ABSTRACT The present research aimed to compare the HRV of people living with HIV (PLWH) with non-infected individuals in aquatic and dryland environments. Twenty participants were divided into two groups. PLWH composed the experimental group (EG), and seronegative participants composed the control group (CG). In dryland, HRV was measured in time and frequency domains, as follows: 10 minutes in rest (RES), 20 minutes of moderate and intense aerobic exercise (EXE), and 30 minutes post-exercise recovery (REC). After 72 hours, the same procedures were repeated in the aquatic environment. HRV analysis demonstrated significant differences in Mean r-r (Δ%= 3.5%, p< 0.01) and rMSSD (Δ%= −19.4%, p< 0.05) when compared dryland vs aquatic environment in RES. We observed similar results in rMSSD (Δ%= 49.2%, p< 0.01), pNN50(%) (Δ%= 79.1%, p< 0.01), and SD1 (Δ%= 49.3%, p< 0.01), during REC. Significant differences (p< 0.01) were also demonstrated for the HF during RES (Δ%= −43.4%) and REC (Δ%= −28.8%). However, the EG intra-group analysis showed no significant differences. The inter-group analysis at RES in dryland demonstrated significant differences in rMSSD (Δ%= −36.5%, p< 0.05), pNN50(%) (Δ%= −54.8%, p< 0.05), and SD1 (Δ%= 46.5%, p< 0.05). We also observed significant differences in mean R-R intervals (Δ%= −17.8%, p< 0.01), SDNN (Δ%= −41.2%, p< 0.01), rMSSD (Δ%= −50.5%, p< 0.01), pNN50 (Δ%= −73.6%, p< 0.001), and SD1 (Δ%= −50.4%, p< 0.001) during water immersion as well as the HF (Δ%= −67.6%, p< 0.01). The mean R-R interval (Δ%= −16.3%, p< 0.01), SDNN (Δ%= −46.4%, p< 0.001), rMSSD (Δ%= −57.0%, p< 0.001), pNN50 (Δ%= −73.1, p< 0.001), and SD1 (Δ%= −57.1, p< 0.001) also showed significant differences during REC. Water immersion increases the CG vagal modulation as expected. However, without any influence in EG. The results indicate a decreased vagal modulation in PLHIV in ART, indicating a possible autonomic dysfunction over the heart for this group.

ABSTRACT. Spatial data (e.g., phytopathogenic data) do not always meet assumptions such as stationarity, isotropy and Gaussian distribution, thereby requiring complex spatial methods and models. Some deterministic assumption-free methods such as the inverse distance weighting can also be applied to predict spatial data, but their output is limited for graphical solutions (mapping). We adapted a computer-based prediction method called Circular Variable Radius Moving Window (CVRMW) that is based on two others: moving window kriging (MWK) and inverse squared-distance weighting (ISDW). The algorithm is developed to meet an objective function that minimizes the index of variation of the spatial observations inside the moving window. A code in R language is presented and thoroughly described. The outputs include the range of the spatial dependence as the radius calculated at every target location and the standard error of the predicted values, mapped to provide a useful tool for spatial exploratory analysis. The method does not make any assumptions about the spatial process, and it is an alternative for dealing with spatial heterogeneity.

RESUMO A área foliar é uma variável essencial para a quantificação de outras importantes características foliares em estudos fisiológicos de plantas, como taxa fotossintética e teor de fósforo, normalizados por área. Essa é uma das razões para a necessidade de métodos rápidos e precisos para estimar a área foliar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi ajustar modelos de regressão linear ou não linear para predizer a área foliar de seis espécies de leguminosas forrageiras, a partir de imagens digitais analisadas com o pacote LeafArea, software R. Em um experimento de campo, foram coletadas aleatoriamente 100 folhas das seguintes espécies: Crotalaria juncea (L.), Canavalia ensiformis (L.), Cajanus cajan (L.), Dolichos lablab (L.), Mucuna cinereum (L.), e Mucuna aterrima (Piper & Tracy) Merr., nas quais foram medidos o comprimento e a largura do folíolo central. Posteriormente, imagens digitais de cada folha foram processadas no software R para estimativa da área foliar. Essas estimativas foram usadas para ajustar modelos de predição de área foliar; de fato, setenta folhas foram usadas para ajustar os modelos; o restante delas foi usado para validação do modelo. Para as seis espécies, o modelo polinomial completo de segundo grau, ou submodelos derivados, pode ser usado para predizer a área foliar em função do comprimento e largura do folíolo central, apresentando R² acima de 0,98 e porcentagem de erro médio absoluto abaixo de 9%. Nestes modelos, o efeito da largura da folha é geralmente maior que o comprimento da folha. O pacote R LeafArea mostrou-se uma ferramenta muito eficiente para a estimativa da área foliar através da execução do software ImageJ, com alta precisão e fácil calibração.

