BACKGROUND: Mozambique is among the highest tuberculosis, tuberculosis-HIV and multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis burden countries. Although molecular technologies are available in-country, mycobacterial isolation through culture remains an important tool for tuberculosis diagnostics and drug susceptibility testing. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the use of the Ogawa-Kudoh (OK) mycobacterial culture, a simple technique, to isolate Mycobacterium tuberculosis in two health units, in Maputo City, Mozambique. METHODS: From May to December 2014, 122 patient samples were collected in Chamanculo General Hospital and Polana Caniço General Hospital. The specimens were first tested in the health units using the OK method and afterwards shipped to the National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory for mycobacterial culture using the NALC-NaOH-Citrate (NALC) decontamination method followed by inoculation in Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) solid media as the reference standard. RESULTS: Among 107 samples with valid results, 98 (91.6%) had concordant results in both methods; 9 (8.4%) had discordant results. The contamination rate was 4.1% (5/122) for the OK and 9.0% (11/122) for the NALC/LJ methods. The sensitivity of OK was 80% (95% confident interval [CI]: 51.4-94.7) and the specificity was 94% (95% CI: 85.8-97.3). The degree of agreement between both methods was moderate (Kappa: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.48-0.89. CONCLUSION: The OK method showed satisfactory sensitivity and specificity. The method also had a lower contamination rate when compared to the NALC/LJ. Similar to other studies in resource-limited settings, our findings showed that the OK method can effectively be implemented in settings with limited laboratory capacity to isolate tuberculosis bacteria by culture for further testing.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate prevalence, clinical manifestations, laboratory abnormalities, treatment and outcome in a multicenter cohort of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) patients with and without panniculitis. Methods: Panniculitis was diagnosed due to painful subcutaneous nodules and/or plaques in deep dermis/subcutaneous tissues and lobular/mixed panniculitis with lymphocytic lobular inflammatory infiltrate in skin biopsy. Statistical analysis was performed using Bonferroni correction(p < 0.004). Results: Panniculitis was observed in 6/847(0.7%) cSLE. Painful subcutaneous erythematosus and indurated nodules were observed in 6/6 panniculitis patients and painful subcutaneous plaques in 4/6. Generalized distribution was evidenced in 3/6 and localized in upper limbs in 2/6 and face in 1/6. Cutaneous hyperpigmentation and/or cutaneous atrophy occurred in 5/6. Histopathology features showed lobular panniculitis without vasculitis in 5/6(one of them had concomitant obliterative vasculopathy due to antiphospholipid syndrome) and panniculitis with vasculitis in 1/6. Comparison between cSLE with panniculitis and 60 cSLE without panniculitis with same disease duration [2.75(0-11.4) vs. 2.83(0-11.8) years,p = 0.297], showed higher frequencies of constitutional involvement (67% vs. 10%,p = 0.003) and leukopenia (67% vs. 7%,p = 0.002). Cutaneous atrophy and hyperpigmentation occurred in 83% of patients. Conclusions: Panniculitis is a rare skin manifestation of cSLE occurring in the first three years of disease with considerable sequelae. The majority of patients have concomitant mild lupus manifestations.

This paper describes the development, evaluation, features and applications of Chromophoreasy, an alternative Excel-based program for recognition and integration of chromatographic and electrophoretic peaks. The proposed recognition is made according to parameters adjustable by the analyst, such as time range, noise smoothing window size and slope/curvature sensitivity. During integration, retention/migration time, area, height, half-height width, plate numbers, asymmetry factor, US Pharmacopeia tailing factor, resolution and statistical moments are determined. A chromatogram/electropherogram is plotted along with the found baselines. The effect of peak shape (heights and symmetries) and baseline slope over accuracy was evaluated and the precision of recognition/integration was investigated under several simulated conditions, with varied signal-to-noise levels, smoothing modes and smoothing window sizes. Data from liquid and gas chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and electrochromatography techniques with refractive index, flame ionization, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity (lab-made) and ultraviolet absorbance detections, respectively, were treated, illustrating the broad applicability of the proposed program for standard and sample analysis. Statistically similar results were obtained, when compared with other commercial software, showing it to be a simple, practical and reliable tool for general use in the separation area.

