Resumo A propagação vegetal por meio de sementes pode ser uma fonte de transmissão de doenças, por isso, a utilização de métodos de tratamento de sementes é de grande importância. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o potencial fisiológico e sanitário de diferentes lotes de sementes de alface submetidas a vários tratamentos físicos. O delineamento experimental em blocos aleatórios incluiu a termoterapia e a exposição ao gás ozono durante 100 e 200 minutos para avaliar os índices de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento, massa seca, emergência total, índice de velocidade de emergência, e sanidade (Blotter- test). A termoterapia aumentou a percentagem de germinação de sementes de alface e acelerou a formação de plântulas normais com maior massa seca de parte aérea e raízes. Ambos tratamentos com ozono aceleraram a velocidade de germinação e formação de raízes. A exposição ao ozono durante 200 minutos aumentou a massa seca da parte aérea de plântulas. O tratamento térmico foi eficiente no controle do fungo Alternaria sp., entretanto favoreceu o desenvolvimento de Aspergillus sp.

Abstract Plant propagation through seeds can be a source of disease transmission, so the use of seed treatment methods is of paramount importance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological and sanitary potential of different batches of lettuce seeds submitted to physical treatment methods. Thermotherapy and exposure to ozone gas were tested for 100 and 200 minutes. The efficiency and level of physiological damage caused by the treatments were evaluated by germination, accelerated aging, length, dry mass, total emergence, emergency speed index (LVI), and health (Blotter test) tests. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications, and the results submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5% probability. Thermotherapy increased lettuce seed germination and accelerated the formation of normal seedlings with higher dry mass of shoots and roots. Both ozone treatments accelerated germination speed and root formation. Exposure to ozone for 200 minutes increased the shoot dry mass. The heat treatment was efficient in the control of Alternaria sp. Fungus, however favored the development of Aspergillus sp.

RESUMO Existem entre os componentes da inflorescência da aveia diferentes magnitudes de contribuição de expressão da produtividade de grãos e industrial pelo estímulo do nitrogênio; deste modo, propôs-se dimensionar e interpretar a contribuição e a dinâmica de relações dos componentes da inflorescência da aveia com a produtividade de grãos e industrial pelo estímulo do fertilizante nitrogenado, particionando os valores de correlação em efeitos diretos e indiretos por diagnóstico de trilha, fortalecido pela análise conjunta de distintos anos agrícolas. O estudo foi conduzido de 2011 a 2016, no município de Augusto Pestana, RS, em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 para doses de nitrogênio (0, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1) e cultivares de aveia (Barbarasul e Brisasul) em sistema soja/aveia e milho/aveia. No sistema soja/aveia, a massa e o número de espiguetas da panícula e a massa de grãos da panícula, detém maior contribuição em promover alterações pelo incremento do nitrogênio. No sistema milho/aveia, as variáveis com maior contribuição são, a massa e o número de espiguetas da panícula. O acréscimo da massa de grãos da panícula e do índice de colheita da panícula incrementam a produtividade de grãos, porém, juntamente com o número de grãos da panícula, reduzem a produtividade industrial, independente do sistema de cultivo.

ABSTRACT Among oat inflorescence components there are different magnitudes of contribution to expression of grain and industrial productivity by nitrogen stimulation. Thus, it was proposed to size and interpret the contribution and dynamics of the relationships of oat inflorescence components with grain and industrial yield by N-fertilizer stimulation, partitioning correlation values into direct and indirect effects by path diagnosis, strengthened by the joint analysis of different agricultural years. The study was carried out from 2011 to 2016, in the municipality of Augusto Pestana, RS, Brazil, in a randomized block design with four repetitions in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme for nitrogen doses (0, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1), using oat cultivars (Barbarasul and Brisasul) in soybean/oat and corn/oat systems. In the soybean/oat system, the mass and the number of panicle spikelets and the mass of panicle grains, contributed more to promoting changes by the increase of nitrogen. In the corn/oat system, the variables with the highest contribution are the mass and the number of panicle spikelets. The increase in panicle grain mass and in panicle harvest index increases grain yield, however, together with the number of panicle grains, they reduce industrial productivity, regardless of the cultivation system.

