Abstract Background Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a frequent cause of young-onset dementia and represents a major challenge for the diagnosis and clinical management. It is essential to evaluate the difficulties faced by physicians on the diagnostic workup and on patient care. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the current practices and the local limits on the diagnosis and management of FTD in Brazil. Methods We elaborated an online survey, composed of 29 questions and divided in four parts, comprising questions about existing health facilities, clinical practices related to FTD, and suggestions to increment the national research on FTD. The invitation to participate was sent by email to all neurologists affiliated to the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (n = 3658), and to all physicians who attended the XII Meeting of Researchers on Alzheimer's disease, in 2019 (n = 187). The invitation was also diffused through social media. Results 256 Brazilian physicians answered the questionnaire. The three most relevant disorders for the differential diagnosis of FTD were Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n = 211), bipolar disorder (n = 117) and dementia with Lewy bodies (n = 92). Most respondents (125/256) reported the difficulty in performing genetic testing as the main limit in the diagnostic of FTD. 93% and 63% of participants considered that the assessment of social cognition and AD CSF biomarkers are useful for the diagnosis of FTD, respectively. Conclusions The present study may provide valuable insights for the medical education and clinical training of physicians, and to foster future research on FTD in Brazil.

Resumo Antecedentes A demência frontotemporal (DFT) é causa frequente de demência pré-senil e representa um desafio em termos de diagnóstico e de manejo clínico. É essencial avaliar as dificuldades existentes na propedêutica e nos cuidados médicos. Objetivo Investigar as práticas médicas e as dificuldades para diagnóstico e manejo da DFT no Brasil. Métodos Elaborou-se um questionário online, composto de 29 questões, divididas em quatro partes, com perguntas sobre infraestrutura existente, práticas clínicas relacionadas à DFT e sugestões para desenvolver a pesquisa nacional na área. O convite para participação foi enviado por e-mail a todos neurologistas afiliados à Academia Brasileira de Neurologia (n = 3658), e aos médicos que participaram da XII Reunião de Pesquisadores de Doença de Alzheimer, em 2019 (n = 187). O convite também foi divulgado através de mídias sociais. Resultados 256 médicos brasileiros responderam o questionário. Os três principais diagnósticos diferenciais de DFT foram doença de Alzheimer (n = 211), transtorno bipolar (n = 117) e demência com corpos de Lewy (n = 92). A maior parte dos respondedores (125/256) apontou a dificuldade em realizar testagem genética como o maior limite no diagnóstico de DFT. 93% e 63% dos respondedores indicaram que a avaliação de cognição social e o uso de biomarcadores liquóricos de doença de Alzheimer são úteis no diagnóstico de DFT, respectivamente. Conclusões Estes resultados devem ser considerados na educação e treinamento médicos, e no desenvolvimento da pesquisa brasileira em DFT.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides for controlling anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) on peach palm (Bactris gasipaesvar.gasipaes) seedlings in nursery beds and in newly planted peach palms in the field. The nursery experiment included two fungicide combinations: [thiophanate-methyl + chlorothalonil (TM + C) and pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole (P + E)], three application intervals (7, 14, and 21 days), and an additional nontreated control. The two field experiments with newly planted peach palms tested the fungicide combinations TM + C at 15-day intervals for 12 months after transplanting, comparing to the control without fungicide application. The severity of anthracnose was assessed, and it was used for calculating the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The fungicides TM + C and E + P applied at 7-days intervals were effective in the control of anthracnose in peach palm seedlings, resulting in the lowest severities and AUDPC. The fungicide TM + C reduced the maximum disease severity and AUDPC under field conditions. However, differences in the final severity of anthracnose and stem diameter were not significant compared to the control. Therefore, the use of fungicides for control of anthracnose in the field is not necessary.