ABSTRACT Leaf area is an essential variable for the quantification of other important leaf characteristics in physiological studies of plants, such as normalized photosynthetic rate and normalized phosphorus content. That is one of the reasons for the need of fast and accurate methods to estimate leaf area. The objective of this work was to fit linear or non-linear regression models to predict the individual leaf area of six species of forage legumes, based on digital images analyzed with the package LeafArea, R software. In a field experiment, 100 leaves were randomly collected from the following species: Crotalaria juncea (L.), Canavalia ensiformis (L.), Cajanus cajan (L.), Dolichos lablab (L.), Mucuna cinereum (L.), and Mucuna aterrima (Piper & Tracy) Merr., in which the central leaflet length and width were measured. Afterwards, digital images of each leaf were processed in R software for leaf area estimation. These estimates were used to fit leaf area prediction models; in fact, seventy leaves were used to fit the models; the rest of them were used for model validation. For the six species, the complete second-degree polynomial model, or derivative submodels, can be used to predict leaf area as a function of length and width of the central leaflet, presenting R² above 0.98 and percentage absolute mean error below 9%. In these models, the effect of leaf width is generally greater than the leaf length. The R package LeafArea showed to be a very efficient tool for the estimation of leaf area through the execution of the software ImageJ, with high precision and easy calibration.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever o perfil do câncer de cólon e reto no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Métodos: Os dados de incidência foram obtidos dos Registros de Câncer de Base Populacional (RCBP) de acordo com o período disponível. Dados sobre os óbitos foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação em Mortalidade (SIM). As taxas de incidência e mortalidade foram calculadas por gênero e grupos etários. As tendências de mortalidade foram analisadas pelo software Joinpoint. Os efeitos de idade-período-coorte foram calculados no software R. Resultados: As taxas de incidência do câncer de cólon variaram de 4,49 a 23,19/100.000, e a mortalidade, de 2,85 a 14,54/100.000. A incidência do câncer de reto variou de 1,25 a 11,18/100.000; a mortalidade, de 0,30 a 7,90/100.000. As tendências de mortalidade por câncer de cólon mostraram um aumento entre homens em Cuiabá, Campo Grande e Goiânia. Para aqueles abaixo dos 50 anos, o aumento foi de 13,2% em Campo Grande. Para aqueles acima dos 50 anos, houve um aumento significante em todas as capitais. Em Goiânia, a mortalidade por câncer de reto em homens aumentou 7,3%. Para mulheres abaixo dos 50 anos em Brasília, o aumento foi de 8,7%, enquanto que para mulheres acima dos 50 anos em Cuiabá foi de 10%. Conclusão: Os dados de incidência do câncer de cólon e reto no Centro-Oeste do Brasil são limitados. A mortalidade por câncer de cólon tem aumentado para ambos os sexos, mas o mesmo não foi verificado para câncer de reto. Os resultados demonstram a necessidade de programas organizados de rastreamento para esta neoplasia no Centro-Oeste.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To describe the incidence and mortality rates from colon and rectal cancer in Midwestern Brazil. Methods: Data for the incidence rates were obtained from the Population-Based Cancer Registry (PBCR) according to the available period. Mortality data were obtained from the Mortality Information System (SIM) for the period between 1996 and 2008. Incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender and age groups. Mortality trends were analyzed by the Joinpoint software. The age-period-cohort effects were calculated by the R software. Results: The incidence rates for colon cancer vary from 4.49 to 23.19/100,000, while mortality rates vary from 2.85 to 14.54/100,000. For rectal cancer, the incidence rates range from 1.25 to 11.18/100,000 and mortality rates range between 0.30 and 7.90/100,000. Colon cancer mortality trends showed an increase among males in Cuiabá, Campo Grande, and Goiania. For those aged under 50 years, the increased rate was 13.2% in Campo Grande. For those aged over 50 years, there was a significant increase in the mortality in all capitals. In Goiânia, rectal cancer mortality in males increased 7.3%. For females below 50 years of age in the city of Brasilia, there was an increase of 8.7%, while females over 50 years of age in Cuiaba showed an increase of 10%. Conclusion: There is limited data available on the incidence of colon and rectal cancer for the Midwest region of Brazil. Colon cancer mortality has generally increased for both genders, but similar data were not verified for rectal cancer. The findings presented herein demonstrate the necessity for organized screening programs for colon and rectal cancer in Midwestern Brazil.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever o perfil do câncer de cólon e reto no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Métodos: Os dados de incidência foram obtidos dos Registros de Câncer de Base Populacional (RCBP) de acordo com o período disponível. Dados sobre os óbitos foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação em Mortalidade (SIM). As taxas de incidência e mortalidade foram calculadas por gênero e grupos etários. As tendências de mortalidade foram analisadas pelo software Joinpoint. Os efeitos de idade-período-coorte foram calculados no software R. Resultados: As taxas de incidência do câncer de cólon variaram de 4,49 a 23,19/100.000, e a mortalidade, de 2,85 a 14,54/100.000. A incidência do câncer de reto variou de 1,25 a 11,18/100.000; a mortalidade, de 0,30 a 7,90/100.000. As tendências de mortalidade por câncer de cólon mostraram um aumento entre homens em Cuiabá, Campo Grande e Goiânia. Para aqueles abaixo dos 50 anos, o aumento foi de 13,2% em Campo Grande. Para aqueles acima dos 50 anos, houve um aumento significante em todas as capitais. Em Goiânia, a mortalidade por câncer de reto em homens aumentou 7,3%. Para mulheres abaixo dos 50 anos em Brasília, o aumento foi de 8,7%, enquanto que para mulheres acima dos 50 anos em Cuiabá foi de 10%. Conclusão: Os dados de incidência do câncer de cólon e reto no Centro-Oeste do Brasil são limitados. A mortalidade por câncer de cólon tem aumentado para ambos os sexos, mas o mesmo não foi verificado para câncer de reto. Os resultados demonstram a necessidade de programas organizados de rastreamento para esta neoplasia no Centro-Oeste.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To describe the incidence and mortality rates from colon and rectal cancer in Midwestern Brazil. Methods: Data for the incidence rates were obtained from the Population-Based Cancer Registry (PBCR) according to the available period. Mortality data were obtained from the Mortality Information System (SIM) for the period between 1996 and 2008. Incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender and age groups. Mortality trends were analyzed by the Joinpoint software. The age-period-cohort effects were calculated by the R software. Results: The incidence rates for colon cancer vary from 4.49 to 23.19/100,000, while mortality rates vary from 2.85 to 14.54/100,000. For rectal cancer, the incidence rates range from 1.25 to 11.18/100,000 and mortality rates range between 0.30 and 7.90/100,000. Colon cancer mortality trends showed an increase among males in Cuiabá, Campo Grande, and Goiania. For those aged under 50 years, the increased rate was 13.2% in Campo Grande. For those aged over 50 years, there was a significant increase in the mortality in all capitals. In Goiânia, rectal cancer mortality in males increased 7.3%. For females below 50 years of age in the city of Brasilia, there was an increase of 8.7%, while females over 50 years of age in Cuiaba showed an increase of 10%. Conclusion: There is limited data available on the incidence of colon and rectal cancer for the Midwest region of Brazil. Colon cancer mortality has generally increased for both genders, but similar data were not verified for rectal cancer. The findings presented herein demonstrate the necessity for organized screening programs for colon and rectal cancer in Midwestern Brazil.

