The aim of this study was to determine the chemical variability of Allamanda cathartica flowers collected in different localities of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Extractive solutions (25 samples) were analyzed by HPLC-DAD for the qualitative and quantitative profiles of the iridoid plumieride, the flavonoid rutin as well as total flavonoid content expressed in rutin. The chemical variability was evaluated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA). The samples demonstrated similar chromatographic profiles. In PCA analysis, Araquari samples AC01, AC08 and AC25 did not group with other samples obtained from other locations. In the HCA analysis, it was possible to observe hierarchially similar groups, generating 5 clusters. Group 5 (samples AC01, AC08 and AC25) presented lower similarity compared to the other groups. This dissimilarity can be explained by the amount of metabolites from each collection. Regarding the content of markers, it was observed a variation between 27 to 230 mg/g, 2.7 to 9.5 mg/g and 7.14 to 17.8 mg/g for plumieride, rutin, and total flavonoids, respectively. The samples from Araquari (AC01, AC08, AC25) presented the highest concentrations of chemical markers. Therefore, for reproducibility and standardization of A. cathartica flower extracts, it is important to determine the location and the plant cultivation conditions.

RESUMO A adubação nitrogenada e potássica e a avaliação adequada do estado nutricional são imprescindíveis para o aumento da produção de frutos de maracujá, no entanto, são consideradas escassas no Brasil informações literárias relacionadas à caracterização dos teores e acúmulos foliares de nutrientes em maracujazeiros com distintas capacidades produtivas. Objetivou-se avaliar os teores e acúmulos foliares de macronutrientes em partes distintas do ramo frutífero de cultivares de maracujazeiro azedo submetidos à adubação com N e K. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, no esquema fatorial 4 × 6, consistindo de quatro cultivares de maracujazeiro azedo (BRS Gigante Amarelo, IAC 275, BRS Ouro Vermelho e BRS Sol do Cerrado) e seis doses de N-K2O (0-0, 50-125, 100-250, 150-375, 200-500 e 250-625 kg ha-1 ano-1). Foram adotados dois métodos de amostragem foliar (folha localizada na posição adjacente ao fruto e folha localizada no final do ramo frutífero) para a avaliação nutricional. A maior produção de massa de matéria seca implicou em maiores acúmulos médios de macronutrientes nas folhas adjacentes das cultivares de maracujazeiro. O aumento das adubações com N-K inibiu o acúmulo de Ca e Mg nas folhas adjacentes ao fruto para as cultivares Gigante Amarelo, IAC e Ouro Vermelho, mas não alteraram o acúmulo de Ca e Mg na folha localizada no final do ramo frutífero. As cultivares de maracujazeiro apresentaram distintos acúmulos foliares de macronutrientes após a adubação com N-K, indicando a presença de demanda nutricional variável e necessidade de elaboração de métodos de diagnose específicos para cada cultivar.

ABSTRACT Nitrogen and potassium fertilization and assessment of adequate nutritional status are essential for increasing fruit production of passion fruit. However, studies related to characterization of the leaf nutrient concentration and content in passion fruit with different production capacities are scarce in the literature in Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate macronutrient leaf concentration and content in different parts of the reproductive shoot of yellow passion fruit subjected to different ratios of N and K fertilization. The study was conducted in a randomized block design, with three replications, following a 4 x 6 factorial arrangement consisting of four cultivars of yellow passion fruit (BRS Gigante Amarelo, IAC 275, BRS Ouro Vermelho, and BRS Sol do Cerrado) and six application rates of N-K2O fertilizer (0-0, 50-125, 100-250, 150-375, 200-500, and 250-625 kg ha-1 year-1). Two leaf sampling methods were adopted (leaf located at a position adjacent to the fruit, and leaf located at the end of the reproductive branch) for nutritional assessment. The leaf located at the adjacent position had lower N, P, K, Mg, and S concentration and higher Ca concentration than the concentrations observed in the standard leaf. However, the higher leaf dry matter in adjacent leaves resulted in increased macronutrient concentration/content. The increase in N-K fertilizations inhibited Ca and Mg content in the leaves adjacent to the fruit of the Gigante Amarelo, IAC, and Ouro Vermelho passion fruit cultivars, but did not affect Ca and Mg content in the standard leaf. The passion fruit cultivars showed different leaf nutrient contents after N-K fertilization, indicating variable nutritional demands and the need for specific diagnostic methods for each cultivar.

