas online ministradas por professor especialista através da plataforma Microsoft Teams. O nível de conhecimento dos participantes foi avaliado por meio da aplicação de questionários antes e após cada módulo do curso. Resultados: Um total de 812 questionários foram preenchidos, tendo sido constatado um aumento significativo de 41,61% na média de acertos geral (3,94 vs 5,57; p < 0,001). Conclusão: O presente estudo trouxe o ensino teórico em anestesiologia à distância como foco principal e os seus resultados mostraram ganho de conhecimento considerável por parte dos participantes. Além disso, foram observados maiores níveis de satisfação em detrimento dos de expectativa.

Abstract The objective of this study was to obtain data on the testicular biometry of the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) and to verify if there is a correlation between the individual’s biometric data with their dominance rank. Data were collected from 16 adult males, aged between two and seven years, who made up the same group. By the agonistic interactions analyses we calculated the linearity indexes (h') of the dominance hierarchy and dominance rank. At the end of the behavioral observations, males were captured to collect biometric data from the testis. White-lipped peccaries showed testicles located in a perineal position, inclined cranio-ventrally with oval shape, flattened laterally and with tenso-elastic consistency (2.54±0.07). There was variance in the means (± standard deviation) of testis length (5.88±1.05cm), width (4.24 ± 0.98cm), height (4.44±0.86cm), and total scrotal width (8.78±17.05). The linear dominance hierarchy described the social structure of the males of this group (h'>0.9), with probability of linearity in the hierarchy greater than chance (P = 0.02). There was a correlation between dominance rank with the body mass, length and volume of the testicles. As in general the dimensions of the testicles are directly correlated with sperm production and also testosterone, this characteristic favors the reproductive performance of dominant white-lips males. Therefore, the characteristics of testicular biometry of white-lips should be considered for the selection of individuals more likely to reproduce in captivity favoring the conservation of this vulnerable species.

Resumo O objetivo neste estudo foi obter dados sobre a biometria testicular do queixada (Tayassu pecari) e verificar se há correlação entre os dados biométricos do indivíduo com seu posto de dominância. Os dados foram coletados de 16 queixadas adultos, com idades entre dois e sete anos, que compunham o mesmo grupo. Por meio de análises das interações agonísticas foram calculados os índices de linearidade (h') da hierarquia de dominância e determinado o rank dos indivíduos. Ao final das observações comportamentais, os machos foram capturados para coleta de dados biométricos do testículo. Os queixadas apresentaram testículos localizados em posição perineal, inclinados cranioventralmente com formato oval, achatados láterolateralmente e com consistência tensoelástica (2,54±0,07). Houve variação nas médias (± desvio padrão) do comprimento testicular (5,88±1,05cm), largura (4,24±0,98cm), altura (4,44±0,86cm) e largura escrotal total (8,78±17,05). A hierarquia de dominância linear descreveu a estrutura social dos machos desse grupo (h'>0,9), com probabilidade de linearidade na hierarquia maior que o acaso (P = 0,02). Houve correlação entre a classificação de dominância com a massa corporal, comprimento e volume dos testículos. Como em geral as dimensões dos testículos estão diretamente correlacionadas com a produção de esperma e também de testosterona, essa característica favorece o desempenho reprodutivo de machos de queixadas brancos dominantes. Portanto, as características da biometria testicular de queixadas devem ser consideradas para a seleção de indivíduos com maior probabilidade de reprodução em cativeiro favorecendo a conservação desta espécie vulnerável.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the viability of the porcine vas deferens as a realistic microsurgical training model for vasectomy reversal Methods: The model uses swine testicles (vas deferent), which are usually discarded in large street markets since they are not part of Brazilian cuisine. The spermatic cord was carefully dissected, and the vas deferens were isolated, measuring 10 cm in length. A paper quadrilateral with 5 cm2 was built to delimit the surgical training field. The objective of the model is to simulate only the microsurgical step when the vas deferens are already isolated. The parameters analyzed were: feasibility for reproducing the technique, patency before and after performing the vasovasostomy, cost of the model, ease of acquisition, ease of handling, execution time, and model reproducibility. Results: The simulator presented low cost. All models made were viable with a texture similar to human, with positive patency obtained in 100% of the procedures. The internal and external diameters of the vas deferens varied between 0.2-0.4 mm and 2-3 mm, respectively, with a mean length of 9 ± 1.2 cm. The total procedure time was 43.28 ± 3.22 minutes. Conclusions: The realistic model presented proved to be viable for carrying out vasectomy reversal training, due to its low cost, easy acquisition, and easy handling, and providing similar tissue characteristics to humans.