Objective : This cross-sectional study aimed at analyzing: 1. the main musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) presented by hospital nursing workers and; 2. personal, occupational, and health factors related to MSS among them. Method : Two questionnaires were filled in by 245 nurse technicians (NTs) and licensed practical nurses (LPNs) (response rate 95%) associated with direct patient care sectors from a hospital. These questionnaires were: the standardized version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and one including questions on 15 demographic independent variables potentially related to outcomes from the NMQ. Univariate analyses and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify which variables would explain the occurrence of MSS in different body regions. Results: The low back (57%), shoulder (52%), and neck (48%) were identified as the most affected regions. The logistic regression analysis showed that low back symptoms in the last 12 months were significantly associated with LPN activities (OR=2.36; CI=1.24-4.5) and previous sick leave due to MSS (OR=5.97; CI=1.2-29.1). Smoking was significantly associated with symptoms in the low back (OR=2.77; CI=1.13-6.8) and thoracic spine (OR=2.37; CI=1.04-5.40). Physical exercise showed a protective effect on the cervical spine (OR=0.42; CI=0.23-0.77). Previous sick leave was significantly associated with pain in the knees (OR=4.24; CI=1.33-13.5) and in the upper limbs (OR=5.36; CI=1.07-26.7). Conclusions: The nursing workers who were evaluated presented a high prevalence of MSS. Previous history of sick leave was strongly associated with the presence of symptoms in various body regions. These results indicate the need for preventive programs in the hospital environment in order to control more severe MSS in nursing professionals.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: As diretrizes curriculares preconizam a inserção dos alunos das áreas de saúde nos diferentes níveis assistenciais do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), surgindo a necessidade de se investigar a percepção dos usuários do SUS a respeito da atuação discente. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a percepção dos usuários do SUS sobre a inserção e atuação de estudantes dos cursos da área de saúde nas Unidades de Saúde da Família (USF). MÉTODO: Foram entrevistadas 518 pessoas em sala de espera de oito USF do município de São Carlos/São Paulo. As entrevistas foram realizadas pelos estudantes por meio de questionário semiestruturado. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistadas 391 (75,5%) mulheres e 127 (24,5%) homens, com média de idade de 42,0 ± 17,5 anos. Entre os usuários, 33,1% haviam realizado alguma atividade com alunos nas USF, principalmente atendimento clínico (52,1%) e visita domiciliar (20,1%); 55,3% consideraram a atividade como muito boa e 0,6%, como péssima. A maioria (58,2%) avaliou a atividade realizada pelo aluno como resolutiva e 8,2%, como não resolutiva. CONCLUSÃO: A inserção discente se deu, prioritariamente, na forma de atividades assistenciais individuais, e houve boa aceitação do atendimento realizado pelos alunos, já que tanto a satisfação quanto as expectativas relatadas foram positivas.

BACKGROUND: Curriculum guidelines for health professionals in training recommend including health students in different levels of service in the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS). Thus, there is a need to investigate the perceptions of SUS users with regard to the students' participation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the perceptions of SUS users about the participation of health students in Family Health Units (Unidades de Saúde da Família - USF). METHOD: A total of 518 people were interviewed in the waiting room of eight USFs in São Carlos/São Paulo. The interviews were conducted by students using a semi-structured questionnaire, and the data were analyzed descriptively. RESULTS: A total of 391 (75.5%) women and 127 (24.5%) men, with a mean age of 42.0±17.5 years, were interviewed. Among these users, 33.1% had encountered students in the USF, mainly while receiving clinical care (52.1%) or during home visits (20.1%); 55.3% considered the student's performance very good, and 0.6% considered it very bad. Most of the interviewees (58.2%) evaluated the activity performed by the student as effective, whereas 8.2% considered it ineffective. CONCLUSIONS: The students were included primarily in individual assistance activities, and the care provided by the students was well accepted. Both the users' satisfaction scores and their reported expectations were positive.