O principal objetivo deste estudo foi comparar modelos de regressão não linear aptos a descreverem o acúmulo de massa seca de diferentes partes da planta do alho ao longo do tempo (60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após plantio). Objetivou-se também identificar acessos semelhantes em relação às características avaliadas por meio de análises de agrupamento. Foram utilizados 20 acessos de alho pertencentes ao Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH/UFV). O teor de massa seca da folha, do pseudocaule, do bulbo e da raiz foram definidos como variáveis na análise de agrupamento (algoritmo de Ward utilizando como medida de dissimilaridade a distância quadrada generalizada de Mahalanobis), que resultou na indicação de um número ótimo (critério de Mojena) de três grupos de acessos, cujas médias de massa seca do bulbo, da raiz e total da planta em cada tempo de interesse foram utilizadas para o ajuste de cinco modelos de regressão não linear (Mitscherlich, Gompertz, Logístico, Brody e von Bertalanffy). A identificação do modelo que melhor se ajustou às três características de cada grupo foi realizada mediante coeficiente de determinação (R2), o quadrado médio do resíduo (QMR) e o desvio médio absoluto dos resíduos (DMA). Comparando os valores desses avaliadores observou-se que, para as três caraterísticas dos três grupos, o modelo que melhor se ajustou foi o Logístico.