Abstract The physical and environmental conditions of educational institutions are determining factors for occupant comfort. The Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) presents itself as a methodology for verifying environmental aspects in full use, considering the technical criteria and the users' perception. This article discusses the particularities of the ETS-UESC building, in Brazil, applying POE with an emphasis on the environmental comfort of the classrooms. For this, an exploratory research was carried out where the users' perception of ambience was verified, through the application of targeted forms and on-site measurements of the thermal and lighting conditions using a thermohygrometer and a lux meter, and natural ventilation conditions by design analysis, in the light of current regulations. The opinions were compared with the environmental measurements to identify the limitations of the building and to find the dissonant points. About 85% of users are bothered by the thermal conditions where they are exposed to high daily temperatures, above 30 ºC. In spring and summer, room temperatures are above those recommended by NR 17 standard. The quality of natural lighting is questioned by approximately 80% of users, even having illuminance above the recommended limit of 300 lux in the daytime cycle. How thermal and lighting conditions restrict the use of spaces was proven, making it necessary to discuss active or passive technical solutions to mitigate these problems. Therefore, some factors and technical solutions were pointed out that will assist in the suitability of the project in question.

RESUMO: O Brasil é um dos principais fornecedores de vida silvestre para o tráfico. Essa prática configura ameaça à biodiversidade brasileira, provoca extinção de espécies, sobretudo da avifauna, as principais vítimas do tráfico. O estudo objetivou analisar a avifauna silvestre recolhida nos Centros de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS) do estado da Bahia, buscando quantificar as espécies mais apreendidas, ameaçadas de extinção e estimar os municípios que atuam como possíveis fornecedores e comercializadores de vida silvestre. Os dados disponibilizados pelas unidades de Salvador e Vitória da Conquista compreenderam o período de 2009 a 2019 e unidade de Porto Seguro, o período de 2010 a 2016. O levantamento foi realizado através dos registros de entrada de aves, considerando apreensões, entregas espontâneas, resgates e transferências entre unidades envolvidas no estudo. Foram recebidas 80.948 aves, sendo procedentes de apreensões 65.315 (80,68%); entregas voluntárias 7.885 (9,74%); resgates 6.196 (7,65%) e transferências 1.034 (1,28%). Não houve registro de modalidade de entrada para 518 (0,64%) espécimes. As espécies mais traficadas foram Sicalis flaveola (Canário-da-terra), Sporophila nigricollis (Papa-capim), Paroaria dominicana (Cardeal-do-nordeste), Cyanoloxia brissonii (Azulão), Sporophila caerulescens (Coleirinho) e Sporophila albogularis (Golinho). Identificou-se 926 espécimes com algum tipo de ameaça. A análise demonstrou que o maior fluxo de tráfico de aves ocorre nas BR 242 e BR 116. Os municípios que compõem as mesorregiões Centro-Sul, Centro Norte Baiano e a Região Metropolitana de Salvador são os que possuem maiores fluxos de atuação no comércio ilegal. Irecê e Paulo Afonso são áreas de captura e comercialização intensa de animais silvestres.

ABSTRACT: Brazil is one of the primary suppliers of wildlife for trafficking, which constitutes a significant threat to biodiversity, which can cause the extinction of species, especially birds, the most important victims of trafficking. This study analyzed the wild avifauna collected in the Triage Centers of Wild Animals (CETAS) of Bahia, to inventory the most apprehended species that are threatened with extinction, and estimate the municipalities that function as suppliers and traders of wildlife. Data from 2009 to 2019 were made available by the Salvador and Vitoria da Conquista units, and that from 2010 to 2016 was made available by the, Porto Seguro unit. The survey was conducted through the entry records of birds, considering apprehension, spontaneous deliveries, rescues, and transfers between units involved in the study. Out of the total 80,948 birds analyzed, 65,315 (80.68%) were apprehended; 7,885 (9.74%) were voluntary deliveries; 6,196 (7.65%) were rescues, and 1,034 (1.28%) were transfers. There was no entry modality for 518 (0.64%) specimens. The most trafficked species were Sicalis flaveola (Saffron Finch), Sporophila nigricollis (Yellow-bellied Seedeater), Paroaria dominicana (Red-cowlead Cardinal), Cyanoloxia brissonii (Ultramarine Grosbeak), Sporophila caerulescens (Double-collared Seedeater), and Sporophila albogularis (White-throated Seedeater). Nine hundred twenty six specimens exhibited some threat. Analysis showed that the greatest flow of bird traffic occurs on BR 242 and BR 116. The municipalities that comprise the mesoregions Center-South, Center-North Baiano, and the Metropolitan Region of Salvador are those with greater concentrations of illegal activity. Irecê and Paulo Afonso constitute areas for the capture and commercialization of wild animals.