Abatsract Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important nosocomial pathogen and its clinical importance is mainly related to nosocomial infections. Increased rates of bacterial resistance in recent years has led WHO to publish a global priority list to guide research and discovery of new antibiotics, where P. aeruginosa is among the group of bacteria for which there is a critical level of priority for new drugs to be discovered. In this context, isoeugenol appears as an interesting alternative and the objective of this study was to investigate its action against P. aeruginosa. Isoeugenol presented significant antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 64µg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 128µg/mL, and was considered bactericidal against this species. Molecular docking revealed interactions that suggest that isoeugenol may bind to the enzyme Penicillin-Binding Protein 3 and interfere with the bacterial cell wall synthesis process. This study reinforces the antibacterial potential of this compound and emphasizes that more studies are needed in order to better investigate its mechanism of antibacterial action.

Resumo Objetivos: determinar a frequência e os fatores associados aos sinais e sintomas de estresse, ansiedade e depressão grave/extremos em pacientes diabéticos durante a pandemia pela COVID-19. Métodos: realizou-se estudo de corte transversal em abril/maio de 2020 que incluiu 162 indivíduos com diabetes mellitus e maiores de 18 anos. Aplicou-se um questionário online divulgado nas mídias sociais, sendo composto por características biológicas, sociodemográ-ficas, clínicas e a Escala de Estresse, Ansiedade e Depressão (DASS-21). Para análise estatística foi aplicado modelo de regressão logística multivariado com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: encontrou-se frequência de 37,7%, 43,3% e 45,1% para qualquer sinal e sintoma de estresse, ansiedade e depressão, respectivamente. Os fatores associados a sinais e sintomas psíquicos graves/extremos foram: não ter religião (estresse, ansiedade e depressão); estar na graduação (estresse e ansiedade);antecedente de ansiedade e/ou depressão (ansiedade e depressão); não realizar ou ter diminuído exercícios físicos, iniciado, aumentado ou mantido medicações para dormir (estresse); história de contato com caso suspeito da COVID-19; ausência ou diminuição de lazer (ansiedade) e sexo feminino, ausência de companheiro, diminuição da renda familiar e do trabalho ou estudo (depressão). Conclusão: a frequência de transtornos psíquicos foi maior que a descrita na literatura em pacientes diabéticos, sendo associada a fatores biológicos, sociodemográficos, clínicos e aspectos relacionados à COVID-19 durante a pandemia.

Abstract Objectives: to determine the frequency and factors associated with severe / extreme signs and symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression in diabetic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted in April /May 2020, which included 162 individuals with diabetes mellitus and over 18 years old. An online questionnaire was applied on social networks, composed of biological, sociodemographic, clinical characteristics and the Stress, Anxiety and Depression Scale (DASS-21). For statistical analysis, a multivariate logistic regression model was applied with a 5% significance level. Results: frequency of 37.7%, 43.3% and 45.1% were found for some symptom of stress, anxiety and depression, respectively. The factors associated with sign and symptoms of severe / extreme psychic disorders were: not having religion (stress, anxiety and depression); be at graduation (stress and anxiety); history of anxiety and depression (anxiety and depression); not practicing or decreasing physical exercises and starting, increased or continue taking sleeping medications (stress); history of contact with a suspected case of COVID-19, absence or decreased leisure (anxiety); female gender, absence of a partner, decreased family income and work or study (depression). Conclusion: the frequency of psychological disorders was higher than described in the literature on diabetic patients, being associated with biological, sociodemographic, clinical factors and aspects related to COVID-19 during the pandemic

