RESUMO O presente estudo visou isolar, identificar e aplicar testes in vitro em bactérias com potencial probiótico, autóctones, isoladas de 15 espécimes saudáveis de Megaleporinus macrocephalus. As cepas foram selecionadas do trato intestinal dos peixes e inoculadas em placas de Petri contendo Man Rogosa Sharped Agar (MRS), por 48 horas, a 35ºC. Foram isoladas com base em teste de catalase, coloração de Gram, tolerância a diferentes gradientes de NaCl (1, 2 e 3%), valores de pH (4, 5, 6, 8 e 9) e sais biliares (2,5 e 5%), além do halo de inibição contra patógenos. Das 42 cepas isoladas, ST1 e ST9 apresentaram maiores valores (P<0,05) para células viáveis totais (31,80±0,07 e 32,51±0,05 UFC/mL × 108), respectivamente. Nos testes de resistência, as cepas ST1 e ST9 apresentaram os melhores resultados, com destaque para ST9 nos gradientes de pH, altos valores de sais biliares e maiores halos de inibição contra Aeromonas hydrophila e Aeromonas jandaei. As cepas com melhores resultados nos testes, ST1 e ST9, foram identificadas pelo método de MALDI-TOF-MS como Enterococcus faecium. Assim, a bactéria isolada Enterococcus faecium, pode ser recomendada para uso probiótico na criação do M. macrocephalus.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to isolate, identify, and apply in vitro tests on bacteria with autochthonous probiotic potential isolated from fifteen healthy specimens of Megaleporinus macrocephalus. The strains were selected from the intestinal tract of fish and inoculated in the Petri plate containing Sharp Man Rogosa Agar (MRS) for (48 hours at 35ºC). They were isolated based on a test of catalase, Gram stain, tolerance to different gradients NaCl (1, 2 and 3%), pH (4, 5, 6, 8 and 9) values and bile salts (2.5 and 5%), in addition to the inhibition zone against pathogens. Of the 42 strains isolated, ST1 and ST9 had higher values (p<0.05) for total viable cells (31.80±0.07 and 32.51±0.05 CFU/mL × 108) respectively. In the resistance tests, strains ST1 and ST9 presented the best results, with emphasis on ST9 in the gradients of pH, high values of bile salts and larger inhibition zones against Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas jandaei. The strains with the best results in the tests, ST1 and ST9, were identified by the MALDI-TOF-MS method as Enterococcus faecium. Thus, the isolated E. faecium bacteria, may be recommended as for probiotic use in farming the M. macrocephalus.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar e selecionar in vitro bactérias com potencial probiótico do peixe ornamental Amazônico Nannostomus beckfordi. Para o isolamento, retirou-se o intestino de 12 espécimes, que foram macerados, homogeneizados e semeados em placa de petri contento Ágar Man Rogosa e Sharpe (MRS). Posteriormente ao crescimento bacteriano (48 horas a 35ºC), as cepas selecionadas foram mantidas em caldo MRS e submetidas a testes de resistência a NaCl (0,5, 1,0, 1,5, 2,0 e 2,5 e 3,0%), pH (4, 5, 6, 8 e 9) e sais biliares (5% p/v). O antagonismo foi realizado frente as bactérias patogênicas Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae e Aeromonas jandaei. Das cepas isoladas (23 cepas), apenas seis (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 e C6) apresentaram potencial probiótico. As cepas C1 e C6 tiveram maior resistência (p<0,05) para o NaCl (0,5 e 1%) e pH (5 a 6), na presença de sais biliares somente a C1 teve a melhor resistência de crescimento. Para o antagonismo frente as bactérias patogênicas, a C1 apresentou halo de inibição maior que 9 mm. Sendo esta cepa bactéria (C1) identificada como Enterococcus faecium 11037 CHB. Portanto, este é o primeiro relato do isolamento da bactéria autóctone E. faecium em N. beckfordi com potencial probiótico.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to isolate and select in vitro bacteria with probiotic potential for the Amazon ornamental fish Nannostomus beckfordi. For isolate, twelve fish underwent surgery procedure to remove their intestinal tract, macerate and then inoculate in the plate petri containing de Man Rugosa Sharped Agar (MRS). After bacterial growth (48 hours at 35ºC), selected strains were inoculated in MRS broth and submitted to resistance test with NaCl (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0%), pH (4, 5, 6, 8 and 9) and bile salts (5% w/v). Inhibition test against pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas Jandaei was also performed. Within the isolated strains group (23 strains), only six (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6) showed probiotic potential. Strains S1 and S6 showed the greater resistance for NaCl (0.5% and 1%) and pH (5 and 6), but only S1 obtained better results to resist the bile salts. Even against pathogenic bacteria, the S1 showed the best results with inhibition halos greater than 9 mm. In the end, this bacterial strain (S1) was identified as Enterococcus faecium 11037CHB. Thus, this is the first report regarding isolated autochthonous bacterium E. faecium with probiotic potential of N. beckfordi.