Abstract Microbialites are the most abundant life evidence in Precambrian sedimentary rocks. They are produced by microbial interaction activity and sedimentary processes reflecting paleoenvironmental conditions. The Ediacaran-Cambrian carbonate and siliciclastic successions in the Southern Amazon Craton in Central Brazil, provide a key opportunity to understand how the metazoan life coexisted with the microbial communities. The spatial and temporal distribution of microbialites as well as morphological and paleoenvironmental changes have been assessed, reinterpreting previous works and including new data from the Araras-Alto Paraguai and Corumbá basins. The deposition was controlled by subsidence and sea-level changes that affected these basins, considered extensions of epicontinental seas during the Gondwana assembly. The stromatolites are restricted to coastal deposits and experienced thriving flourishment intervals after the Marinoan Glaciation (635 Ma). Post-glacial transgression was marked by microbial colonization in shallow platforms represented by stratiform and giant domical stromatolites in the Araras-Alto Paraguai Basin. The continuity of the transgression generated a moderately deep aragonite sea at about 622 Ma. A progressive sea-level fall caused the implantation of coastal environments under greenhouse conditions with tidal flat and sabkha settings colonized by centimetric-scale stromatolites. The sea retreat was accompanied by progressive uplift, causing a moderate inversion of the basin and erosion of the succession until ~560 Ma with the deposition of the last preserved tidal flat deposits with the occurrence of thrombolites. The subsiding Corumbá Basin was the site of microbially-induced deposition of carbonates in a shallow platform connected to an offshore setting with the proliferation of metazoan straddling the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary. Microbial communities were restricted to lagoon deposits during the Lower Cambrian transgression in the Araras-Alto Paraguai Basin and the last phase refers to the sea retreat towards southeast, developing a fluvial system connected with the arid and evaporitic tidal flats colonized by microbialites that lasted until the upper Cambrian. Except for the post-glacial stromatolites, the columnar and domal microbialite indicate that the coastal settings dominated the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. The preservation of microbialites in the post-glacial intervals can be associated with the Mg-Ca-CO3 oversaturation in dolomitic platforms. The rapid calcification and ability to resist the dissolution and replacement have increased the stromatolites’ preservation potential reported here, where its well-preserved occurrence in tidal flats and sabkha occurs due to intense early diagenetic silicification. The change from carbonate accumulation to siliciclastic-rich environments contributed to the demise of microbially-induced strata. In general, the scarce coexistence between coastal stromatolite and metazoan-bearing marine deposits makes it challenging to establish a competitive relationship between these organisms, as previously postulated.

ABSTRACT Forest plantations are strong allies in preserving natural resources, providing social and economic benefits. The plantations carried out in the coming years will be vital to meet the growing demand for forest products. To ensure the continuity of genetic progress and the good results achieved with the improvement of forest species, statistical methods that accurately selects superior genotypes are desirable. Multi-trait multi-environment trials are preferred over single-trait single-environment trials, since they can exploit the covariance between traits and environments, increasing the analysis’s prediction power. The Bayesian multi-trait multi-environments approach (BMTME) combines the cited advantages with the parsimony of Bayesian statistics promoting a more informative data analysis. Thus, the aims of this study were to estimate genetic parameters, evaluate genetic variability, and select eucalyptus clones through BMTME models. To this end, a data set with 215 eucalyptus clones evaluated in four environments for diameter at breast height and Pilodyn penetration was used. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm was applied to estimate the variance components and genetic parameters and to predict the genotypic values. The Smith-Hazel index was used to simultaneously achieve gains with selection for both traits. The BMTME approach provided high accuracies, being a good strategy to the evaluation of multiple environmental trials of Eucalyptus for breeding purposes.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe the technique of sublay correction of incisional hernia in Wistar rats under videomagnification system. Methods: Five male rats of the species Rattus norvegicus, of the Wistar lineage, with body weight between 250–350 g and 60 days old were used. Incisional hernia was inducted in all animals. After that, the incisional hernia was immediately corrected by the sublay method. Results: There were no cases of recurrence of the incisional hernia after placement of the polypropylene mesh using the sublay technique. No postoperative complications were observed. Conclusions: The technique is suitable for execution in Wistar rats.