INTRODUÇÃO: A reumatologia pediátrica (RP) é uma especialidade emergente, com número restrito de especialistas, e ainda não conta com uma casuística brasileira sobre o perfil dos pacientes atendidos e as informações sobre a formação de profissionais capacitados. OBJETIVO: Estudar o perfil dos especialistas e dos serviços em RP e as características dos pacientes com doenças reumáticas nessa faixa etária a fim de estimar a situação atual no estado de São Paulo (ESP). PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: No ano de 2010 o departamento científico de RP da Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo encaminhou um questionário respondido por 24/31 especialistas com título de especialização em RP que atuam no ESP e por 8/12 instituições com atendimento nesta especialidade. RESULTADOS: A maioria (91%) dos profissionais exerce suas atividades em instituições públicas. Clínicas privadas (28,6%) e instituições (37,5%) relataram não ter acesso ao exame de capilaroscopia e 50% das clínicas privadas não tem acesso à acupuntura. A média de tempo de prática profissional na especialidade foi de 9,4 anos, sendo 67% deles pós-graduados. Sete (87,5%) instituições públicas atuam na área de ensino, formando novos reumatologistas pediátricos. Cinco (62,5%) delas têm pós-graduação. Dois terços dos especialistas utilizam imunossupressores e agentes biológicos de uso restrito pela Secretaria da Saúde. A doença mais atendida foi artrite idiopática juvenil (29,1%-34,5%), seguida de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil (LESJ) (11,6%-12,3%) e febre reumática (9,1%-15,9%). Vasculites (púrpura de Henoch Schönlein, Wegener, Takayasu) e síndromes autoinflamatórias foram mais incidentes nas instituições públicas (P = 0,03; P = 0,04; P = 0,002 e P < 0,0001, respectivamente). O LESJ foi a doença com maior mortalidade (68% dos óbitos), principalmente por infecção. CONCLUSÃO: A RP no ESP conta com um número expressivo de especialistas pós-graduados, que atuam especialmente em instituições de ensino, com infraestrutura adequada ao atendimento de pacientes de alta complexidade.

INTRODUCTION: Paediatric rheumatology (PR) is an emerging specialty, practised by a limited number of specialists. Currently, there is neither a record of the profile of rheumatology patients being treated in Brazil nor data on the training of qualified rheumatology professionals in the country. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the profile of PR specialists and services, as well as the characteristics of paediatric patients with rheumatic diseases, for estimating the current state of rheumatology in the state of São Paulo. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 2010, the scientific department of PR of the Paediatric Society of São Paulo administered a questionnaire that was answered by 24/31 accredited specialists in PR practising in state of São Paulo and by 8/21 institutions that provide PR care. RESULTS: Most (91%) of the surveyed professionals practise in public institutions. Private clinics (28.6%) and public institutions (37.5%) reported not having access to nailfold capillaroscopy, and 50% of the private clinics reported not having access to acupuncture. The average duration of professional practise in PR was 9.4 years, and 67% of the physicians had attended postgraduate programmes. Seven (87.5%) public institutions perform teaching activities, in which new paediatric rheumatologists are trained, and five (62.5%) offer postgraduate programmes. Two-thirds of the surveyed specialists use immunosuppressants and biological agents classified as "restricted use" by the Health Secretariat. The disease most frequently reported was juvenile idiopathic arthritis (29.1-34.5%), followed by juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) (11.6-12.3%) and rheumatic fever (9.1-15.9%). The incidence of vasculitis (including Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Wegener's granulomatosis, and Takayasu's arteritis) and autoinflammatory syndromes was higher in public institutions compared to other institutions (P = 0.03, P = 0.04, P = 0.002, and P < 0.0001, respectively). Patients with JSLE had the highest mortality rate (68% of deaths), mainly due to infection. CONCLUSION: The field of PR in the state of São Paulo has a significant number of specialists with postgraduate degrees who mostly practise at teaching institutions with infrastructures appropriate for the care of high-complexity patients.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: O registro do movimento humano é requisito fundamental para análises biomecânicas, clínicas e ocupacionais, permitindo avaliar variações posturais, riscos e aprimoramento de programas preventivos e de reabilitação em Fisioterapia. O eletrogoniômetro flexível (EGM), considerado um equipamento confiável e acurado, é utilizado para o registro dinâmico de diferentes articulações. Apesar das vantagens, o EGM é suscetível de erros de medida, denominados crosstalk. Atualmente, são conhecidos dois tipos de crosstalk, o crosstalk devido à rotação do sensor e o crosstalk inerente. Procedimentos de correção foram propostos para a correção desses erros, no entanto nenhum estudo utilizou ambos os procedimentos em medidas clínicas dos movimentos do punho, visando otimizar a correção. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito de procedimentos matemáticos atualmente empregados para correção do: 1) crosstalk devido à rotação do antebraço; 2) crosstalk inerente aos sensores e 3) combinação desses dois procedimentos. MÉTODO: Quarenta e três indivíduos saudáveis tiveram as amplitudes máximas dos movimentos de flexão/extensão e desvios ulnar/radial do punho registrados pelos EGM. Os resultados foram analisados de forma descritiva, e os procedimentos foram comparados por diferenças. RESULTADOS: Não houve alteração significativa nas medidas após a aplicação dos procedimentos de correção (P<0,05). Além disso, as diferenças entre os procedimentos de correção foram inferiores a 5° para a maioria dos casos, indicando pouco impacto sobre as medidas. CONCLUSÕES: Considerando o tempo de processamento, o conhecimento técnico específico exigido e os ineficazes resultados obtidos, desaconselha-se a aplicação desses procedimentos na correção de registros eletrogoniométricos do punho.

