Objective: To evaluate the association between dietary patterns and mental disorders among pregnant women in southern Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 712 pregnant women recruited from the Study of Food Intake and Eating Behaviors in Pregnancy (ECCAGe). Food intake assessment was performed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified by cluster analysis. The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) was used to evaluate participants’ mental health. Poisson regression models with robust variance were fitted to estimate prevalence ratios (PR). Results: In the adjusted models, there was a high prevalence of major depressive disorder among women with low fruit intake (43%, PR 1.43, 95%CI 1.04-1.95) and high sweets and sugars intake (91%, PR 1.91, 95%CI 1.19-3.07). Women with a common-Brazilian dietary pattern had higher prevalence of major depressive disorder compared to those with a varied consumption pattern (PR 1.43, 95%CI 1.01-2.02). Low intake of beans was significantly associated with generalized anxiety disorder (PR 1.40, 95%CI 1.01-1.93). Conclusions: Low consumption of fruits and beans and intake of the common-Brazilian dietary pattern during pregnancy were associated with higher prevalence of mental disorders. These results reinforce the importance of an adequate dietary intake to ensure better mental health in pregnancy.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD) and the association of CMD with sociodemographic characteristics in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) cohort. Methods: We analyzed data from the cross-sectional baseline assessment of the ELSA-Brasil, a cohort study of 15,105 civil servants from six Brazilian cities. The Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R) was used to investigate the presence of CMD, with a score ≥ 12 indicating a current CMD (last week). Specific diagnostic algorithms for each disorder were based on the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. Prevalence ratios (PR) of the association between CMD and sociodemographic characteristics were estimated by Poisson regression. Results: CMD (CIS-R score ≥ 12) was found in 26.8% (95% confidence intervals [95%CI] 26.1-27.5). The highest burden occurred among women (PR 1.9; 95%CI 1.8-2.0), the youngest (PR 1.7; 95%CI 1.5-1.9), non-white individuals, and those without a university degree. The most frequent diagnostic category was anxiety disorders (16.2%), followed by depressive episodes (4.2%). Conclusion: The burden of CMD was high, particularly among the more socially vulnerable groups. These findings highlight the need to strengthen public policies aimed to address health inequities related to mental disorders.

The environmental impact of plastic waste has attracted worldwide attention. Amid the current context of increasing concern for the environment, biodegradable plastics have been widely studied as a replacement for synthetic plastics. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB)) is a biopolymer stored as an intracellular energy and reserve source in many microorganisms. Because it is an intracellular product, P(3HB) must be extracted from the cells at the end of the culture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of extraction time, heating temperature, first standing time (after filtration and extraction), second standing time (after P(3HB) precipitation) and solvent amount, during the process of extracting P(3HB) from Cupriavidus necator DSM 545, using propylene carbonate as solvent. The extraction kinetic of P(3HB) with propylene carbonate from thermally treated biomass was evaluated at different temperatures. The physical properties of the P(3HB) obtained were also evaluated. In this case, P(3HB) obtained at optimal conditions of recovery (98%) and purity (99%) was used. Results showed that temperature was the most important factor in these responses for the range of values studied (110-150 ºC).

OBJETIVO: Este estudo procurou avaliar o conteúdo de gordura dos portadores do HIV segundo o tempo de uso da terapia antirretroviral (TEMPARV), < 1 ano e > 1 ano. MÉTODOS: A regressão linear múltipla foi utilizada para investigar a associação entre as variáveis ultrassonográficas dos compartimentos corporais de gordura (CCG) da face, braço, abdômen subcutâneo e visceral e as seguintes variáveis explanatórias: sexo, idade, IMC e TEMPARV. RESULTADOS: Do total de pacientes (187), 102 com TEMPARV > 1ano eram portadores de lipodistrofia relacionada ao HIV (LD-HIV), diagnosticados de acordo com os questionários clínicos. Já aqueles com TEMPARV < 1 ano (n= 85, ≈46%) não apresentavam LD-HIV. Com relação ao compartimento visceral, a diferença entre os pacientes com TEMPARV > 1 ano e < 1 ano foi de 11 mm de gordura adicionais naqueles em TEMPARV > 1 ano. As mulheres tinham mais gordura que os homens em todos os CCG periféricos, enquanto eles tinham 7,2 mm a mais de gordura visceral que elas, em média. CONCLUSÃO: A ultrassonografia é um método capaz de medir a espessura de gordura dos CGC aplicável à prática clínica para diagnosticar a LD-HIV.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the body fat content of HIV patients according to the duration of antiretroviral therapy use (DURARV), < 1 year and > 1 year. METHODS: Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the association between ultrasonographic variables of body fat compartments (BFCs) of the face, arm, subcutaneous and visceral abdomen, and the following explanatory variables: gender, age, BMI, and DURARV. RESULTS: Of all patients (187), 102 of them with DURARV > 1 year were suffering from HIV-related lipodystrophy (HIV-LD), diagnosed through clinical questionnaires. Those with DURARV < 1 year (n = 85, = 46%) did not have HIV-LD. Regarding the visceral compartment, the difference between those with DURARV > 1 year and < 1 year was 11 mm of additional fat content in those with DURARV > 1 year. Women had more fat than men in all peripheral BFCs, while men had 7.2 mm more visceral fat than women, on average. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography is a method capable of measuring the thickness of BFCs and is applicable to clinical practice to diagnose HIV-LD.