ABSTRACT Two new Penicillium species are reported from soil of an agroforestry system and an Atlantic Rainforest fragment in Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. Using a polyphasic approach, combining partial β-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) gene sequences and morphological characters, Penicillium gercinae sp. nov. (section Ramigena, series Georgiensia), and Penicillium stangiae sp. nov. (section Lanata-Divaricata, series Dalearum) are described. Descriptions based on morphological features are provided. Penicillium gercinae is phylogenetically closely related to P. georgiense; however, P. gercinae does not grow on Czapek yeast extract (CYA) and has monoverticillate and biverticillate conidiophores. Penicillium stangiae is phylogenetically closely related to P. penarojense and P. vanderhammenii. As diagnostic features, P. stangiae had slower growth on CYA (28-30 mm in 7 days) and on DG18 (6-7 mm in 7 days) and lacked the production of acid on creatine agar. This research contributes to the expansion of knowledge on the taxonomy and diversity of Penicillium species in Brazil.

Resumo As metas de Aichi, das quais o Brasil foi signatário, previam que, até 2020, pelo menos 17% de áreas terrestres e águas continentais e 10% das áreas marinhas e costeiras fossem englobados em áreas protegidas. Finalizado o prazo da meta, o Brasil conta, oficialmente, com 30% da área continental e 27% da área marinha protegidas, todavia distribuídas desigualmente em seu território. Neste estudo, computou-se a cobertura de 98 UCs e um corredor ecológico no estado do Ceará (CE) e foi avaliada sua distribuição entre os vários ambientes naturais do estado. Destarte, buscou-se avaliar a representatividade da conservação promovida pelas UCs em relação aos diferentes ecossistemas estaduais. Os resultados apontam que 92,4% da área protegida corresponde ao regime de Uso Sustentável, distribuída prioritariamente em ecossistemas de exceção do bioma Caatinga, como as áreas costeiras e encraves úmidos e sub-úmidos. Essas áreas apresentam relevância ambiental com rica biodiversidade e geodiversidadade, com interesse socioeconômico, mas o desenho atual de UCs deixou pouco protegida a vegetação de caatinga, ecossistema predominante do estado. Ademais, a predominância de UCs de uso sustentável trazem menos proteção jurídica para salvaguardar a biodiversidade, especialmente aquelas com baixo grau legal de proteção, como a categoria Área de Proteção Ambiental que corresponde à maior cobertura estadual. Conclui-se que a configuração espacial das UCs estaduais ainda está distante do ideal em termos de extensão e representatividade, com poucas áreas protegidas na vegetação de caatinga e pequena extensão de UCs de proteção integral.

Abstract Among the targets of the Aichi Accord, of which Brazil was a signatory, was the commitment to protect at least 17% of its terrestrial and continental waters and 10% of all marine and coastal areas by 2020. When the target window closed, Brazil had 30% of those projected continental and 27% of the marine areas protected. Those areas, however, are unevenly distributed throughout the country, with the Amazon region exceeding 30% of the projected protection, while only approximately 8% of the Caatinga region has been considered. In this study, we computed the coverage of 98 designated Conservation Areas (CAs) and an ecological corridor in Ceará State (CE) and evaluated their distributions among that state’s various natural environments. Our results indicated that 92.6% % of the total officially protected areas corresponded to Uso Sustentável categories (US), which means sustainable use in English ,largely distributed among ecosystems outside the Caatinga domain, including coastal areas and humid and sub-humid enclaves. Those CAs contain rich bio- and geo-diversities of significant socioeconomic interest, although they do little to protect caatinga vegetation - the predominant ecosystem in the state. Additionally, the predominance of US CAs provide limited legal safeguards to biodiversity, especially among those CAs with low levels of legal protection, such as the category of Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA), which means Environmental Protection Areas in English, which account for the greatest coverage in the state. We conclude that the spatial configuration of state CAs is distant from ideal in terms of their extensions and representativeness, with few areas of protected caatinga vegetation and limited areas with full protection.