RESUMO: Esta pesquisa objetivou estudar a seletividade de herbicidas a indivíduos de três famílias de cana-de-açúcar, após diferentes manejos químicos em campos primários de seleção massal (F1). No campo, utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas, foram alocados 12 tratamentos herbicidas e, nas subparcelas, três famílias de seedlings. Os tratamentos herbicidas foram constituídos por T1 - tebuthiuron PÓS-i + ametryn PÓS-t; T2 - (diuron + hexazinone) PÓS-i + ametryn PÓS-t; T3 - sulfentrazone PÓS-i + ametryn PÓS-t; T4 - (diuron + hexazinone) PÓS-i + metribuzin PÓS-t; T5 - sulfentrazone PÓS-i + metribuzin PÓS-t; T6 - imazapyr PPI; T7 - imazapyr PPI + ametryn PÓS-t; T8 -imazapyr PPI + metribuzin PÓS-t; T9 - imazapyr PPI + tebuthiuron PÓS-i; T10 - imazapyr PPI + (diuron + hexazinone) PÓS-i; T11 - imazapyr PPI + sulfentrazone PÓS-i; e T12 - testemunha capinada. As famílias foram F400 (IAC086155 x ?), F43 (IACBIO264 x IAC911099) e F14 (IACSP991305 x GlagaH). Foram avaliados, em cada indivíduo, os sintomas de intoxicação e o conteúdo de clorofila na parte aérea (40 e 120 DAApós-i), percentual de seedlings vivas e seedlings selecionadas (240 DAApós-i). O manejo químico com os tratamentos alternativos (T2 ao T11) foram seletivos às três famílias de seedlings porque causaram leves sintomas de intoxicação, pouca interferência no conteúdo de clorofila, elevado percentual de sobrevivência e também possibilitou a seleção de plantas para a fase posterior (F2). Evidenciou-se como seletivo o manejo com herbicida em pré-plantio incorporado (PPI) mesmo quando complementado após a fase de estabelecimento das seedlings (Pós-t).

ABSTRACT: This research aimed at studying herbicides selectivity on individuals from three sugarcane families after different chemical managements in primary selection fields (F1). On the field, a randomized block design with five replications in a split plot scheme was used. Twelve herbicide treatments were allocated in the plots and the three seedlings families were allocated in the sub-plots. The herbicides treatments were T1- tebuthiuron POST-i + ametryn POST-t; T2- (diuron + hexazinone) POST-i + ametryn POST-t; T3- sulfentrazone POST-i + ametryn POST-t; T4- (diuron + hexazinone) POST-i + metribuzin POST-t; T5- sulfentrazone POST-i + metribuzin POST-t; T6- imazapyr IPP; T7- imazapyr IPP + ametryn POST-t; T8- imazapyr IPP + metribuzin POST-t; T9- imazapyr IPP + tebuthiuron POST-i; T10- imazapyr PPI + (diuron + hexazinone) POST-i; T11- imazapyr IPP + sulfentrazone POST-i and T12- weeded control. Families were F400 (IAC086155 x ?), F43 (IACBIO264 x IAC911099) and F14 (IACSP991305 x GlagaH). For each individual, the intoxication symptoms and the chlorophyll content on the leaves (40 and 120 DAApós-i), the percentage of live seedlings and selected seedlings (240 DAApós-i) were evauated. The chemical management with alternative treatments (T2 to T11) was selective to the three seedlings families because it caused slight intoxication symptoms and interference in the chlorophyll content, in addition to the high percentage of survival that allowed the plants selection for the later stage (F2). The management with herbicide applied in incorporated pre-planting (IPP) was highlighted as selective even when supplemented after the establishment phase of seedlings (POST-t).

The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition, intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nutrients, ruminal degradation kinetics of DM and NDF and quantify the nitrogen balance in sheep fed Chloris orthonoton hay. The experiment was carried out with five sheep with 28.34 kg LW. The hay showed 90.66 % DM, 7.16 % CP and 65.34 % NDF. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and NDF were 52.8, 70.6 and 40.4 %, respectively. The animals showed low dry matter intake (1.4 % of BW), but positive nitrogen balance. Chloris orthonoton hay when done in flowering stage has a low nutritional value and is not recommended as single source of food for maintenance of sheep.

O trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a composição química, consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS) e de nutrientes, a cinética de degradação da MS e FDN e quantificar o balanço de nitrogênio em ovinos, alimentados com feno de capim-de-raiz. Utilizaram-se 5 ovinos da raça Santa Inês com peso médio de 28,34 kg PV. O feno apresentou 90,66 % de MS; 7,16 % de PB e 65,34 % de FDN. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, PB e FDN foram de 52,8; 70,6 e 40,4 %, respectivamente. Os animais apresentaram baixo consumo de MS do feno (1,4 % do PV), mas balanço positivo de nitrogênio. O feno de capim-de-raiz, quando confeccionado em estágio de floração, apresenta baixo valor nutritivo, não sendo recomendado como fonte exclusiva de alimento para manutenção de ovinos.

O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação, com o objetivo de verificar a capacidade das sementes de Mucuna aterrima, Mucuna cinerea e Mucuna deeringiana para superar diferentes profundidades do solo acrescido de densidades de palha de cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado; os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 x 3, com quatro repetições. Os fatores foram constituídos por camada de palha (0, 5 e 10 cm), espécies de Mucuna (M. aterrima, M. cinerea e M. deeringiana) e profundidade de semeadura (1, 4 e 8 cm). As espécies de Mucuna superaram até 23 t ha-1 de palha (10 cm) e até 8 cm de profundidade de semeadura, expondo as partes aéreas à superfície a partir dos 10 dias após emergência (DAS); elas foram capazes também de desenvolver a altura (>96 cm por planta), a área foliar (>723 cm-2 por planta) e o acúmulo de massa seca (>2,09 g por planta) até os 35 DAS.

The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to verify the ability of Mucuna aterrima, Mucuna cinerea and Mucuna deeringiana seeds to overcome different soil depths plus sugarcane straw densities. The experimental design was completely randomized with the treatments arranged in a factorial scheme 3 x 3 x 3 and four replications. The factors consisted of straw layers (0, 5, and 10 cm), Mucuna species (M. aterrima, M. cinerea and M. deeringiana) and sowing depth (1, 4 and 8 cm). The Mucuna species exceeded the sowing depth by 23 t ha‑1 straw and up to 8 cm, exposing the shoot to the surface from 10 days after emergence and also being able to develop height (> 96 cm per plant), leaf area (> 723 cm-2 per plant) and dry mass accumulation (> 2.09 g per plant) up to 35 DAS.

The N-acylhydrazone (NAH) analogues N-methyl 2-thienylidene 3,4-benzoylhydrazine (LASSBio-785) and N-benzyl 2-thienylidene 3,4-benzoylhydrazine (LASSBio-786) were prepared from 2-thienylidene 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoylhydrazine (LASSBio-294). The ability of LASSBio-785 and LASSBio-786 to decrease central nervous system activity was investigated in male Swiss mice. LASSBio-785 or LASSBio-786 (30 mg/kg, ip) reduced locomotor activity from 209 ± 26 (control) to 140 ± 18 (P < 0.05) or 146 ± 15 crossings/min (P < 0.05), respectively. LASSBio-785 (15 or 30 mg/kg, iv) also reduced locomotor activity from 200 ± 15 to 116 ± 29 (P < 0.05) or 60 ± 16 crossings/min (P < 0.01), respectively. Likewise, LASSBio-786 (15 or 30 mg/kg, iv) reduced locomotor activity from 200 ± 15 to 127 ± 10 (P < 0.01) or 96 ± 14 crossings/min (P < 0.01), respectively. Pretreatment with flumazenil (20 mg/kg,ip) prevented the locomotor impairment induced by NAH analogues (15 mg/kg, iv), providing evidence that the benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor is involved. This finding was supported by the structural similarity of NAH analogues to midazolam. However, LASSBio-785 showed weak binding to the BDZ receptor. LASSBio-785 or LASSBio-786 (30 mg/kg,ip, n = 10) increased pentobarbital-induced sleeping time from 42 ± 5 (DMSO) to 66 ± 6 (P < 0.05) or 75 ± 4 min (P < 0.05), respectively. The dose required to achieve 50% hypnosis (HD50) following iv injection of LASSBio-785 or LASSBio-786 was 15.8 or 9.5 mg/kg, respectively. These data suggest that both NAH analogues might be useful for the development of new neuroactive drugs for the treatment of insomnia or for use in conjunction with general anesthesia.