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of clinical signs and symptoms of severe/extreme stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as their associated factors, among Brazilians during social distancing. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study conducted in April/May 2020 with 3,200 Brazilians over 18 years old. Respondents’ sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using an online questionnaire, which also included the 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to assess emotional symptoms. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression models with robust variance. RESULTS Our results show the prevalence of severe/extreme stress was 21.5%, anxiety 19.4%, and depression 21.5%. In the final model, sociodemographic, clinical, and Covid-19-related factors were associated with severe/extreme stress, anxiety, and depression in Brazilians during social distancing due to the Covid-19 pandemic. We found the main factors associated with severe/extreme depression to be young women, brown, single, not religious, sedentary, presenting reduced leisure activities, history of anxiety and depression, increased medication use, and Covid-19 symptoms. CONCLUSION This study may help develop and systematically plan measures aimed to prevent, early identify, and properly manage clinical signs and symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression during the Covid-19 pandemic.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of clinical signs and symptoms of severe/extreme stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as their associated factors, among Brazilians during social distancing. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study conducted in April/May 2020 with 3,200 Brazilians over 18 years old. Respondents’ sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using an online questionnaire, which also included the 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to assess emotional symptoms. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression models with robust variance. RESULTS Our results show the prevalence of severe/extreme stress was 21.5%, anxiety 19.4%, and depression 21.5%. In the final model, sociodemographic, clinical, and Covid-19-related factors were associated with severe/extreme stress, anxiety, and depression in Brazilians during social distancing due to the Covid-19 pandemic. We found the main factors associated with severe/extreme depression to be young women, brown, single, not religious, sedentary, presenting reduced leisure activities, history of anxiety and depression, increased medication use, and Covid-19 symptoms. CONCLUSION This study may help develop and systematically plan measures aimed to prevent, early identify, and properly manage clinical signs and symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression during the Covid-19 pandemic.

As metodologias ativas (MA), apoiadas em abordagens construtivistas de educação, são importantes ferramentas que permitem tecer redes de formação individual e coletiva. O objetivo deste artigo foi relatar a vivência do uso de MA e do webfólio como ferramentas de formação construtivista em saúde, visando contribuir como dispositivo educativo para o ensino da Deontologia Farmacêutica. Trata-se de um relato de experiência entre educador e educandos do curso de Farmácia. As MA foram: Acolhimento: o colar diversidade; Deontocinéfilos: viagem educacional e formação construtivista; “Quero olhar pelo seu olhar”: compartilhamento dos significados percebidos; Plenária ética simulada: construção da ética profissional farmacêutica; e Uso de mapas conceituais. A utilização desses dispositivos de aprendizagem permitiu a materialização do conteúdo ministrado, a aquisição de competências e, dessa maneira, tornou mais fácil compreender o sentido das práticas sanitárias e, consequentemente, sua aplicabilidade na vida profissional.

Active education methodologies supported by constructivist education approaches are important tools that enable to build individual and collective education networks. The objective of this article was to report the experience of using active learning methodologies and a webfolio with constructivist health education tools to assist teaching in Pharmaceutical Deontology. It is a teacher-student experience report of the Pharmacology course. The active methodologies were: Embracement: the diversity necklace; Deontocinephile: educational trip and constructivist education; “I want to look through your eyes”: Sharing perceived meanings; Mock ethical plenary: building a professional pharmaceutical ethics; Using conceptual maps. These learning devices helped materialize the content and develop competencies, being easier to understand the sanitary practices’ meaning and their applicability in professional life.

Las metodologías activas (MA), apoyadas en abordajes constructivistas de educación, son importantes herramientas que permiten tejer redes de formación individual y colectiva. El objetivo de este artículo fue relatar la vivencia del uso de MA y del webfólio como herramientas de formación constructivista en salud, buscando contribuir como dispositivo educativo para la enseñanza de la deontología farmacéutica. Se trata de un relato de experiencia entre educador y educandos del curso de farmacia. Las MA fueron: Acogida: el collar diversidad; Deontocinéfilos: Viaje educativo y formación constructivista; “Quiero mirar por su mirada”: Compartición de los significados percibidos; Plenaria ética simulada: construcción de la ética profesional farmacéutica; Uso de mapas conceptuales. La utilización de esos dispositivos de aprendizaje permitió la materialización del contenido dictado y la adquisición de competencias y, de tal forma, se hizo más fácil comprender el sentido de las prácticas sanitarias y, por lo tanto, su aplicabilidad en la vida profesional.