The main objective of this study was to compare nonlinear regression models able to describe the dry matter accumulation in different parts of the garlic plant over time (60, 90, 120 and 150 days after planting). This study also aimed to identify similar accessions with respect to the characteristics evaluated through cluster analysis. We used 20 garlic accessions belonging to the Vegetable Germplasm Bank of Universidade Federal de Viçosa. The dry matter content of leaves, pseudostems, bulbs and roots were defined as variables in the cluster analysis (Ward algorithm using as dissimilarity measure the squared generalized Mahalanobis distance), which resulted in the appointment of an optimal number (Mojena criteria) of three groups of accessions, whose means of dry matter of bulbs, of roots and of the whole plant were used for fitting five nonlinear regression models (Mitscherlich, Gompertz, Logistic, von Bertalanffy and Brody). The identification of the model that best fitted the three characteristics of each group was carried out by coefficient of determination (R²), the error mean square and the average deviation absolut error. Comparing the values of these evaluators, we found that, for the three characteristics of the three groups, the best fitted model was the Logistic.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor uma forma de uso do método de Tocher para obtenção de uma matriz análoga à matriz cofenética obtida para métodos hierárquicos, o que permitiria o cálculo de uma correlação cofenética. Para ilustrar a obtenção da matriz cofenética proposta, foram utilizadas duas matrizes de dissimilaridade - uma obtida com a distância quadrada generalizada de Mahalanobis e outra com a distância euclidiana - entre dezessete cultivares de alho, com base em seis caracteres morfológicos. Basicamente, a proposta para obtenção da matriz cofenética foi a de usar, após a realização do agrupamento, as distâncias médias intra e intergrupos. Uma função em linguagem R foi proposta para computar a matriz cofenética para o método de Tocher. A distribuição empírica desse coeficiente de correlação foi estudada de forma sucinta. Para as duas medidas de dissimilaridade, os valores do coeficiente de correlação cofenética obtidos para o método de Tocher foram superiores aos obtidos com os métodos hierárquicos (algoritmo de Ward e ligação média - UPGMA). Comparações entre agrupamentos feitos com os métodos hierárquicos aglomerativos e com o método de Tocher podem ser realizadas com o uso de um critério em comum: o da correlação entre matrizes de distâncias cofenéticas e originais.