Amostras de leite foram coletadas de tanques de expansão (n = 69) e das vacas individualmente (n = 3517), em propriedades com sistema de produção especializado (ES, n = 3), semiespecializado (SE, n = 5) e não especializado (NE, n = 7). A composição, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e teor de nitrogênio ureico (NU) foram avaliados nos diferentes sistemas e estações do ano. Os dados foram comparados aos parâmetros da Instrução Normativa 51/2002 (IN51) para a região Sul do Brasil, de maio/2009 a junho/2010. Analisando os três sistemas de produção, 42% (n = 29/69) das amostras de leite dos tanques de expansão e 11% (n = 375/3517) das individuais atenderam a IN51. Amostras de leite de tanque do sistema ES 70% (n = 14/20), SE 39% (n = 9/23) e NE 23% (n = 6/26) atenderam os critérios da IN51. Amostras de leite individuais apresentaram menor percentual com parâmetros mínimos da IN51 comparada ao tanque. O leite de vacas sadias dilui a CCS de vacas doentes, indicando que a CCS do tanque não é um indicador confiável para qualidade do leite. Os teores médios de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais em amostras de tanque foram semelhantes entre os sistemas de produção. A lactose e NU nas amostras do tanque foram similares entre as estações do ano. Em contraste, a CCS do tanque e individual não alcançaram os parâmetros da IN51. O teor médio de NU foi maior (P < 0,001) nas amostras de leite de tanque e individual do sistema especializado. A análise de amostras de leite de cada vaca permitiu melhoria nutricional do rebanho especializado.

Bovine milk samples were collected from milk tanks (n = 69) and from individual cows (n = 3,517) on specialized (S, n = 3), partially specialized (PS, n = 5) and nonspecialized (NS, n = 7) production systems. Compositions, somatic cell count (SCC) and urea nitrogen content were analyzed for the different production systems and all the four seasons. Data were compared to the ranges allowed by the Federal Normative Instruction 51/2002 (IN51) for South Brazil from May 2009 to June 2010. Forty-two percent (n = 29/69) of all milk samples obtained from tanks and 11% of the individual samples in the three production systems met IN51 standards. Of the collected tank samples, 70% (n = 14/20), 39% (n = 9/23) and 23% (n = 6/26) of the S, PS and NS systems, respectively, met IN51 criteria. These data indicate that evaluation of individual samples yields a lower percent of conformity with IN51 standards than tank samples. This implies that the milk from healthy cows may dilute the higher SCC of diseased cows, suggesting that tank samples are not accurate for a confident milk quality indicator. The fat, protein and total solids content in the tank samples were similar among the three production systems. Average lactose and urea nitrogen content in tank samples were similar between seasons. In contrast, the average SCC was above the IN51 standard in the tank and individual samples during the fall. Urea nitrogen content average was highest (P < 0.001) in the specialized production system, both in the tank and individual samples. The evaluation of individual samples may improve nutritional support of the specialized system.

Os fluxos de emergência de Mucuna em canaviais, mesmo após a aplicação dos herbicidas para o manejo de plantas daninhas, permitiu elaborar a hipótese de que essas plantas são tolerantes aos herbicidas comumente utilizados na cultura. Para comprovar a hipótese, objetivou-se estudar a tolerância de Mucuna aterrima, Mucuna cinerea e Mucuna deeringiana a herbicidas de diferentes mecanismos de ação aplicados em pré e pós-emergência. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com nove tratamentos, em cinco repetições, dispostos em esquema fatorial 3x3, mais testemunhas. Na pré-emergência, o primeiro fator foi constituído pelos herbicidas sulfentrazone (800 g ha-1), imazapic (245 g ha-1) e amicarbazone (1.400 g ha-1), e o segundo, pelas três espécies de Mucuna, além de uma testemunha para cada espécie estudada. Na pós-emergência, alteraram-se os herbicidas para clomazone (1.100 g ha-1), ametryn+trifloxysulfuron-sodium (1.463 + 37 g ha-1) e 2,4-D (1.209 g ha-1). No manejo químico em pré-emergência, verificou-se que as espécies foram sensíveis ao herbicida amicarbazone, seguido de sulfentrazone, e tolerantes ao imazapic. Na pós-emergência, todas as espécies foram sensíveis ao ametryn+trifloxysulfuron-sodium e 2,4-D, mas tolerantes ao clomazone.