As metodologias ativas (MA), apoiadas em abordagens construtivistas de educação, são importantes ferramentas que permitem tecer redes de formação individual e coletiva. O objetivo deste artigo foi relatar a vivência do uso de MA e do webfólio como ferramentas de formação construtivista em saúde, visando contribuir como dispositivo educativo para o ensino da Deontologia Farmacêutica. Trata-se de um relato de experiência entre educador e educandos do curso de Farmácia. As MA foram: Acolhimento: o colar diversidade; Deontocinéfilos: viagem educacional e formação construtivista; “Quero olhar pelo seu olhar”: compartilhamento dos significados percebidos; Plenária ética simulada: construção da ética profissional farmacêutica; e Uso de mapas conceituais. A utilização desses dispositivos de aprendizagem permitiu a materialização do conteúdo ministrado, a aquisição de competências e, dessa maneira, tornou mais fácil compreender o sentido das práticas sanitárias e, consequentemente, sua aplicabilidade na vida profissional.

Active education methodologies supported by constructivist education approaches are important tools that enable to build individual and collective education networks. The objective of this article was to report the experience of using active learning methodologies and a webfolio with constructivist health education tools to assist teaching in Pharmaceutical Deontology. It is a teacher-student experience report of the Pharmacology course. The active methodologies were: Embracement: the diversity necklace; Deontocinephile: educational trip and constructivist education; “I want to look through your eyes”: Sharing perceived meanings; Mock ethical plenary: building a professional pharmaceutical ethics; Using conceptual maps. These learning devices helped materialize the content and develop competencies, being easier to understand the sanitary practices’ meaning and their applicability in professional life.

Las metodologías activas (MA), apoyadas en abordajes constructivistas de educación, son importantes herramientas que permiten tejer redes de formación individual y colectiva. El objetivo de este artículo fue relatar la vivencia del uso de MA y del webfólio como herramientas de formación constructivista en salud, buscando contribuir como dispositivo educativo para la enseñanza de la deontología farmacéutica. Se trata de un relato de experiencia entre educador y educandos del curso de farmacia. Las MA fueron: Acogida: el collar diversidad; Deontocinéfilos: Viaje educativo y formación constructivista; “Quiero mirar por su mirada”: Compartición de los significados percibidos; Plenaria ética simulada: construcción de la ética profesional farmacéutica; Uso de mapas conceptuales. La utilización de esos dispositivos de aprendizaje permitió la materialización del contenido dictado y la adquisición de competencias y, de tal forma, se hizo más fácil comprender el sentido de las prácticas sanitarias y, por lo tanto, su aplicabilidad en la vida profesional.

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the in vitro antagonistic activity of Trichoderma sp. isolates against Fusarium subglutinans and evaluates the effect of the pine seeds treatment with Trichoderma sp. on the incidence of root rot. Twelve Trichoderma sp. isolates and two F. subglutinans isolates were included in the study. Trichoderma sp. inhibited F. subglutinans mycelial growth through direct contact with hyphae and the production of volatile antifungal compounds. Pine seeds treatment with the antagonist Trichoderma sp. reduced the incidence of root rot, increased the emergence and initial growth in the height of seedlings, and improved seedling health.