RESUMO Córregos tropicais apresentam alta variedade de hábitats e gradientes ambientais, que refletem na maior riqueza de insetos aquáticos. Dessa forma, avaliamos se a diversidade de insetos aquáticos das categorias presa e predador é influenciada pelo tipo de substratos ou por porções longitudinais em córregos de Cerrado. Nossa hipótese é que a diversidade de presa e predador será determinada pelo tipo de substrato, partindo do pressuposto de que o substrato serve como fonte para forrageamento e/ou refúgio. Ademais, o substrato folhiço apresentará maior abundância e riqueza devido à disponibilidade de abrigo e alimento provida por esse tipo de substrato. Haverá diferença na composição de presa e predador entre substratos, pois algumas espécies apresentam associações com o tipo de substrato. As porções do córrego não exercerão efeito sobre a diversidade de presa e predador, uma vez que, em córregos de até terceira ordem não apresenta mudanças consideráveis nas características físicas. O estudo foi realizado nas porções nascente (1ª ordem), intermediário (2ª) e foz (3ª), em dois córregos, nos períodos seco e chuvoso. Foram coletadas cinco subamostras de areia, cascalho, rochas ou matacões, folhiço de remanso, de corredeira e raízes (substrato). O substrato influenciou todas as variáveis respostas de presa e predador (abundância, riqueza e composição), porém, o ambiente (porções longitudinais) não influenciou a abundância e composição de predador. A influência de substratos para a diversidade de presas e predadores evidencia a importância da vegetação ripária como fonte de material alóctone em córregos de cabeceira.

ABSTRACT Tropical streams feature high variety of habitats and environmental gradients, which reflect on the greater richness of aquatic insects. In this way, we evaluate if the diversity of aquatic insects of prey and predator categories is influenced by the type of substrates or by longitudinal portions in Cerrado streams. Our hypothesis is that prey and predator diversity will be determined by the type of substrate, assuming that the substrate serves as a source for foraging and / or refuge. In addition, the folhiço substrate will present greater abundance and richness due to the availability of shelter and food provided by this type of substrate. There will be differences in prey and predator composition among substrates, since some species have associations with the substrate type. The portions of the stream will have no effect on the diversity of prey and predator, since in streams of up to third order does not present considerable changes in physical characteristics. The study was carried out in nascent (1st order), intermediate (2nd) and estuary (3rd), in two streams, during dry and rainy periods. Five subsamples of sand, gravel, rocks or boulders were collected, backwaters, rapids and roots (substrate). The substrate influenced all prey and predator responses (abundance, richness and composition), but the environment (longitudinal portions) did not influence the abundance and predator composition. The influence of substrates on the diversity of prey and predators evidences the importance of riparian vegetation as a source of allochthonous material in bedside streams.

ABSTRACT Stigmella schinivora van Nieukerken, 2016 was described from Cataratas de Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina, based on adults reared from Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) leaf mines. The aim of this study is to describe for the first time the external morphology of the immature stages of S. schinivora with the aid of light and scanning electron microscopy, based on mines collected on the same host plant, but in Laranjeiras do Sul, Paraná, Brazil. Data on natural history, including histology of the mines, are also provided. The larva passes through four instars, all endophytic, having chewing mouth parts and feeding on the palisade parenchyma. The first three instars are apodous and have a subcylindrical body, bearing only one pair of setae on the tenth abdominal segment; the fourth instar is eruciform, with well-developed ambulatory calli on thorax and abdomen and setae on all tagmata. A serpentine mine is constructed on the adaxial surface, progressively increasing in width during larval development. With the exception of the widened, terminal section, the mine is left filled with larval feces. The fully developed larva of last instar exits through a slit made at the distal end of the mine, building a silk cocoon on the leaf abaxial surface where pupation occurs. This is the first record of S. schinivora from Brazil, which was only known from the type locality in Argentina.

Este artigo pretende analisar a estrutura urbana da cidade do Mindelo e contribuir para uma proposta de estrutura de ordenamento para a ilha de S. Vicente. Procede-se à caracterização base da ilha de S. Vicente, dando ênfase aos fatores de localização do Mindelo, a principal aglomeração. A estrutura urbana do Mindelo é, em grande medida, o resultado dos sucessivos planos urbanísticos que condicionaram a sua evolução. Das cartas de ocupação do solo dos últimos 45 anos foi possível mapear a evolução da mancha urbana e a identificação dos seus elementos estruturantes. Da conjugação das três linhas estratégicas do diagnóstico, foram estabelecidos contributos para a elaboração de um plano de estrutura para a cidade-ilha de Mindelo-S. Vicente, destacando-se a coesão urbana, a sustentabilidade ambiental e o desenvolvimento económico.