O Grupo de Trabalho em Diabetes e Gravidez, reunido durante o XI Congresso Brasileiro de Diabetes, em 1997, elaborou normas para o manejo do diabetes gestacional e pré-gestacional. O rastreamento do diabetes gestacional deve ser seletivo, isto é, dirigido a gestantes com fatores de risco. Para tanto, é sugerido o emprego da glicemia de jejum a partir da 20ª semana de gestação. Pontos de corte de 85mg/dl ou 90mg/dl são sugeridos para classificação de rastreamento positivo, que indica a necessidade de um teste oral de tolerância com 75g de glicose. Esse teste deve ser interpretado de acordo com os critérios sugeridos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (glicemia de jejum ³126mg/dl ou glicemia de 2h ³140mg/dl). São apresentadas também estratégias de manejo metabólico e obstétrico do diabetes gestacional e do diabetes pré-gestacional.

Clinical guidelines for the management of gestational diabetes and pregestational diabetes were prepared by the Diabetes and Pregnancy Working Group, during the XI Brazilian Diabetes Congress, held in 1997. Selective screening of pregnant women based on the presence of risk factors is advised beginning at the 20th week of gestation, using a fasting plasma glucose. Cut points of 85mg/dl or 90mg/dl are used to classify a positive screening. A 75g oral glucose tolerance test is performed if the screening test is positive. Diagnostic cut points suggested by the World Health Organization are endorsed (fasting plasma glucose ³126mg/dl or 2h plasma glucose ³140mg/dl). Endocrine and obstetric management of gestational diabetes as well as a review on pre-gestational diabetes management are also presented.

A paralisia periódica é entidade caracterizada por crises de fraqueza muscular relacionadas com alterações do nível sérico de potássio. A biópsia muscular pode mostrar alterações específicas ou inespecíficas. Nosso estudo tem como objetivo a análise de 17 biópsias musculares de 14 pacientes com paralisia periódica (14 hipocalêmica, 2 hipercalêmica). Todas as biópsias mostraram alguma alteração histopatológica. Quatorze biópsias apresentavam vacúolos, que se caracterizavam por serem únicos, de localização periférica, de aparecimento frequente e preferentemente em fibras do tipo I. Os vacúolos eram mais visualizados naqueles pacientes com longa evolução e sem relação com a frequência de crises. Os agregados tubulares foram encontrados em 10 biópsias principalmente naqueles pacientes com crises frequentes e doença de longa evolução. Em 3 pacientes foram realizadas 2 biópsias, notando-se piora das alterações em 2. Um paciente evoluiu com quadro clínico de miopatia permanente, confirmado pela biópsia muscular. Alterações inespecíficas foram encontradas em graus variáveis em 15 biópsias. Nosso estudo mostra que os vacúolos e os agregados tubulares são achados frequentes na paralisia periódica, constituindo importante auxílio diagnóstico. Alterações miopáticas evidentes à biópsia sugerem o aparecimento de miopatia permanente, quadro decorrente de doença de longa evolução ou crises severas.