RESUMO Objetivou-se determinar o perfil de excreção de resíduos de albendazole e ivermectina em leite de cabras submetidas a tratamento antiparasitário. Vinte e quatro cabras sem padrão racial definido (SPRD), lactantes, pluríparas, criadas extensivamente em pastagem nativa foram tratadas com albendazole ou ivermectina, via oral. As amostras de leite foram coletadas antes e após a aplicação dos vermífugos, nos dias 0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 para Albendazole e 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 para ivermectina. Os resíduos dos vermífugos foram determinados por meio de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector ultravioleta. A quantidade de resíduos presentes no leite foi decrescente em função do tempo. As taxas medias diárias de decréscimo dos resíduos de albendazole foram 63,34%, 40,18 e 100,0%, do 2° ao 4° dia, respectivamente; no 3° dia após o tratamento, 50% das amostras apresentaram concentrações ≥ 47,61 μg.mL-1 e no 4° dia, nenhuma amostra apresentou resíduo de albendazole. Os teores excretados de ivermectina foram similares entre o 3° e 21° dia, quando todas as amostras apresentaram valores ≥ 51,90 μg.mL-1; no 35° dia, 50% das amostras apresentavam valores acima nos níveis recomendáveis; no 42° dia, nenhuma amostra apresentou resíduo detectável de ivermectina. Conclui-se que o leite de cabras SPRD tratadas oralmente com albendazole ou ivermectina não apresenta seus respectivos resíduos em quantidades detectáveis a partir do 4° e 42° dias, respectivamente, após tratamento antiparasitário.

SUMMARY Theaimthis study was to determine the excretion profile of albendazole and ivermectin residues in milk from goats submitted to antiparasitic treatment. Twenty-four Brazilianmongrel lactating and pluriparous goats, maintained extensively on native pasture were orally treatedwith albendazole or ivermectin. Milk samples were collected before and after vermifuges application, in the days 0, 2, 3 e 4 to albendazole and 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 to ivermectin. The vermifuges residues were detected by high performance liquid cromatography with ultravioletdetector. The amount of residues contained in themilk was decreasing in function of time. The mean daily rates of decrease of albendazole residues were 63.34%, 40.18 and 100.0%, from the 2ndto the 4thday, respectively; on the 3rdday after treatment, 50% of the samples showed concentrations ≥ 47.61 μg.mL–1, and on the 4thday, no sample had albendazole residue. The amount excreted of ivermectin was similar between the 3rdand 21stday when all samples presented values ≥ 51.90 μg.mL-1; on the 35th day, 50% of the samples showed values above of recommended levels, and on the 42nd day, no sample had detectable ivermectin residue. In conclusion, the milk of Brazilian mongrel goats treated orally with albendazole or ivermectin does not contain its respective residues in detectable amounts from the 4th and 42nddays, respectively, after antiparasitic treatment.

Resumo Fundamento: Síndrome metabólica é um importante fator de risco cardiovascular, e sua prevalência aumenta após a menopausa. Ainda é incerto, porém, se a menopausa é fator de risco independente para a síndrome metabólica. Uma das bases fisiopatológicas para síndrome metabólica é a resistência insulínica, que pode ser calculada pelo método Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resitance (HOMA-IR), sendo pouco conhecida a relação entre resistência insulínica e menopausa. Objetivos: Avaliar a relação entre síndrome metabólica e resistência insulínica em mulheres climatéricas. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, que avaliou 150 mulheres, com idades entre 40 e 65 anos, atendidas em um ambulatório de ginecologia em um hospital terciário público, entre maio e dezembro de 2013. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos, sendo o Grupo I com pacientes na pré-menopausa e o II com pacientes na pós-menopausa. Foi avaliada a presença de síndrome metabólica, bem como de seus componentes, além da ocorrência de resistência insulínica nos dois grupos. A associação do estado menopausal e as variáveis estudadas foi realizada com os testes Mann-Whitney, qui quadrado e exato de Fisher. O nível de significância foi de 5%. A análise estatística foi feita por meio do STATA 12.0. Resultados: A síndrome metabólica foi mais prevalente nas mulheres pós-menopausa, bem como todos seus componentes tiveram maior frequência também nesse grupo. As mulheres pós-menopausa também apresentaram maior prevalência de resistência insulínica, mas não foi observada relação estatística entre os achados. Conclusão: O estado menopausal não se associou significativamente com síndrome metabólica e resistência insulínica. A resistência insulínica foi considerada fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de síndrome metabólica apenas no grupo pós-menopausa.