This article intends to analyze the urban structure of the Mindelo city and make a contribution to a spatial structure for the island of S. Vicente. For this purpose, the basic characterization of the island of S. Vicente was carried out, emphasizing the factors that contributed to the location of Mindelo, as its main urban agglomeration. The urban structure of Mindelo, to a large extent, is the result of the urban plans that conditioned its evolution. Based on available planned land use maps (last 45 years) it was possible to map the evolution of the urban area and the identification of its most relevant structuring elements. Finally, from the combination of the three strategic lines of diagnosis, contributions were established for the elaboration of a structural plan for the city-island of Mindelo-S. Vicente, that ensures the urban cohesion, environmental sustainability and economic development.

ABSTRACT Background. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignancy that develops in cirrhotic livers. Its clinical and epidemiological characteristics and mortality rates vary according to geographical region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical profile, epidemiological characteristics, laboratory parameters, treatment and survival of patients with HCC. Material and methods. Patients with HCC seen between 2000 and 2012 were studied. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis according to variables in question. Results. The study included 247 patients with a mean age of 60 ± 10 years. There was a predominance of males (74%). The main etiologies of HCC were HCV infection (55%), excessive alcohol consumption (12%), and HBV infection (8%). Liver cirrhosis was present in 92% of cases. The mean tumor number and diameter were 2 and 5 cm, respectively. Patients meeting the Milan criteria corresponded to 43% of the sample. Liver transplantation was performed in 22.4% of patients of the Milan subset and in 10% of the whole sample. The overall mean survival was 60 months, with a 1-, 3- and 5-year survival probability of 74%, 40% and 29%, respectively. Lower survival was observed among patients with alcoholic etiology. Survival was higher among patients submitted to liver transplantation (P < 0.001), TACE (P < 0.001), or any kind of treatment (P < 0.001). However, no difference was found for surgical resection (P = 0.1) or sorafenib (P = 0.1). Conclusion. Patients with HCC were mainly older men diagnosed at an advanced stage. Treatment was associated with better overall survival, but few patients survived to be treated.

ABSTRACT The Neotropical micromoth genus Leurocephala Davis & Mc Kay, 2011 (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) was originally described to include only the type species, L. schinusae Davis & Mc Kay, 2011, whose leaf miner larvae are associated with Anacardiaceae in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. An integrative analysis including morphology, life history and DNA barcode sequences revealed that specimens collected on Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) in the coastal valleys of the Atacama Desert of northern Chile belong to a second species of this formerly monotypic genus. Adults of Leurocephala chilensis Vargas & Moreira sp. nov. are herein described and illustrated in association with the immature stages and life history, and corresponding phylogenetic relationships are assessed based on DNA barcode sequences. This finding provides the first record of Leurocephala from west of the Andes Range, expanding remarkably its geographic range. It is suggested that the extent of diversity within Leurocephala is much greater and that variation in geographic factors and host plant use may have modeled it, an evolutionary hypothesis that should be assessed in further studies.

Abstract Residual stresses are present in materials or structural component in the absence of external loads or changes in temperatures. The most common causes of residual stresses being present are the manufacturing or assembling processes. All manufacturing processes, such as casting, welding, machining, moulding, heat treatment, etc, introduces residual stresses into the manufactured object. The residual stresses effects could be beneficial or detrimental, depending on its distribution related to the component or structure, its load service and if they are compressive or tensile. In order to do the studies of residual stresses inside pipes, where the fatigue cracks normally initiate, an equipment that allows applying the Hole-Drilling Method was developed. The equipment efficacy was confirmed in this work by using it to detect residual strains inside a Mock-up that simulates the relief and security nozzle of Angra 1 Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) pressuriser.

RESUMO A biologia e morfologia de estágios imaturos de Heliconius sara apseudes (Hübner, [1813]) ainda são pouco conhecidos. Características da morfologia externa dos ovos, larvas e pupa de H. sara apseudes são descritas e ilustradas, utilizando-se microscopias óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Ovos com carenas lisas, larvas de primeiro instar com cerdas contendo projeções escamiformes e larvas do segundo ao quinto instares com corpo apresentando pináculas dispersas são características distintivas de H. sara apseudes em relação às demais espécies de heliconíneos.

ABSTRACT The biology and morphology of the immature stages of Heliconius sara apseudes (Hübner, [1813]) are still little known. External features of the egg, larvae and pupa of H. sara apseudes are described and illustrated, based upon light and scanning electron microscopy. Eggs with smooth carina, first instar larva with scaly setae, and body of second to fifth instars covered with scattered pinnacles distinguish H. sara apseudes from other heliconiine species.