BACKGROUND: The recording of human movement is an essential requirement for biomechanical, clinical, and occupational analysis, allowing assessment of postural variation, occupational risks, and preventive programs in physical therapy and rehabilitation. The flexible electrogoniometer (EGM), considered a reliable and accurate device, is used for dynamic recordings of different joints. Despite these advantages, the EGM is susceptible to measurement errors, known as crosstalk. There are two known types of crosstalk: crosstalk due to sensor rotation and inherent crosstalk. Correction procedures have been proposed to correct these errors; however no study has used both procedures in clinical measures for wrist movements with the aim to optimize the correction. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of mathematical correction procedures on: 1) crosstalk due to forearm rotation, 2) inherent sensor crosstalk; and 3) the combination of these two procedures. METHOD: 43 healthy subjects had their maximum range of motion of wrist flexion/extension and ulnar/radials deviation recorded by EGM. The results were analyzed descriptively, and procedures were compared by differences. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in measurements before and after the application of correction procedures (P<0.05). Furthermore, the differences between the correction procedures were less than 5° in most cases, having little impact on the measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the time-consuming data analysis, the specific technical knowledge involved, and the inefficient results, the correction procedures are not recommended for wrist recordings by EGM.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: As crianças estão expostas a um conjunto de fatores de risco ergonômicos na fase escolar. Tais fatores tornam a escola um ambiente propício ao desenvolvimento de alterações musculoesqueléticas, assim como para a implementação de programas de cuidados com a coluna vertebral. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos de um programa educacional de cuidados com a coluna sobre o nível de conhecimento de escolares brasileiros quanto à prevenção de dor na coluna vertebral. MÉTODOS: Trezentos e noventa e dois estudantes da 4ª à 8ª série de uma escola estadual participaram do estudo, sendo que 114 deles (30%) foram avaliados no follow up. O programa foi composto por avaliações pré, pós-intervenção e follow up, por aulas teóricas e práticas. O intervalo entre as avaliações pré e pós-intervenção foi de nove semanas e, entre a avaliação pré e o follow up, foi de dois anos. A análise estatística incluiu ANOVA não-paramétrica e o nível de significância foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa no nível de conhecimento (pfollow up (5,1±2,5), sendo que a pontuação no follow up foi significativamente superior à do pré-teste. Foi encontrada diferença significativa entre as séries, sendo que a 8ª série atingiu pontuação maior que as demais (p CONCLUSÃO: O programa preventivo proporcionou aumento no nível de conhecimento dos estudantes, mesmo após dois anos de sua implementação. Embora o programa tenha limitações, a aquisição de conhecimento é o primeiro passo para a adoção de hábitos posturais saudáveis para a prevenção de dores na coluna vertebral.

BACKGROUND: Children are often exposed to ergonomic risk factors at school. Thus, the school is a potential environment for developing musculoskeletal disorders and implementing back care programs. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of an educational program on schoolchildren's knowledge regarding back pain prevention. METHODS: 392 students from 4th to 8th grade from a Brazilian state school took part in the study; 114 students (30%) were evaluated at follow-up. The back care program included pre- and post-intervention assessments and a follow-up assessment, as well as theoretical and practical lessons. The time interval between the pre- and post-intervention assessments was 9 weeks, and between the post-intervention and follow-up assessments, it was 2 years. Statistical analysis included non-parametric ANOVA tests. Significance level was set at 5% (p<0.05). RESULTS: There was a significant increase (p<0.001) between pre- (3.6±2.9) and postintervention (7.5±2.2) scores and a significant decrease in the follow-up score (5.1±2.5). However, the follow-up score was still significantly higher (p<0.001) than the pre-intervention score. The rate of correct answers in the post-intervention assessment increased for all questions, and some of them were still high at follow-up. Significant differences were identified for the comparison between grades, with the 8th grade being significantly different from the other grades. CONCLUSION: The back care program showed an increase in the level of knowledge of Brazilian schoolchildren. Two years after the intervention, students still retained ergonomic concepts. Although the program has limitations, theoretical knowledge acquisition is the first step towards adopting healthy postural habits to prevent back pain.

