Integrated fish and livestock farming is an ancient practice and is used to increase production per unit area and reduce the environmental impact caused by untreated animal excreta. Although integrated aquaculture has been used in some countries, including Brazil, this practice has declined. However, many pig farmers maintain their ponds and/or have rivers near their pig farms, allowing raw manure to drain to them. The objective of this work was to verify the possibility of infection of fish by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and, thus, serving as a reservoir species. Eleven specimens of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), negative for PCV2, were inoculated with PCV2 intramuscularly and observed for 61 d post-inoculation (dpi), when they were euthanized and had their intestines, livers and gills removed to evaluate for presence of PCV2. The faeces were collected directly from the fish aquarium every four days up to 12 dpi and then once a week up to 61 dpi. The organs and faeces were tested by qualitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for PCV2. This preliminary study showed that PCV2 inoculation was successful in infecting fish. In addition, PCV2 was eliminated in the faeces intermittently during the 61 d of experimentation.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by endothelial dysfunction that causes micro- and macrovascular complications. Low intensity therapeutic ultrasound (LITUS) may improve endothelial function, but its effects have not been investigated in these patients. The aim of our study was to compare the effects of pulsed (PUT) and continuous (CUT) waveforms of LITUS on the endothelium-dependent vasodilation of T2DM patients. The present randomized crossover trial had a sample of twenty-three patients (7 men) diagnosed with T2DM, 55.6 (±9.1) years old, with a body mass index of 28.6 (±3.3) kg/m2. All patients were randomized and submitted to different waveforms (Placebo, CUT, and PUT) of LITUS and the arterial endothelial function was evaluated. The LITUS of 1 MHz was applied in pulsed (PUT: 20% duty cycle, 0.08 W/cm2 SATA), continuous (CUT: 0.4 W/cm2 SPTA), and Placebo (equipment off) types of waves during 5 min on the brachial artery. Endothelial function was evaluated using the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) technique. PUT (mean difference 2.08%, 95% confidence interval 0.65 to 3.51) and CUT (mean difference 2.32%, 95% confidence interval 0.89 to 3.74) increased the %FMD compared to Placebo. In the effect size analysis, PUT (d=0.65) and CUT (d=0.65) waveforms presented moderate effects in the %FMD compared to Placebo. The vasodilator effect was similar in the different types of waves. Pulsed and continuous waveforms of LITUS of 1 MHz improved the arterial endothelial function in T2DM patients.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da adição de ácido clorogênico (ChA) antes do resfriamento e sua combinação com cafeína adicionada durante o reaquecimento sobre a qualidade do sêmen suíno resfriado. Dez ejaculados foram diluídos em diluidor comercial com adição ou não de 4,5mg/mL de ChA e armazenados a 15°C. Após zero, 24 e 72 horas de armazenamento, 10mL foram retirados e incubados a 37°C na presença ou ausência de 8,0mM de cafeína. A qualidade seminal foi avaliada após 10 e 120 minutos de incubação. O ChA aumentou (P<0,01) a motilidade, a viabilidade, a integridade acrosomal e a porcentagem de espermatozoides com alta atividade mitocondrial (PMHA), entretanto diminuiu (P<0,01) a concentração de malondialdeído (MDA). A cafeína aumentou (P<0,05) a motilidade, a viabilidade, a PMHA e a concentração de MDA e reduziu a integridade acrossomal. Quando associados (ChA+cafeína), houve aumento (P<0,05) na motilidade, na PMHA, na viabilidade e na integridade acrossomal. Conclui-se que a adição de ChA ao meio de diluição melhora a qualidade das doses inseminantes de suínos. A adição de cafeína durante o reaquecimento só é recomendada ao sêmen adicionado de ChA quando esse for armazenado por períodos prolongados (72h), devendo a dose inseminante ser utilizada imediatamente após sua adição.

ABSTRACT A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chlorogenic acid (ChA) added pre-cooling and its combination with caffeine added during warming on cooled-stored boar semen parameters. Ten ejaculates were diluted in commercial extender with or without 4.5mg/ml ChA and stored at 15°C. After 0, 24 and 72 hours of storage, aliquots of these doses were taken and incubated at 37°C in the presence or absence of 8.0mM caffeine. Semen quality was evaluated after 10 and 120 minutes of incubation. The ChA increased (P <0.01) the sperm motility, viability, acrosomal integrity and the percentage of spermatozoa with high mitochondrial activity (PMHA), however, decreased (P <0.01) the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Caffeine increased (P<0.05) the sperm motility, viability, PMHA and the MDA concentration and reduced (P <0.05) the acrosome integrity. When associated (ChA+caffeine), there was an increase (P <0.05) in sperm motility and viability, PMHA and acrosome integrity. The addition of ChA to the dilution medium improves the quality of the swine inseminating doses. The addition of caffeine during re-warming is only recommended when the semen is stored for prolonged periods (72h), and the inseminating dose should be used immediately after its addition.