Octocrylene (2-ethylhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2-propenoate) is present in several sunscreens and is known to work synergistically with UV filters. We prepared eight octocrylene-related compounds to test their photoprotective activities by measuring diffuse transmittance. The compounds had varied photoprotection profiles, with Sun Protection Factors (SPF) ranging from 1 to 5 and UVA Protection Factors (UVAPF) ranging from 1 to 8. Compounds 4, 5, and 7 showed the best protection against UVB sunrays, while compounds 5, 6, and 7 presented the best results for protection from UVA, so compound 7 had the most balanced protection overall. Results for compounds 4, 8, and 9 are reported for the first time in the literature.

Com o presente trabalho, objetivou-se descrever os sintomas de deficiência de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), enxofre (S) e avaliar o efeito da omissão desses nutrientes na composição mineral das folhas de mudas de sangra d'água (Croton urucurana). O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação, em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e sete tratamentos, empregando-se a técnica da diagnose por subtração. Foram observados os sintomas das deficiências e medidos os parâmetros biométricos, a produção de matéria seca e determinados os teores foliares. A omissão dos macronutrientes resultou em alterações morfológicas traduzidas em anormalidades visíveis, sendo que, os primeiros sintomas surgiram nos tratamentos com omissão de N, K, Ca e Mg, seguindo-se os tratamentos com omissão de P e S. A omissão de N, Ca e Mg provocou a maior redução no desenvolvimento em altura, no diâmetro do caule e no número de folhas e ramos. A produção de biomassa das mudas mostrou-se pouco influenciada pelos tratamentos, não apresentando diferença significativa na produção de matéria seca.

This study had the objectives of inducing and describing deficiency symptoms of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur, and evaluating the effect of nutrient omission on the foliar mineral composition of "sangra d'água" (Croton urucurana) young plants. The experiment was carried out in a green house and used the technique of diagnosis by subtraction. The experimental design was of randomized blocks, with seven treatments and three replicates. Macronutrient omission led to morphological alterations expressed by visual symptoms being the first symptons occurring on the treatments with omission of N, K, Ca and Mg treatments, and later on the treatments with omission of P and S. Growth parameters, namely height, diameter, number of leaves and of branches were affected by the treatments with omission of N, Ca and Mg. Dry matter yield was not significantly decreased by the omission of macronutrients.

As estruturas externas do ovo, larva e pupa de Dryadula phaetusa (Linnaeus, 1758) são descritas e ilustradas, baseadas em microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura.

The external features of egg, larva and pupa of Dryadula phaetusa (Linnaeus, 1758) are described and illustrated, based upon light and scanning electron microscopy.

O ciclo de vida e a distribuição sazonal de uma população tropical de Eneoptera surinamensis (De Geer, 1773) foram analisados com o objetivo de verificar se o ciclo dessa espécie tem associação com as estações secas e úmidas. A população analisada encontra-se na Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Aluvial, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brasil (25º27'54.9'' S; 54º34'27.9'' W), a qual apresenta clima mesótermico brando superúmido sem seca. As observações em campo foram realizadas em intervalos de 20 a 24 dias, sendo que a primeira observação ocorreu no dia 30/04/2002 e a última em 25/04/2003. Verificou-se que a espécie estudada é univoltina e cíclica em relação às estações secas e úmidas, sendo dessa forma heterodinâmica, sobrevivendo à estação seca como adultos.

The life cycle and seasonal distribution of a tropical population of Eneoptera surinamensis (De Geer, 1773) were analyzed aiming to verify whether this species life cycle is associated to the wet and dry seasons. The population studied was found at the Seasonal Alluvial Semi-deciduous Forest, Foz de Iguaçu, PR, Brazil (25º27'54.9'' S; 54º34'27.9'' W), which presents mild mesothermal and super humid climate. Field observations were made at 20- to 24-day intervals, with the first observation occurring on April 30th, 2002 and the last on April 25th, 2003. It was verified that the studied species is univoltine and cyclic with regards to the dry and wet seasons, therefore being heterodynamic and surviving the dry season as adult.

As estruturas externas do ovo, larva e pupa de Agraulis vanillae maculosa (Stichel, [1908]) são descritas e ilustradas, baseadas em microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura.

The external features of egg, larva and pupa of Agraulis vanillae maculosa (Stichel, [1908]) are described and illustrated, based upon light and scanning electron microscopy.