Periodic paralysis is a rare disease, characterized by transient weakness associated with abnormal levels of serum potassium. Muscle biopsy may show a wide range of abnormalities, vacuoles being more specifically linked to the disease. We analysed 17 muscle biopsies from 14 patients with periodic paralysis (14 hypokalemic, 2 hyperkalemic). All of them showed at least one histological abnormality. Fourteen specimens showed vacuoles that were peripheral, single, frequent and preferentially found in type I fibers. Frequency or severity of attacks did not correlate with the presence of vacuoles but those were more easily found in patients with long term disease. Ten biopsies showed tubular aggregates, specially on the patients with frequent crises or long term disease. A second biopsy was done in three patients and in two we observed a worsening of the histopathologic picture. One patient manifested interictal weakness with evident myopathic changes on the muscle biopsy. Nonspecific changes were found in variable degrees in 15 biopsies. Our study shows that vacuoles and tubular aggregates are frequent changes in periodic paralysis and therefore helpful for the diagnosis. Important myopathic findings in the muscle biopsy suggest a permanent myopathy which probably develops after severe crises or long term disease.

Para avaliar a validade do peso auto-referido em inquéritos de prevalência de obesidade, o mesmo foi comparado com o peso medido de 659 adultos, residentes em Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, em 1986-87. Ambos os pesos foram obtidos por entrevistador, na casa do participante, na mesma ocasião. A média das diferenças entre peso auto-referido e peso medido foi pequena (-0,06 +/-3,16 kg; média +/- desvio padrão) e a correlação entre eles alta (r=0,97). Sessenta e dois por cento dos participantes referiram seu peso com erro < 2 kg, 87% com erro menor do que 4 kg e 95% com erro < 6 kg. Indivíduos de baixo peso hiperestimaram seu peso, o oposto ocorrendo com indivíduos obesos (p<0,05). Os homens tendiam a superestimar seu peso, o oposto ocorrendo com as mulheres (p=0,04). A prevalência geral de baixo peso (índice de massa corporal (IMC) < 20) por peso auto-referido foi de 11% e a por peso medido, de 13%; a prevalência geral de obesidade (IMC > 30) por peso referido, foi de 10% e a por peso medido, de 11%. Concluindo, a validade do peso auto-referido é aceitável para inquéritos de prevalência realizados em contextos similares.

In order to evaluate the validity of self-reported weight for use in obesity prevalence surveys, self-reported weight was compared to measured weight for 659 adults living in the Porto Alegre county, RS Brazil in 1986-87, both weights being obtained by a technician in the individual's home on the same visit. The mean difference between self-reported and measured weight was small (-0.06 +/- 3.16 kg; mean +/- standard deviation), and the correlation between reported and measured weight was high (r=0.97). Sixty-two percent of participants reported their weight with an error of < 2 kg, 87% with an error of < 4 kg, and 95% with an error of < 6 kg. Underweight individuals overestimated their weight, while obese individuals underestimated theirs (p<0.05). Men tended to overestimate their weight and women underestimate theirs, this difference between sexes being statistically significant (p=0.04). The overall prevalence of underweight (body mass index < 20) by reported weight was 11%, by measured weight 13%; the overall prevalence of obesity (body mass index > 30) by reported weight was 10%, by measured weight 11%. Thus, the validity of reported weight is acceptable for surveys of the prevalence of ponderosity in similar settings.

Para avaliar a validade do peso auto-referido em inquéritos de prevalência de obesidade, o mesmo foi comparado com o peso medido de 659 adultos, residentes em Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, em 1986-87. Ambos os pesos foram obtidos por entrevistador, na casa do participante, na mesma ocasião. A média das diferenças entre peso auto-referido e peso medido foi pequena (-0,06 +/-3,16 kg; média +/- desvio padrão) e a correlação entre eles alta (r=0,97). Sessenta e dois por cento dos participantes referiram seu peso com erro < 2 kg, 87% com erro menor do que 4 kg e 95% com erro < 6 kg. Indivíduos de baixo peso hiperestimaram seu peso, o oposto ocorrendo com indivíduos obesos (p<0,05). Os homens tendiam a superestimar seu peso, o oposto ocorrendo com as mulheres (p=0,04). A prevalência geral de baixo peso (índice de massa corporal (IMC) < 20) por peso auto-referido foi de 11% e a por peso medido, de 13%; a prevalência geral de obesidade (IMC > 30) por peso referido, foi de 10% e a por peso medido, de 11%. Concluindo, a validade do peso auto-referido é aceitável para inquéritos de prevalência realizados em contextos similares.