RESUMO: A dessecação pré-colheita é uma estratégia importante no sentido de antecipar a colheita, evitando que a semente fique no campo em condições climáticas desfavoráveis. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o uso de dessecantes e as épocas de aplicação destes na cultura do feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata). Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar efeito da aplicação de dessecantes em diferentes épocas e de herbicidas dessecantes sobre a produtividade e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão-caupi. Foram avaliados cinco dessecantes: paraquat, aplicação sequencial de paraquat, amonio-glufosinate, glyphosate com aplicação sequencial de paraquat e mistura paraquat+diuron aplicados em quatro épocas: 50% das vagens com sementes formadas, com coloração verde (época I), 70% das vagens na coloração roxa (época II), 90% das vagens na coloração marrom (época III) e 100% das vagens na coloração marrom (época IV), mais uma testemunha sem a aplicação de dessecantes, em que a colheita foi realizada quando 100% de vagens estavam na coloração marrom. Avaliaram-se o número de dias de antecipação de colheita, produtividade, teste de uniformidade, massa de cem sementes, germinação e vigor das sementes. Nenhuma das estratégias de dessecação afetou a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, independentemente da época de aplicação. Os dessecantes paraquat, amonio-glufosinate e a mistura paraquat+diuron, quando aplicados nas épocas I e II, proporcionaram antecipação da colheita em até 13 dias e 9 dias, respectivamente, porém o tamanho das sementes e, consequentemente, a produtividade foram afetados.

ABSTRACT: Pre-harvest desiccation is an important strategy to anticipate harvesting, preventing the seed from being left in the field in unfavorable climatic conditions. However, little is known about the use of desiccants and their application times on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of desiccant application at different seasons and of desiccant herbicides on productivity and physiological quality of cowpea seeds. Five dessicants were evaluated: paraquat, paraquat sequential application, glufosinate- ammonium, glyphosate with sequential application of paraquat and paraquat + diuron mixture applied in four seasons: 50% of the pods with green coloration and with seeds formed (season I); 70% of the pods in the purple coloration (season II), 90% of the pods in the coloration brown (season III) and 100% of the pods in the coloration brown (season IV), plus a control without the application of desiccants, in which harvesting was performed when 100% of the pods were brown. The number of days of anticipation of harvest, productivity, uniformity test, mass of one hundred seeds, germination and vigor of the seeds were evaluated. None of desiccation strategies affect the physiological seed quality, independent of the application season. The desquaments paraquat, glufosinate-ammonium and the paraquat+diuron mixture, when applied in seasons I and II, provided anticipation of the harvest in up to 13 days and 9 days, respectively, however, the size of the seeds and consequently the productivity were affected.

Bacterial infections occur worldwide and are a major public health problem. Among pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus is the main causative agent of bacterial diseases in the world. This study aimed to evaluate which components of the immune system could act protectively against a S. aureus infection in intradermally immunized mice. C57BL/6 and A/j mice were immunized intradermally with S. aureus inactivated by heat and then challenged with viable strains in an air pouch model. At 6, 12, and 24 h after the challenge, euthanasia was performed, and the cellular profile of the inflammatory infiltrate, cytokines, and the bacterial load were evaluated in the air pouch lavages. Immunized mice demonstrated that the intradermal immunization with S. aureus promoted protection in C57BL/6 mice by reducing the bacterial, which was correlated with increased serum concentration of IgG antibodies (IgG1 and IgG2a) against S. aureus. The increase in IgG2a antibody levels was correlated with a decrease of bacterial load in intradermally immunized C57BL/6 mice, along with production of IL-17A at the inflammation site, as well as IgG1consumption. Similar results were not found in the A/j lineage. In conclusion, a vaccine against S. aureus should focus more on the individual characteristics of the host because it is a determinant factor for the success of the immunization.