The objective of this work was to propose a way of using the Tocher's method of clustering to obtain a matrix similar to the cophenetic one obtained for hierarchical methods, which would allow the calculation of a cophenetic correlation. To illustrate the obtention of the proposed cophenetic matrix, we used two dissimilarity matrices - one obtained with the generalized squared Mahalanobis distance and the other with the Euclidean distance - between 17 garlic cultivars, based on six morphological characters. Basically, the proposal for obtaining the cophenetic matrix was to use the average distances within and between clusters, after performing the clustering. A function in R language was proposed to compute the cophenetic matrix for Tocher's method. The empirical distribution of this correlation coefficient was briefly studied. For both dissimilarity measures, the values of cophenetic correlation obtained for the Tocher's method were higher than those obtained with the hierarchical methods (Ward's algorithm and average linkage - UPGMA). Comparisons between the clustering made with the agglomerative hierarchical methods and with the Tocher's method can be performed using a criterion in common: the correlation between matrices of original and cophenetic distances.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar três métodos para determinação do número de grupos em estudos com aplicação de métodos hierárquicos de agrupamentos, baseando-se em dados obtidos a partir da caracterização de acessos de Capsicum, de modo a identificar aquele com maior poder de discriminação. Os métodos de Mojena, de Tocher e o método RMSSTD foram aplicados com a finalidade de determinar o número ideal de grupos formados na fase final do procedimento de agrupamento com o método UPGMA. Foram analisados 49 acessos da espécie Capsicum chinense do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em relação a dez características morfológicas com o intuito de identificar e agrupar os acessos mais similares, tornando possível a seleção de genótipos superiores, ou seja, com as características comerciais de interesse. Os resultados mostraram que o método RMSSTD permitiu concluir sobre a existência de sete grupos, evidenciando um maior poder de discriminação para este método, em relação ao método de otimização de Tocher e ao método de Mojena, que formaram respectivamente, quatro e três grupos.

The objective of this study was to compare three methods to determine number of groups in studies with hierarquical cluster analysis, based at data from characterization of Capsicum accessions, in order to identify those with the greatest power of discrimination. Mojena method, Tocher method and RMSSTD method were applied to determine the optimal number of groups formed in final stage of the UPGMA method. Forty nine Capsicum chinense accessions from the Vegetable Germplasm Bank of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa were analyzed, in relation to ten morphological characters for identifying the most similar accessions group, making possible the selection of superior genotypes, i.e., of commercial interest. The RMSSTD method allowed to conclude on the existence of seven groups, with a greater power of discrimination for this method, compared to the Tocher optimization method and the Mojena method, which formed, respectively, four and three groups.

Damage caused by the ant Azteca barbifex (Forel) was identified in orange trees (Citrus sinensis), in Capitão Poço County, Guamá microregion, Pará State. The damage caused by the scraping of stems and branches lead to reduction in yield with subsequent death of the plant. These characteristics indicate A. barbifex as a potential pest of citrus crops in the eastern region of Amazon.

The objective of this work was to study the spatial distribution of Tenuipalpus heveae Baker in rubber tree plantations. The experimental area was located in Marinópolis, State of São Paulo, and corresponded to a total of 1,000 plants (clone RRIM 600) divided in 100 plots of ten plants each. A total of 16 samplings were conducted, approximately once every 10 days, between December 2007 and June 2008. On each date, samples were taken from two plants per plot, each sample corresponding to the top 30 cm of a branch randomly taken from the median region of the canopy of each plant. The number of T. heveae was evaluated on three leaflets randomly taken from each sample, using a 20x power pocket magnifying glass. The number of mites was evaluated in two areas of 1 cm² delimited on the lower surface of each leaflet, being one along the midrib and the other along a lateral vein. The calculated dispersion indexes were: variance/mean relationship (I), index of Morisita (I´), coefficient of Green (Cx) and k exponent of negative binomial distribution. Tenuipalpus heveae showed aggregate distribution. The negative binomial distribution model was the most appropriate to represent the spatial distribution of the mite in the rubber tree plantation.

We investigate the nature of one-electron eigenstates in power-law diluted chains for which the probability of occurrence of a bond between sites separated by a distance r decays as p(r) = 1/r1+sigma. Using an exact diagonalization scheme on finite chains, we compute the spreading of an initially localized wave-packet, the time dependent participation number as well as the return probability. Our results show the existence of a phase of extended states. By considering the scale invariance of the fluctuations of the participation number at the Anderson transition, we obtained that extended states emerges for sigma < 0.68. This limiting value is larger than the one reported in the literature for the emergence of extended states in one-dimensional Anderson models with power-law decaying couplings.