In order to evaluate the validity of self-reported weight for use in obesity prevalence surveys, self-reported weight was compared to measured weight for 659 adults living in the Porto Alegre county, RS Brazil in 1986-87, both weights being obtained by a technician in the individual's home on the same visit. The mean difference between self-reported and measured weight was small (-0.06 +/- 3.16 kg; mean +/- standard deviation), and the correlation between reported and measured weight was high (r=0.97). Sixty-two percent of participants reported their weight with an error of < 2 kg, 87% with an error of < 4 kg, and 95% with an error of < 6 kg. Underweight individuals overestimated their weight, while obese individuals underestimated theirs (p<0.05). Men tended to overestimate their weight and women underestimate theirs, this difference between sexes being statistically significant (p=0.04). The overall prevalence of underweight (body mass index < 20) by reported weight was 11%, by measured weight 13%; the overall prevalence of obesity (body mass index > 30) by reported weight was 10%, by measured weight 11%. Thus, the validity of reported weight is acceptable for surveys of the prevalence of ponderosity in similar settings.

Três quartos da mortalidade no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) ocorrem por doenças não-transmissíveis. Dentre elas as doenças cardiovasculares, por si só, correspondem a 35% das causas de morte. Para avaliar a prevalência de fatores de risco para essas doenças, foi realizado inquérito domiciliar no período de 1986/87. Foram entrevistados 1.157 indivíduos entre 15-64 anos, residentes em setores censitários de 4 áreas docente-assistenciais do Município de Porto Alegre, RS. A prevalência padronizada de tabagismo foi de 40%, hipertensão 14%, obesidade 18%, sedentarismo geral 47% e consumo excessivo de álcool, 7%. Trinta e nove por cento da amostra acumulavam dois ou mais desses cinco fatores de risco, somente 22% de homens e 21% de mulheres não apresentaram esses fatores de risco. As elevadas freqüências e concomitâncias desses fatores de risco alertam para sua importância em programas que visam a prevenção das doenças não-transmissíveis.

Three-quarters of deaths in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, are due to non-communicable diseases - cardiovascular diseases, alone, being responsible for 35% of them. To evaluate the prevalence of risk factors for these diseases, a household survey of 1,157 randomly sampled individuals between 15 and 64 years of age was undertaken in 1986 and 1987 in census tracts of 4 areas of the city of Porto Alegre. The age-and sex-adjusted prevalence of smoking was 40%, hypertension 14%, obesity 18%, overall sedentary lifestyle 47%, and excessive alcohol consumption 7%. Thirty-nine percent of the sample presented two or more of these five risk factors, and only 22% of men and 21% of women had none of them. The high frequencies and simultaneous presence of these risk factors indicate their importance for programs aimed at the prevention of non-communicable diseases and the promotion of adult health.

Três quartos da mortalidade no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) ocorrem por doenças não-transmissíveis. Dentre elas as doenças cardiovasculares, por si só, correspondem a 35% das causas de morte. Para avaliar a prevalência de fatores de risco para essas doenças, foi realizado inquérito domiciliar no período de 1986/87. Foram entrevistados 1.157 indivíduos entre 15-64 anos, residentes em setores censitários de 4 áreas docente-assistenciais do Município de Porto Alegre, RS. A prevalência padronizada de tabagismo foi de 40%, hipertensão 14%, obesidade 18%, sedentarismo geral 47% e consumo excessivo de álcool, 7%. Trinta e nove por cento da amostra acumulavam dois ou mais desses cinco fatores de risco, somente 22% de homens e 21% de mulheres não apresentaram esses fatores de risco. As elevadas freqüências e concomitâncias desses fatores de risco alertam para sua importância em programas que visam a prevenção das doenças não-transmissíveis.

Three-quarters of deaths in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, are due to non-communicable diseases - cardiovascular diseases, alone, being responsible for 35% of them. To evaluate the prevalence of risk factors for these diseases, a household survey of 1,157 randomly sampled individuals between 15 and 64 years of age was undertaken in 1986 and 1987 in census tracts of 4 areas of the city of Porto Alegre. The age-and sex-adjusted prevalence of smoking was 40%, hypertension 14%, obesity 18%, overall sedentary lifestyle 47%, and excessive alcohol consumption 7%. Thirty-nine percent of the sample presented two or more of these five risk factors, and only 22% of men and 21% of women had none of them. The high frequencies and simultaneous presence of these risk factors indicate their importance for programs aimed at the prevention of non-communicable diseases and the promotion of adult health.