RESUMO O óxido nítrico atua no sistema antioxidante das plantas e pode conter o dano de herbicidas elicitores de estresse oxidativo, que causam a desorganização de membranas e o extravasamento do conteúdo celular. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito protetor do óxido nítrico sobre o extravasamento de eletrólitos, segmentos foliares do cultivar de arroz irrigado Puitá INTA CL foram incubados com 0, 5, 50, 500 e 5.000 M dos herbicidas clomazone (360 g i.a. L-1), oxadiazon (250 g i.a. L-1), oxyfluorfen (240 g i.a. L-1) e com a mistura formulada de paraquat (200 g i.a. L-1) + diuron (100 g i.a. L-1), para obtenção da condutividade máxima potencial de 50% (CMP50). Posteriormente, segmentos foliares foram pré-tratados com 0, 200 e 2.000 M de nitroprussiato de sódio (SNP) por quatro horas e, após, incubados por 48 horas, com 0, 0,5, 1, 2 e 4 vezes a concentração dos herbicidas que causou a CMP50, sendo o efeito protetor reavaliado na presença do sequestrador de óxido nítrico, cPTIO. A CMP50 foi causada pela exposição a 188,9; 273,4; 410,2 + 205,1; e 917,0 M de oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, paraquat + diuron e clomazone. O pré-tratamento com 200 M de SNP reduziu o extravasamento de eletrólitos nos segmentos foliares expostos a duas e quatro vezes a CMP50 de oxadiazon e paraquat + diuron, enquanto 2,000 M reduziram o dano causado pelo oxyfluorfen, nas mesmas concentrações, assim como 200 e 2,000 M de SNP foram eficientes para clomazone, sendo a proteção confirmada pelo cPTIO em todos os casos.

ABSTRACT The nitric oxide acts on the antioxidant system of plants and can discontinue the damage of herbicides elicitors of oxidative stress that cause the disruption of membranes and leakage of cellular contents. In order to evaluate the protective effect of nitric oxide in electrolytes leakage, leaf segments of the Puita INTA CL rice cultivar were incubated with 0, 5, 50, 500 and 5,000 μM clomazone (360 g a.i. L-1), oxadiazon (250 g a.i. L-1), oxyfluorfen (240 g a.i. L-1) and the formulated mixture of paraquat (200 g a.i. L-1) + diuron (100 g a.i. L-1) to obtain the maximum potential conductivity of 50% (MPC50). Subsequently, leaf segments were pre-treated with 0, 200 and 2,000 μM of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) for four hours and further incubated for 48 hours with 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 times the concentration of the herbicide that caused the CMP50, and the protective effect was reassessed in the presence of nitric oxide scavenger, cPTIO. The MPC50 was caused by exposure to 188.9, 273.4, 410.2 + 205.1 and 917.0 μM of Oxadiazon, Oxyfluorfen, Paraquat + Diuron and Clomazone. Pretreatment with 200 μM of SNP reduced electrolyte leakage in leaf segments exposed to 2 and 4 times the MPC50 to oxadiazon and paraquat + diuron, while 2,000 μM reduced the damage caused by oxyfluorfen, at the same concentrations. Also, 200 and 2,000 μM of SNP were efficient for clomazone, and the protection was confirmed by cPTIO in all cases.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou realizar levantamento fitossociológico de plantas daninhas em diferentes períodos de coleta, em cultivo de duas variedades de mandioca, em dois anos consecutivos. As variedades foram Pão, da classe mansa, e Racha-terra, da classe brava. Os levantamentos das plantas daninhas foram realizados aos 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168, 196, 224, 252, 280 e 308 dias após o plantio, nas unidades experimentais de cada variedade. Na amostragem das plantas daninhas foi usado um quadro com área de 0,25 m2, lançado por duas vezes, ao acaso, na área útil dos tratamentos. O levantamento fitossociológico nos dois anos agrícolas quantificou 5.708 indivíduos, distribuídos em 17 famílias, representadas por 32 espécies, das quais 25 eram eudicotiledôneas e sete eram monocotiledôneas. As famílias mais representativas em número de espécies foram Euphorbiaceae e Poaceae, seguidas de Cyperaceae e Fabaceae. As espécies de maior importância nos dois anos agrícolas foram Axonopus affinis, Mimosa pudica, Spermacoce verticillata e Paspalum multicaule. Outras espécies importantes da família Poaceae foram Axonopus affinis, Axonopus fissifolius, Homolepis aturensis.

ABSTRACT This study has aimed to carry out a phytosociological survey of weeds in different collection periods, in cassava crops of two varieties grown in two consecutive years. The varieties were Pão, of the sweet class, and Racha-terra, of the bitter class. The weeds surveys were performed at 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168, 196, 224, 252, 280 and 308 days after planting in the experimental units of each variety. For weeds sampling, a sampler with an area of 0.25 m2 released twice at random in the floor area of the treatments was used. The phytosociological survey quantified 5,708 individuals distributed in 17 families, represented by 32 species, of which 25 were dicotyledonous and seven were monocotyledonous. The most representative families in number of species were Euphorbiaceae and Poaceae, followed by Cyperaceae and Fabaceae. The most important species in the two growing seasons were Axonopus affinis, Mimosa pudica, Spermacoce verticillata and Paspalum multicaule. Other important species of the Poaceae family were Axonopus affinis, Axonopus fissifolius and Homolepis aturensis.