RESUMO Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, determinar o crescimento e o acúmulo de macronutrientes de duas cultivares de abacaxi submetido a diferentes concentrações de alumínio; para isto foi realizado um estudo com vasos de plástico contendo quatro litros de solução nutritiva e utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 sendo duas cultivares de abacaxi (IAC Fantástico e Vitória) cinco concentrações de alumínio (0, 21,6; 43,2; 64,8 e 86,4 mg de Al planta-1) e quatro repetições. Foram avaliados o comprimento de raiz, a matéria seca da raiz, o talo e as folhas, diâmetro do talo, emissão de folhas, teor de clorofila e acúmulo de macronutrientes aos 60 dias após os tratamentos. A cv. Vitória apresentou decréscimo linear no teor de clorofila, matéria seca de raízes, comprimento da raiz e acúmulo de N, P, K, Ca e Mg, na maioria dos componentes da planta promovidos pelo aumento da concentração de Al na solução nutritiva. A cv. IAC Fantástico teve menor massa de matéria seca total, matéria seca do talo, diâmetro do talo e acúmulo de N, Ca e Mg; no entanto, as características avaliadas não foram influenciadas pelo aumento da concentração de Al indicando maior tolerância desta cultivar ao Al em solução nutritiva.

ABSTRACT The objective was to determine the growth and accumulation of macronutrients of two pineapple cultivars submitted to different concentrations of aluminum (Al). For this, a study was conducted in plastic pots containing 4 L of nutrient solution, in a randomized block design, in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to two pineapple cultivars (‘IAC Fantástico’ and ‘Vitória’) and five Al concentrations (0, 21.6, 43.2, 64.8 and 86.4 mg of Al plant-1), with four replicates. The following variables were evaluated: root length, dry matter of root, stem and leaf, stem diameter, number of leaves, chlorophyll content and accumulation of macronutrients at 60 days after treatment. The cv. ‘Vitória’ showed a linear decrease in chlorophyll content, root dry matter, root length and accumulation of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in most plant components promoted by the increase of Al concentration in the nutrient solution. The cv. ‘IAC Fantástico’ had lower total dry matter, stem dry matter, stem diameter and accumulation of N, Ca and Mg. However, the evaluated characteristics were not influenced by the increase of Al concentration, showing greater tolerance of this cultivar to Al in nutrient solution.

Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar a eficácia in vitro de desinfetantes comerciais utilizados no pré e pós- -dipping, frente a Staphylococcus spp. isolados do leite de vacas procedentes de propriedades leiteiras do Agreste e Zona da Mata do Estado de Alagoas. Foram utilizados iodo (0,57%), clorexidine (2,0%), cloro (2,5%) e composto de amônio quaternário (4,0%), nas concentrações indicadas, como desinfetantes comerciais usados convencionalmente no pré e pós-dipping. Analisou-se um total de 97 isolados de Staphylococcus spp. identificados como S. aureus (16), Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (7) e Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (74). Os desinfetantes foram avaliados em três tempos distintos (15", 30" e 60"). Observou-se que 56,3% de Staphylococcus aureus foram sensíveis ao iodo, 68,8% sensíveis ao cloro, 87,5% à clorexidine e 37,5% ao composto de amônia no tempo de 60". Quanto aos Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (SCP), 100% dos isolados foram resistentes ao clorexidine, 85,7% ao composto de amônio, 57,1% ao cloro, e 42,9 resistentes ao iodo no tempo de 60". Em relação aos Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCN) foi observado 91,9% de sensibilidade ao clorexidine, 70,3% sensíveis ao cloro, 66,2% ao iodo e 24,3% sensíveis ao composto de amônio no tempo de 60". Conclui-se com esse estudo que a maior atividade desinfetante in vitro foi verificada para clorexidine e cloro frente aos S. aureus, iodo e cloro para os SCP e clorexidine e cloro para os SCN. Devido às variações no perfil de sensibilidade e resistência encontradas, é necessária a avaliação regular da eficiência dos desinfetantes usados nas propriedades, com o intuito de observar a eficácia do produto e assim garantir o controle da mastite no rebanho.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of commercial disinfectants used in pre- and post-dipping, against Staphylococcus spp. isolated from milk originating from dairy cattle farms in the Wasteland and Forest Zone of Alagoas, Brazil. We used iodine (0.57%), chlorhexidine (2.0%), chlorine (2.5%) and quaternary ammonium compound (4.0%) at concentrations indicated, conventionally used as commercial disinfectants before and after dipping. We analyzed a total of 97 isolates of Staphylococcus spp. identified as S. aureus (16), coagulase positive Staphylococcus (7) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (74). The disinfectants were evaluated at three different times (15", 30" and 60"). We found that 56.3% of Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to iodine, 68.8% to chlorine, 87.5% to chlorhexidine, and 37.5% to the compound of ammonia, in time 60". As for coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS), 100% of the isolates was resistant to chlorhexidine, 85.7% to the ammonia compound, 57.1% to chlorine, and 42.9% iodine, in time 60". Regarding coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS), 91.9% was sensitive to chlorhexidine, 70.3% to chlorine, 66.2% to iodine, and 24.3% the ammonium compound, at time 60". It is concluded from this study that the greatest disinfectant activity in vitro was with chlorhexidine and chlorine for S. aureus, with iodine and chlorine for SCP, and with chloride and chlorhexidine for SCN. Due to variations in the sensitivity and resistance profile found, it is necessary for regular assessments of the effectiveness of disinfectants used on the farms, to observe the effectiveness of the product and thus ensure the control of mastitis in the herd.