Este artigo descreve metodologia, aplicação e utilidade do teste das Matrizes Progressivas de Raven e do Teste de Sondagem Intelectual (TSI), comparando-os ainda com o rendimento escolar do aluno, em Jequié, Bahia. O Raven, que avalia o raciocínio não-verbal, foi aplicado a 374 escolares (7 a 17 anos). Somente 231 TSI foram respondidos porque requeriam habilidades de leitura e escrita. Foram coletadas notas escolares para todos os participantes. Um questionário avaliando recursos da escola e perfil do professor foi respondido por duzentos professores. Os escores dos testes Raven e TSI apresentaram uma boa correlação entre si (r = 0,53, p < 0,001) porém menor com as médias escolares (r = 0,22, p < 0,001 e r = 0,12, p < 0,07 respectivamente). Os escores do Raven e do TSI apresentaram baixas correlações com os conceitos escolares. A média de escores, tanto no teste Raven como no TSI, foi maior entre os meninos, sendo superior o desempenho das meninas nas notas escolares. De maneira geral o nível de desempenho cognitivo encontrado está aquém do esperado em crianças do grupo de idade analisada.

This paper describes the methodology, applicability and utility of the Raven Progressive Matrix (Raven Test) and the Brazilian Intellectual Probe (TSI), comparing them with school achievement in a typical medium-size urban community of Northeastern Brazil. 388 schoolchildren (7-17 years old) were examined, with 371 Raven tests applied. Only 231 TSIs were completed, since 106 students were illiterate. School grades were obtained for all participants. A questionnaire evaluating school resources, and teacher profiles was answered by 200 teachers. Raven and TSI test scores were highly correlated (r = 0.53, p < 0.001), but both correlated weakly with overall school grade (r = 0.22, p < 0.001 and r = 0.12, p < 0.07 respectively). For individual school grades, the Raven scores showed statistically significant correlation with all subjects, while the Brazilian TSI presented statistically significant correlation only with geography, history and sciences. Boys' mean scores were higher than girls' for both the Raven and the TSI Tests, but for the school grades girls performed better. In general, level of cognitive development was below that expected for children in the age-group analyzed.

Este artigo descreve metodologia, aplicação e utilidade do teste das Matrizes Progressivas de Raven e do Teste de Sondagem Intelectual (TSI), comparando-os ainda com o rendimento escolar do aluno, em Jequié, Bahia. O Raven, que avalia o raciocínio não-verbal, foi aplicado a 374 escolares (7 a 17 anos). Somente 231 TSI foram respondidos porque requeriam habilidades de leitura e escrita. Foram coletadas notas escolares para todos os participantes. Um questionário avaliando recursos da escola e perfil do professor foi respondido por duzentos professores. Os escores dos testes Raven e TSI apresentaram uma boa correlação entre si (r = 0,53, p < 0,001) porém menor com as médias escolares (r = 0,22, p < 0,001 e r = 0,12, p < 0,07 respectivamente). Os escores do Raven e do TSI apresentaram baixas correlações com os conceitos escolares. A média de escores, tanto no teste Raven como no TSI, foi maior entre os meninos, sendo superior o desempenho das meninas nas notas escolares. De maneira geral o nível de desempenho cognitivo encontrado está aquém do esperado em crianças do grupo de idade analisada.

This paper describes the methodology, applicability and utility of the Raven Progressive Matrix (Raven Test) and the Brazilian Intellectual Probe (TSI), comparing them with school achievement in a typical medium-size urban community of Northeastern Brazil. 388 schoolchildren (7-17 years old) were examined, with 371 Raven tests applied. Only 231 TSIs were completed, since 106 students were illiterate. School grades were obtained for all participants. A questionnaire evaluating school resources, and teacher profiles was answered by 200 teachers. Raven and TSI test scores were highly correlated (r = 0.53, p < 0.001), but both correlated weakly with overall school grade (r = 0.22, p < 0.001 and r = 0.12, p < 0.07 respectively). For individual school grades, the Raven scores showed statistically significant correlation with all subjects, while the Brazilian TSI presented statistically significant correlation only with geography, history and sciences. Boys' mean scores were higher than girls' for both the Raven and the TSI Tests, but for the school grades girls performed better. In general, level of cognitive development was below that expected for children in the age-group analyzed.