Abstract Background: Metabolic syndrome is an important cardiovascular risk factor, and its prevalence increases after menopause. However, it is still uncertain whether menopause is an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome. One of the pathophysiological basis for metabolic syndrome is insulin resistance, which can be calculated by the Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) method, and the association between insulin resistance and menopause is little known. Objective: To evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in menopausal women. Method: Descriptive study, which evaluated 150 women, aged 40 to 65, treated at a Gynecology Outpatient Clinic of a tertiary public hospital, from May to December of 2013. The sample was divided into two groups: Group I, comprising women in the premenopausal period and Group II, comprising women in the post-menopausal period. The presence of metabolic syndrome and its components were evaluated, as well as occurrence of insulin resistance in both groups. The association of menopausal status and the assessed variables was assessed using the Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. The significance level was set at 5%. The statistical analysis was performed using STATA 12.0. Results: Metabolic syndrome and its components were more prevalent in postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women also had a higher prevalence of insulin resistance, but no statistical association was observed between the findings. Conclusion: The menopausal status was not significantly associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance was considered an independent risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome only in the postmenopausal group.

Abstract Objective: To review published data on oral manifestations of multiple myeloma. Methods: An electronic database search was performed of articles published from 1971 to November 2016 in order to identify studies that reported oral manifestations of patients with multiple myeloma. Case reports and case series with oral manifestations of multiple myeloma in English were included in the study. An additional search was performed of the references of the selected articles. Results: Thirty-seven articles that reported 81 patients with oral manifestations of multiple myeloma were selected: 30 case reports (82%) and seven case series (18%). The most common clinical features in the dental cavity were swelling (65.4%), bone pain (33.3%), paresthesia (27.1%) and amyloidosis lesions (11.1%). Osteolytic lesions detected on imaging exams were reported in the majority of the patients (90.1%) as plasmacytomas or ‘punched-out’ lesions. Conclusions: Swelling and osteolytic lesions represent the most common clinical and radiographic signs of the jaws relating to multiple myeloma, respectively.

RESUMO Armillaria sp. é patógeno causador de podridão de raízes e a morte de árvores de Pinus na região Sul do Brasil. Pouco se conhece sobre aspectos morfofisiológicos e patogênicos dessa espécie. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar a morfologia, fisiologia, patogenicidade e produção de basidiomas in vitro de isolados de Armillaria da região Sul do Brasil. A análise da morfologia do micélio e rizomorfa foi feita em colônias cultivadas em meio BDA (batata-dextrose-ágar) a 20 ºC, no escuro, por 30 dias e em fragmentos de placas miceliais produzidas em seções de tronco inoculadas com o fungo, com microscopia de luz e de varredura. A fisiologia abordou a análise da biomassa produzida em caldo BD (batata-dextrose) em seis temperaturas. O teste de patogenicidade foi realizado em mudas de Pinus taeda. A indução de basidiomas foi feita em seções de tronco de P. taeda inoculados em frascos com meio BDA. As colônias apresentaram variação na morfologia do micélio, crescimento irregular sem simetria radial, coloração variando do branco, cinza ao marrom, e na maioria das vezes com rizomorfas. A análise da hifa revelou estruturas típicas do gênero Armillaria, como grampos de conexão, septos, pilosidades e massas resinosas sobre a superfície de hifas. A morfologia das rizomorfas mostrou-se variável de acordo com o ambiente, apresentando pilosidades quando em crescimento aéreo e superfície lisa quando desenvolvidas no interior do meio de cultura. A placa micelial mostrou-se crostosa com hifas verrucosas. A temperatura ótima para os isolados de Armillaria variou de 16 a 24 ºC. Somente uma planta inoculada morreu demonstrando a dificuldade de se reproduzir a doença in vivo. Um basidioma foi produzido demonstrando a possibilidade de frutificação in vitro de Armillaria sp.