The emergence of Mucuna species in sugarcane plantations, even after herbicide spraying for weed management, allowed us to elaborate the hypothesis that these plants are tolerant to the herbicides commonly used in the culture. Thus, to prove this hypothesis, this work was carried out to study the tolerance of Mucuna aterrima, Mucuna cinerea and Mucuna deeringiana to application of herbicides with different mechanisms of action in pre- and post-emergence. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with 9 treatments and five replications in a factorial 3 x 3, plus controls. At pre-emergence, the first factor was constituted by the herbicides sulfentrazone (800 g ha-1), imazapic (245 g ha-1), and amicarbazone (1,400 g ha-1), and the second factor by the Mucuna species, besides the additional control for each species studied. At post- emergence, the herbicides tested were clomazone (1,100 g ha-1), ametryn+trifloxysulfuron-sodium (1,463 + 37 g ha-1), and 2,4-D (1,209 g ha-1). In the chemical management at pre-emergence, the species were sensitive to amicarbazone, followed by sulfentrazone, and tolerant to imazapic. At post-emergence, all species were sensitive to ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium and 2,4-D, but tolerant to clomazone.

RESUMO A água constitui um dos elementos fundamentais para a existência do homem e sua preservação é uma necessidade que exige atenção das autoridades competentes, pois sua contaminação pode torná-la um veículo na transmissão de doenças infecciosas. Assim, objetivou-se investigar a presença de coliformes totais e fecais em amostras de água provenientes de poços e lago no Bairro Recreio Jardim Mina de Botucatu, São Paulo, e na margem e meio do canal do Rio Tietê, Represa da Barra Bonita, próxima da Usina da Barra Bonita, Botucatu, São Paulo. A necessidade de investigação ocorreu em virtude do alto índice de gastrenterites detectado na população que utilizam esses recursos hídricos. Foi analisado o Número Mais Provável (NMP) de Coliformes Totais e Fecais em 168 amostras de água através do método de tubos múltiplos. De acordo com resultados, verificou-se que, somente 42% das amostras coletadas nos 4 poços investigados, foram consideradas de boa qualidade para o consumo humano, considerando este parâmetro, por não apresentarem coliformes fecais em 100 mL de água, segundo a Portaria MS 518 de 25/103/2004. Quanto aos Padrões de Balneabilidade, segundo a Resolução 357 do CONAMA de 17/03/2005, pode-se observar que nos locais investigados, somente 10% das amostras analisadas foram consideradas impróprias para banho e as 90% restantes foram consideradas satisfatórias.

ABSTRACT Water, fundamental to the existence of mankind, demands the attention of competent authorities since its contamination could become a vehicle for transmission of infectious diseases. Thus the present work aimed to investigate the presence of fecal and total coliforms in water samples taken from wells, a lake and both the margin and channel of the Tiete River, Barra Bonita Dam, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. The necessity of investigation arose by virtue of a high gastrenteritis index detected in the population that utilizes these hydric resources. The most probable number (MPN) of fecal and total coliforms was determined for 168 water samples through the method of multiple tubes. The results showed that only 42% of the samples collected in 4 wells investigated were considered of good quality for human consumption, by not presenting fecal coliforms in 100 mL of water, according to Decree Nº 518 de 25/103/2004. Regarding suitability for bathing/recreational use, according to CONAMA Resolution 357 of 17/03/2005, it was observed that in the locations investigated, only 10% of the samples analyzed were considered inappropriate for bathing and 90% of the remainder were considered satisfactory.

A transient experimental analysis of a three-phase descendent-cocurrent trickle-bed H2O/CH4-Ar/g -Al2O3 system was made using the stimulus-response technique, with the gas phase as a reference. Methane was used as a tracer and injected into the argon feed and the concentration vs time profiles were obtained at the entrance and exit of the bed, which were maintained at 298K and 1.013 10(5) Pa. A mathematical model for the tracer was developed to estimate the axial dispersion overall gas-liquid mass transfer and liquid-solid mass transfer coefficients. Experimental and theoretical results were compared and shown to be in good agreement. The model was validated by two additional experiments, and the values of the coefficients obtained above were confirmed.

The effects of gas-solid interaction and mass transfer in fixed-bed systems of supported catalysts were analyzed for g -Al2O3 (support) and Cu/g -Al2O3 (catalyst) systems. Evaluations of the mass transfer coefficients in the macropores and of the diffusivity in the micropores, as formed by the crystallite agglomerates of the metallic phases, were obtained. Dynamic experiments with gaseous tracers permitted the quantification of the parameters based on models for these two pore structures. With a flow in a range of 18 cm³ s-1 to 39.98 cm³ s-1 at 45ºC, 65ºC and 100ºC, mass transfer coefficients k m =4.33x10-4 m s-1 to 7.38x10-4 m s-1 for macropore structures and diffusivities Dm =1.29x10-11 m² s-1 to 5.35x10-11 m² s-1 for micropore structures were estimated