We present experimental results related to the manufacturing of phantoms based on polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) mixed with SiO2, graphite and Ag nanoparticles. These phantoms are dummy representations of the human tissue of the breast gland. We focus our attention on the representation of the optical and the mechanical properties of the actual biological healthy tissue and of that representing a hidden cancer tumor (lesion). The quality of the samples is tested by ultrasonic imaging and laser induced photothermal (PT) detection technique. From the former test, the mechanical contrast that one can achieve is apparent. Instead, the laser detection technique makes it possible to determine that the optical contrast is achievable. For the laser induced PT method we register the so-called photothermal amplitudes, rather known as photoacoustic (PA) signals. These are the ultimate expression of laser-induced bursts of photothermal processes, whose engine is the fraction of the optically absorbed energy that decays through non-radiative channels. In our case we look for the conditions at which the PT phenomena are produced by a hidden dummy-tumor alone; meaning that the output signals are nearly free from substantial contributions from the bulk of the phantom. This is so as to mimic the actual mechanical and optical absorption performance of breast tissue with an inner cancer tumor. From the ultrasound images one can see how apparent the resemblance with the actual human tissue is.

Presentamos resultados experimentales sobre la fabricación de fantasmas a base de alcohol polivinílico (PVA) mezclado con nano-partículas de SiO2, grafito y Ag. Estos fantasmas son una representación artificial del tejido humano de la glándula mamaria. Nos enfocamos en la representación de las propiedades ópticas y mecánicas de tejidos sanos y de tejidos de lesiones o anomalías internas. Esto en clara representación de un tumor cancerígeno. La calidad de las muestras se analizan mediante imágenes de ultrasonido y mediante detección de procesos foto-térmicos (FT) inducidos por láser. El primer método de análisis nos permite verificar de manera inmediata el contraste mecánico que se obtiene de las muestras. La detección FT permite mostrar el contraste óptico que se logra. Esto se hace mediante el registro de la amplitud de las perturbaciones foto-térmicas inducidas por pulsos láser, también conocidas como señales fotoacústicas. Estas son las expresiones más representativas de los fenómenos fototérmicos, inducidos por la fracción de la energía óptica absorbida que decae a través de procesos no-radiativos. En nuestro caso buscamos las condiciones en las cuales los fenómenos fototérmicos son generados únicamente por la lesión oculta en el maniquí, sin contribución sustancial de la masa del fantasma. De esta manera, logramos representar el desempeño óptico y mecánico del tejido de seno con un tumor en su interior. De las imágenes de ultrasonido, es evidente la semejanza con el tejido humano real.

This work describes the principal component analysis (PCA) applied to Raman spectra of polycrystalline BaTiO3 as a function of temperature. During each experiment the samples was continuously heated and the Raman spectrum was registered every 0.5 °C at a rate of 0.1 °C min-1. This procedure is applied on samples BaTiO3 compact powder to obtain their thermal behavior from -190 °C to 230 °C. The PCA method was able to distinguish spectral features to determine the phase transition temperature and the whole thermal history including the structural phase transition from rhombohedra to orthorhombic at -100 °C, orthorhombic to tetragonal at -5 °C and tetragonal to cubic at 121 °C.

Este trabajo describe el análisis de las componentes principales (PCA) aplicados a los espectros Raman del BaTiO3 como función de la temperatura. Durante el experimento las muestras fueron calentadas continuamente y los espectros Raman fueron registrados cada 0.5 °C a una razón de 0.1 °C por minuto. Este procedimiento es aplicado para muestras de polvo compacto de BaTiO3 para obtener su comportamiento térmico de -190 °C a 230 °C. La técnica del PCA fue capaz de distinguir características espectrales para determinar la temperatura de la transición de fase y la historia térmica completa, incluyendo las transiciones de fase estructural: romboédrica a ortorrómbica at -100 °C, ortorrómbica a tetragonal at -5°C y tetragonal a cúbica at 121 °C.