ABSTRACT Armillaria sp. is the pathogen causing root rot and death to Pinus trees in the south region of Brazil. Little is known about the morphophysiological and pathogenic aspects of this species. This study aimed to characterize the morphology, physiology, pathogenicity and in vitro basidiome production of Armillaria isolates from the south region of Brazil. Analysis of the mycelium and rhizomorph morphology was done with colonies grown on PDA medium (potato-dextrose-agar) at 20 °C, in the dark, for 30 days, and mycelial fan fragments produced in trunk sections inoculated with the fungus, using light and scanning microscopy. Physiology was based on the analysis of biomass produced in PD broth (potato-dextrose) at six temperatures. Pathogenicity test was done with Pinus taeda seedlings. Basidiome induction was done with P. taeda trunk sections inoculated in flasks containing PDA medium. Colonies presented variation in mycelial morphology, irregular growth without radial symmetry, coloration varying from white, to gray and to brown, and most often with rhizomorphs. Analysis of hyphae revealed typical structures of the Armillaria genus, such as clamp connections, septa, pilosities and resinous masses on the hyphal surface. Rhizomorph morphology appeared variable depending on the environment, presenting pilosities when developed in aerial growth and smooth surface when developed in the culture medium. The mycelial fan was crusted and had verrucous hyphae. Optimum temperatures for Armillaria isolates varied from 16 to 24 ºC. Only one inoculated plant died, indicating difficulty in reproducing the disease in vivo. One basidiome was produced, demonstrating the possibility of in vitro fruiting of Armillaria sp.

RESUMO A podridão-de-raiz (PR), causada por Fusarium spp., ocasiona perdas de plântulas no viveiro que apresentam, inicialmente, descoloração das acículas para tom verde-amarelado seguida de curvatura apical, murcha e consequente morte da muda. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a) determinar o método adequado e eficiente para detecção de Fusarium spp. nas sementes de Pinus taeda; b) verificar se há transmissão de Fusarium spp. das sementes para as plântulas de Pinus taeda; c) desenvolver uma escala descritiva para avaliar a severidade da PR em mudas de Pinus taeda; d) avaliar a patogenicidade, agressividade e área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD) de isolados de Fusarium spp. Para detecção foram aplicados três tratamentos em seis lotes de sementes de Pinus taeda, sendo quatro repetições de 25 sementes: blotter test, papel-cartão e meio seletivo. A transmissão foi avaliada em sementes de seis lotes de Pinus taeda durante 60 dias contabilizando-se a percentagem de plântulas emergidas (PE), sementes não germinadas (SNG) e de SNG com Fusarium spp. Uma escala descritiva de notas foi desenvolvida para avaliar a severidade de PR em mudas de Pinus taeda. A severidade e a incidência da doença foram avaliadas aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a inoculação das mudas de Pinus taeda de seis meses de idade. Foi avaliada a patogenicidade, a severidade e a incidência de doze isolados de Fusarium spp. obtidos no teste de detecção Para o teste de patogenicidade e agressividade foram 13 tratamentos com 15 repetições. O método de detecção mais sensível ao detectar Fusarium spp. em sementes de Pinus taeda foi o meio seletivo. Não foi observada transmissão de Fusarium spp. das sementes para as plântulas, no entanto, Fusarium spp. causou apodrecimento de sementes na fase de germinação; a escala descritiva permitiu a avaliação da progressão dos sintomas da doença PR; nove isolados de Fusarium spp. mostraram-se patogênicos a mudas de Pinus taeda, reproduzindo sintomas típicos da PR, sendo o isolado L3R2 o mais agressivo e o que exibiu maior AACPD.