Abstract Drying is a fundamental process in the food industry, especially for highly perishable foods, such as fruits and vegetables, because they tend to have short durability post-harvest, resulting in economic and environmental losses. The Refractance Window (RW) is a suitable technique for fruits and vegetables as it maintains the nutritional quality of the raw material in the dry product. Although RW is more energy-efficient than hot air-based techniques, the equipment traditionally consumes electricity, largely obtained from fossil fuels, emitting polluting gases. As a solution to this problem, hybridization of the heating system can be adopted in the drying process. Hybridization is when two or more heat transfer techniques are used in food dehydration. Renewable alternatives, such as solar energy, represents a clean and abundant energy source. The integration of these technologies (RW with solar energy) represents a technological improvement for the food industry, especially regarding environmental concerns. The present study analyzed the current progress in the integration of renewable energies into traditional RW for the drying of fruits and vegetables, as well as highlighted the existing knowledge gaps.

Abstract Solid residues from agroindustry often accumulate and cause environmental imbalance. An alternative to this is to use this residue as a reinforcement in polymers. The achievement of this work was to characterize a composite with a polystyrene matrix reinforced with Brazil nut shells residues. The residues were cleaned and ground to then produce the samples via injection molding with the proportions of 0%, 2.5% and 5% of load. The specimens were characterized using mechanical tensile testing and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The mechanical test showed that the composite with 2.5% of filler had greater stiffness and strength was improved by 5%. Thermal analysis showed an increase in the temperature for the beginning of the degradation of the M2.5 composite. The results confirm a potential application in the automotive industry for the polystyrene composite reinforced with Brazil nut shells.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a realização da meniscectomia parcial concomitante à reconstrução do LCA (RLCA) primária, utilizando o enxerto do tendão patelar, com indivíduos que realizaram apenas a RLCA, em critérios clínico-funcionais e grau de osteoartrite (OA), após 10 anos do processo cirúrgico. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo transversal, com 37 pacientes que realizaram a RLCA com enxerto do tendão patelar, associada ou não à meniscectomia parcial, divididos em dois grupos: com lesão meniscal (n = 22) e sem lesão meniscal (n = 15). Dados antropométricos e quatro medidas de desfecho foram utilizados para análise dos resultados: questionário SF-36, avaliação do arco de movimento, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) e Classificação Radiográfica de Ahlbäck. Resultados: Não existem diferenças em termos de qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde, amplitude de movimento, condição funcional e severidade/grau de OA do joelho em pacientes que realizaram ou não meniscectomia parcial em conjunto com a RLCA (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusão: Os participantes que realizaram meniscectomia parcial em conjunto com a RLCA primária com enxerto do tendão patelar, após 10 anos do processo cirúrgico, não demonstraram diferenças significativas nos critérios clínico-funcionais e gravidade da OA do joelho, comparados aos indivíduos que realizaram apenas a RLCA. Nível de Evidência II, Estudos prognósticos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the application of partial meniscectomy concomitant with primary ACL reconstruction, using the graft from the patellar tendon with individuals who underwent only ACL reconstruction, in clinical functional criteria and degree of osteoarthritis (OA), after 10 years of the surgical process. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study with 37 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction with a graft from the patellar tendon, associated or not with partial meniscectomy, divided into 2 groups: with meniscal injury (n = 22) and without meniscal injury (n = 15). Anthropometric data and four outcome measures were used to analyze the results: SF-36 questionnaire, arc of motion assessment, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and Ahlbäck Radiographic Classification. Results: No differences were found for health-related quality of life, arc of motion, functional condition and knee OA severity/grade in patients who underwent partial or no meniscectomy in conjunction with ACL reconstruction (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Participants who underwent partial meniscectomy in conjunction with primary ACL reconstruction with a graft from the patellar tendon, after 10 years of the surgical process, showed no significant differences in the clinical functional criteria and severity of knee OA, compared to individuals who underwent only ACL reconstruction. Level of Evidence II, Prognostic study.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a diversidade, composição e estrutura florestal de um trecho de floresta ombrófila densa do estado do Amapá. A área está localizada a leste do Estado do Amapá, Amazônia Oriental. Nas seguintes coordenadas: 2º 0’0,00’’ N. 14º 0’0.00’’O. O processo de amostragem utilizado foi o sistemático em que foram alocadas nove parcelas de 1 ha (100 m x 100 m), distanciadas em 0.5 km entre si, dentro de um transecto de 13 km de comprimento por 0.03 km de largura. A estrutura horizontal da floresta foi avaliada por meio de parâmetros fitossociológicos. 1790 árvores foram amostradas neste estudo. Elas estão distribuídas em 131 espécies, 69 gêneros e 48 famílias. As espécies que apresentaram mais indivíduos foram Pouteria guianensis Aubl. (136), Eschweilera coriacea (DC.) S.A.Mori (78), Inga paraensis Ducke (45), Licania paraensis Prance (38). A área é altamente diversa e dissimilar com grande variabilidade e complexidade na formação vegetal.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the diversity. composition. forest structure of a stretch of dense ombrophilous forest in the state of Amapá. The area is located in the east of the state of Amapá. in the Eastern Amazon. at the following coordinates: 2º 0’0.00 ’’ N. 14º 0’0.00’’O. The sampling process used was systematic. where nine plots of 1 ha (100 m x 100 m) were allocated. 0.5 km apart. within a 13 km long and 0.03 km wide transect. The horizontal structure of the forest was evaluated using phytosociological parameters. One thousand seven hundred and ninety trees were sampled in this study. they were distributed in 131 species. 69 genera and 48 families. The species that presented more individuals were Pouteria guianensis Aubl. (136). Eschweilera coriacea (DC.) S.A.Mori (78). Inga paraensis Ducke (45). Licania paraensis Prance (38). The area is highly diverse and dissimilar with great variability and complexity in vegetable formation.