Investigou-se a influência da sazonalidade na composição do óleo essencial de folhas frescas de Eugenia neonitida Sobral e Eugenia rotundifolia Casar. (Myrtaceae) coletadas trimestralmente, assim como a atividade antioxidante do óleo essencial de folhas secas e a histoquímica foliar. Os componentes majoritários do óleo essencial de E. neonitida foram biciclogermacreno, germacreno D e β-cariofileno e os de E. rotundifolia foram n, β-pineno e β-cariofileno. Os óleos essenciais de ambas as espécies apresentaram principalmente hidrocarbonetos e álcoois cíclicos, sendo o óleo essencial de E. neonitida composto principalmente por sesquiterpenos e o de E. rotundifolia por monoterpenos. A precipitação parece influenciar na composição dos óleos essenciais de ambas as espécies. O óleo essencial de folhas secas apresentou baixa atividade antioxidante. Os testes histoquímicos evidenciaram que as cavidades secretoras armazenam soluções complexas e contêm, além dos óleos essenciais, outras classes de lipídeos.

The seasonality influence on the essential oil composition of trimestrially collected fresh leaves of Eugenia neonitida Sobral and Eugenia rotundifolia Casar. (Myrtaceae) was investigated, as well as the antioxidant activity of dried leaves essential oils, and the leaf histochemistry. Eugenia neonitida essential oil major compounds were bicyclogermacrene, germacrene D, and β-caryophyllene. Eugenia rotundifolia major compounds were α-pinene, β-pinene, and β-caryophyllene. The essential oils of both species were mainly composed by cyclic hydrocarbons and alcohols; sesquiterpenes in E. neonitida and monoterpenes in E. rotundifolia. Precipitation appears to influence both species essential oils composition. Essential oils from dried leaves exhibited weak antioxidant activities. Both species have presented secretory cavities filled with a complex solution of essential oils and other lipid classes, according to histochemical tests.

Eugenia rotundifolia Casar., Myrtaceae, occurs in the sandy coastal environments of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo States. To the best of our knowledge, E. rotundifolia was not included in ethnobotanical and nor in pharmacological research, but its leaves are sold in a public market of Rio de Janeiro City as "abajurú", the common name for Chrysobalanus icaco L., Chrysobalanaceae. C. icaco, in contrast, has been studied and its medicinal effects reported. Since E. rotundifolia is often sold in the public market as "abajurú," this paper describes and compares the leaf anatomy and morphology of E. rotundifolia with C. icaco, previously described in the literature, in order to provide tools for the authentication of commercialized "abajurú." Phyllotaxy; texture; color; margin; midrib prominence; stomata type; type and shape of midrib and petiole vascular bundle; the presence of marginal vein, secretory cavities, which are seen as translucent dots, and overlying cells only in E. rotundifolia; and the presence of trichomes, periclinal divisions in adaxial face epidermis, hypodermis and vascular bundle extensions only in C. icaco were found to be the most distinguishable diagnostic characters.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a diversidade de ácaros em cafeeiros da cultivar Mundo Novo em duas importantes regiões produtoras (Jeriquara e Garça) do Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras quinzenais de folhas, ramos e frutos, entre abril de 2001 e junho de 2003, do terço médio de 10 plantas tomadas ao acaso em cada campo. De cada planta foram tomadas 12 folhas (cada uma do terceiro ou quarto par a partir da extremidade distal de um ramo), 12 ramos (25 cm apicais) e 100 frutos. Foram coletados no total 13.052 ácaros nos dois locais estudados, sendo 7.155 em Jeriquara e 5.897 em Garça. De um total de 108 espécies de ácaros coletados de plantas de café neste estudo, 45 espécies foram observadas em ambos os locais estudados, que apresentaram similaridade de 56%. O número de espécies encontradas exclusivamente em Jeriquara (47) foi aproximadamente três vezes superior ao número de espécies observadas somente em Garça (16). Em Jeriquara, a diversidade foi maior tanto na superfície das folhas, quanto nas domácias, ramos e frutos. Nos dois locais estudados, Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) e Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor 1919) foram as espécies de fitófagos mais abundantes e freqüentes. Os estigmeídeos e fitoseídeos foram os ácaros predadores mais abundantes e freqüentes em ambos locais. As espécies mais abundantes e freqüentes de predadores foram Agistemus brasiliensis Matioli, Ueckermann & Oliveira, 2002, Zetzellia malvinae Matioli, Ueckermann & Oliveira, 2002, Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma, 1970 e Euseius concordis (Chant 1959) em Jeriquara; e Z. malvinae, E. citrifolius e E. concordis em Garça.