ABSTRACT The root rots (RR), caused by the Fusarium spp., causes loss of seedling in the nursery that show, initially, discoloration of the needles to a yellowish-green tone followed by apical curvature, wilt and the consequent death of the seedling. The objectives of this work were to: a) define the most appropriate and efficient method to detect Fusarium spp. in Pinus taeda seeds; b) verify if there is transmission of Fusarium spp. from seeds to Pinus taeda seedlings; c) develop a descriptive scale to evaluate the severity of the RR in Pinus taeda seedlings; d) evaluate the pathogenicity, aggressiveness and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of isolated Fusarium subglutinans. For detection three treatments were applied to six lots of Pinus taeda seeds, bein four repetitions of 25 seeds: blotter test, paper card and selective medium. The transmission was evaluated in seeds from six lots of Pinus taeda during 60 days counting the percentage of emerged plantlet (EP), non-germinated seeds (NGS) and from NGS seeds with Fusarium spp. A descriptive scale of grades was developed to evaluate the severity of RR in Pinus taeda seedlings. The severity and the incidence of the illness were evaluated at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the inoculation from Pinus taeda seedlings of six months of age. The pathogenicity, severity and incidence of twelve isolated Fusarium subglutinans obtained in the detection test. To test for pathogenicity and aggressiveness 13 treatments with 15 replications were applied. The most sensitive detection method to detect Fusarium spp. on Pinus taeda seeds was the selective medium; transmission was not observed of Fusarium spp. from seeds to the seedlings; the descriptive scale allowed evaluating the progression of RR symptoms; nine isolated of Fusarium spp. were found to be pathogenic to Pinus taeda seedlings, reproducing typical symptoms of RR, being isolated L3R2, the most aggressive and that exhibited higher AUDPC.

RESUMO Desde o ano 2000 é verificada a ocorrência da doença podridão da base do estipe (PBE), causada por Fusarium spp., em plantios de pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes Kunth. var. gasipaes Henderson). A PBE pode se tornar limitante para o cultivo da pupunheira, ocorrendo em plantas com diferentes idades. Tem-se verificado a presença do patógeno em sementes. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar a qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de oito lotes comerciais de sementes de pupunheira provenientes da região de Porto Velho - RO; avaliar dois métodos de detecção de Fusarium spp. em sementes; avaliar a patogenicidade e agressividade de isolados de Fusarium spp. obtidos de sementes ; avaliar o tratamento químico de dois lotes de sementes de pupunheira para o controle de Fusarium spp. Houve grande variação entre os lotes de sementes de pupunheira quanto à germinação, vigor e emergência de plântulas. Fusarium spp. pode ser transmitido das sementes para plântulas causando a doença PBE. A metodologia do papel-cartão para detecção de Fusarium spp. mostrou-se mais eficaz na recuperação deste patógeno em sementes de pupunheira. Os fungicidas tiofanato metílico+clorotalonil e tiofanato metílico controlaram Fusarium spp. em sementes de pupunheira. Fusarium oxysporum e Fusarium proliferatum, isolados de semente e plântula, respectivamente, foram patogênicos à pupunheira.

ABSTRACT Basal stem rotting (BSR), caused by Fusarium spp., has been observed in peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth. var. gasipaes Henderson) plantations in Brazil since 2000. The disease is a limiting factor to peach palm farming, damaging plants of different ages. The pathogen presence has been verified in seeds. The objectives of this study were: to evaluate the sanitary and physiological quality of eight commercial lots of peach palm seeds from Porto Velho, state of Rondonia, in Brazil; to compare two detection methods for Fusarium spp. in peach palm seeds; to evaluate pathogenicity and to compare aggressiveness of Fusarium spp. isolates from peach palm seeds; and to evaluate the chemical treatment of two peach palm seed lots for controlling Fusarium spp., about their effects on: a) sanitary effect; b) germination and vigor. The Fusarium spp. pathogenic may be transmitted by seeds to seedlings causing BSR disease. The paperboard methodology for Fusarium spp. detection proved to be more efficient for recovering this pathogen in peach palm seeds. The Chlorothalonil + Thiophanate Methyl and Thiophanate Methyl fungicides achieved the effective control over the target pathogen Fusarium spp. in peach palm seeds. Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum isolated from seed and seedling, respectively, were pathogenic to peach palm.