RESUMO A produção de biofilmes e revestimentos poliméricos a base de polímeros naturais, a fim de aplicá-los como embalagens de alimentos é alvo de constantes pesquisas, devido a necessidade de diminuir o volume de embalagens plásticas descartadas e otimizar as propriedades e validade dos alimentos. Dentre a imensa variedade de polímeros utilizados para esse fim, a carboximetilcelulose (CMC) destaca-se por apresentar características favoráveis para a formação de soluções filmogênicas, além de ser biodegradável e apresentar baixo custo. Visando potencializar as propriedades naturais desse polímero, pesquisadores tem utilizado aditivos que são incorporados a solução filmogênicas como nanopartículas de quitosana (NSQ) e Cúrcuma longa (C). A quitosana também é um polímero natural, amplamente utilizado em aplicações nos campos da farmacologia, tecnologia de biomateriais, biomedicina, agricultura e indústrias cosmética e alimentícia. A Cúrcuma longa derivada do açafrão, apresenta propriedade antioxidantes e antimicrobianas, que tem despertado bastante interesse, principalmente na indústria alimentícia, visando a substituição de antioxidantes sintéticos por esses materiais naturais. Neste trabalho, foram preparadas nanopartículas de quitosana por gelificação ionotrópica e incorporadas ao polímero (CMC), juntamente com a Cúrcuma longa, com o intuito de reforçar e potencializar as propriedades naturais desse polímero, para a preparação de biofilmes comestíveis. Após a preparação, caracterizá-los através de análises das propriedades mecânicas, permeabilidade ao vapor de água e ângulo de contato.

ABSTRACT The production of biofilms and polymeric coatings based on natural polymers in order to apply them as food packaging is constantly being researched due to the need to decrease the volume of discarded plastic packaging and optimize the properties and validity of food. Among the immense variety of polymers used for this purpose, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) has stood out for presenting favorable characteristics for the filmogenic solutions formation, besides being biodegradable and presenting low cost. Aiming to enhance the natural properties of this polymer, researchers have used additives that are incorporated into the filmogenic solution such as chitosan nanoparticles (NSQ) and turmeric. Chitosan is also a natural polymer, widely used in applications in the fields of pharmacology, biomaterials technology, biomedicine, agriculture and the cosmetics and food industries. Turmeric derived from saffron, has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, which has aroused a lot of interest, especially in the food industry, aiming to replace synthetic antioxidants with these natural materials. In this work, chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionotropic gelation and incorporated into the polymer (CMC), along with turmeric, in order to reinforce and enhance the natural properties of this polymer for the preparation of edible biofilms. After preparation, they are characterized by analysis of mechanical properties, water vapor permeability and contact angle.