The objective of this study was to characterize the diversity of mites on coffee plants of the Mundo Novo cultivar in two important coffee producing areas (Jeriquara and Garça) in the state of São Paulo. Samples of leaves, branches and fruits were fortnightly collected, from April 2001 to June 2003, from the middle third of 10 plants randomly taken from each field. Twelve leaves (each leaf from the third or forth pair from the distal part of each branch), 12 branches (apical 25 cm) and 100 fruits. A total of 13,052 specimens were collected in the two studied places, 7,155 in Jeriquara and 5,897 in Garça. From a total of 108 mite species collected from coffee plants in this study, forty five species were collected in both studied fields, which presented 56% of similarity. The number of species found exclusively in Jeriquara (47) was approximately three times higher than the number of species observed only in Garça (16). For Jeriquara, the diversity of mites on surface of leaves, as well as in domatia, and on branches and fruits was higher than for Garça. In both studied areas, Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) and Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor 1919) were the most abundant and frequent phytophagous mite species. Stigmaeids and phytoseiids were the most abundant and frequent predaceous mites in both localities. The most abundant and frequent predaceous species were Agistemus brasiliensis Matioli, Ueckermann & Oliveira, 2002, Zetzellia malvinae Matioli, Ueckermann & Oliveira, 2002, Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma, 1970, and Euseius concordis (Chant 1959) in Jeriquara; and Z. malvinae, E. citrifolius and E. concordis in Garça.

Complexos de inclusões e misturas físicas contendo mistura isomérica E/Z (50:50) de 3-(4'-bromo-[1,1'-bifenil]-4-il)-3-(4-bromofenil)-N,N-dimetil-2-propen-1-amina (BBAP) e beta-ciclodextrina (b-CD) nas proporções molares de 1:1 e 1:2 foram analisados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM). O perfil de dissolução do BBAP e dos complexos de inclusões foram também avaliados durante 6 horas. Por microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi possível observar os complexos de inclusões formados entre BBAP e beta-CD por co-evaporação nas proporções molares de 1:1 e 1:2. Como previamente detectado pela caracterização físico-química, na mistura física não se observou a presença de complexo de inclusão. Os estudos de dissolução mostraram que os complexos de inclusões 1:1 e 1:2 liberaram, respectivamente 49.07 ± 1.48 e 40.26 ± 3.90% de BBAP durante 6 horas. BBAP na forma livre foi menos solúvel que os complexos de inclusões e atingiu 9.00 ± 0.75% de dissolução. Os ensaios de citotoxicidade em macrófagos J774 e em uma linhagem de células fibroblásticas de pulmão (V79) indicaram que o BBAP não exibiu efeito tóxico adicional quando complexado com beta-CD. Entretanto, os complexos de inclusões foram menos tóxicos para células V79 que BBAP na forma livre. Os complexos de inclusões BBAP/beta-CD foram mais efetivos (CIM) que o composto livre em várias cepas de micobactérias. Resultados semelhantes foram observados sobre M. tuberculosis H37Rv intracelular para os complexos de inclusões BBAP/b-CD e rifampicina, uma droga anti-tuberculose de primeira linha.

Inclusion complexes and physical mixtures of isomeric mixture of E/Z (50:50) of 3-(4'-bromo-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-propen-1-amine (BBAP) and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) in the molar proportion of 1:1 and 1:2 were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The dissolution behavior of BBAP and of the inclusion complexes were also evaluated for six hours. By scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was possible to observe an inclusion complex formed between BBAP and beta-CD by co-evaporation, either in the molar proportion of 1:1 or 1:2. In the physical mixtures, no complex was observed as previously detected by physicochemical analysis. The dissolution studies showed that the inclusion complexes BBAP/beta-CD 1:1 and 1:2 released respectively 49.07 ± 1.48 and 40.26 ± 3.90% of BBAP during six hours. Free BBAP was less soluble than the inclusion complex and reached 9.00 ± 0.75% of dissolution. Biological assays, such as cytotoxicity to J774 macrophages and to a permanent lung fibroblast cell line (V79), indicated that the BBAP does not exhibit any additional toxic effect with the beta-CD complexes. However, the complexes were less cytotoxic to V79 cells than the free form. The BBAP/beta-CD inclusion complexes were more effective (MIC) than the free compound on several mycobacteria strains. Similar behavior was observed for BBAP/beta-CD complexes and rifampicin, a front-line antitubercular drug, on M. tuberculosis H37Rv growing inside J774 macrophages.