A semi-intensive wildlife boars farm presented a clinical history of high mortality in 70 - 90 days-old pigs (> 50 %). Two 90 days-old animals with weight loss and wasting were necropsied and the samples tested for PCV2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genetic material of PCV2 was sequenced and classified into the PCV2a genotype together with PCV2 sequences obtained from samples of Poland, Brazil, Slovenia and Greece wild boars.

As espécies do gênero Cyperus, pertencentes à família Cyperaceae, destacam-se entre as principais plantas daninhas nas regiãos orizícolas do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a diversidade de Cyperus ferax nas regiões orizícolas do RS e os níveis de sensibilidade dessa espécie ao herbicida penoxsulam. Para isso, conduziu-se experimento em casa de vegetação, na Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, em delineamento experimental completamente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Cada unidade experimental (parcela) foi composta por vaso com capacidade de 0,55 dm³ de solo, onde foram estabelecidas sete plantas. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial; o fator A avaliou os locais de coleta (origem) de sementes de C. ferax, infestante das lavouras de arroz irrigado do RS, e o fator B, a suscetibilidade ao herbicida penoxsulam (125 g ha-1), comparativamente à testemunha sem aplicação. Existe diferença entre acessos de C. ferax quanto à sensibilidade ao herbicida penoxsulam. Os biótipos de C. ferax oriundos de lavouras de arroz irrigado da Depressão Central apresentam, em geral, maior acúmulo de massa seca da parte aérea e área foliar. Os biótipos C. ferax ocorrentes em lavouras de arroz do Rio Grande do Sul podem ser divididos em dois grupos, segundo características morfológicas.

The species of the genus Cyperus, Cyperaceae family, are the major weeds in the rice producing regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of Cyperus ferax in these regions and the sensitivity levels of this species to the herbicide penoxsulam. Thus, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in the Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. Each experimental unit (plot) was composed of vases with a capacity of 0.55 dm³ of soil, with seven plants. Treatments were arranged in a factorial design.Factor A evaluated the places of collection (origin) of the seeds of C. ferax, a weed in RS irrigated rice fields; and factor B evaluated susceptibility to the herbicide penoxsulam (125 g ha-1), compared to a control without application. Differences were verified between the accessions of C. ferax regarding sensitivity to the herbicide penoxsulam. The biotypes from the irrigated rice fields at Depressão Central show, in general, higher shoot dry mass accumulation and leaf area. The C. ferax biotypes at the RS rice fields can be divided into two groups, according to their morphological characteristics.

Foram estudados os grãos de pólen de 14 gêneros e 27 espécies de Euphorbiaceae s.l., ocorrentes na "Reserva do Parque Estadual da Fontes do Ipiranga: Actinostemon klotzschii (Didr.) Pax, Alchornea sidifolia Müll. Arg., A. triplinervia (Spreng.) Müll. Arg., Croton floribundus Spreng., C. fuscescens Spreng., C. glandulosus L., C. lundianus (Didr.) Müll. Arg., C. organensis Baill., C. salutaris Casar., C. vulnerarius Baill., Dalechampia triphylla Lam., Euphorbia heterophylla L., E. hirta (L.) Millsp., E. hyssopifolia (L.) Small, E. peplus L., Gonatogyne brasiliensis Müll. Arg., Hieronyma alchorneoides Allemão, Maprounea guianensis Aubl., Pera obovata (Klotzsch) Baill., Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walt., P. niruri L., P. tenellus Roxb., Plukenetia serrata (Vell.) L.J. Gillespie, Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, Savia dictyocarpa Müll. Arg., Sebastiania klotzschiana (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., S. serrata (Baill.) Müll. Arg. Para todos os táxons estudados, são apresentadas descrições, ilustrações, e observações adicionais, bem como chaves polínicas para a identificação das espécies de alguns gêneros.

Pollen grains morphology of 14 genera and 27 species of Euphorbiaceae (Actinostemon klotzschii (Didr.) Pax, Alchornea sidifolia Müll. Arg., A. triplinervia (Spreng.) Müll. Arg., Croton floribundus Spreng., C. fuscescens Spreng., C. glandulosus L., C. lundianus ( Didr.) Müll. Arg., C. organensis Baill., C. salutaris Casar., C. vulnerarius Baill., Dalechampia triphylla Lam., Euphorbia heterophylla L., E. hirta L., E. hyssopifolia L., E. peplus L., Gonatogyne brasiliensis Müll. Arg., Hieronyma alchorneoides Allemão, Maprounea guianensis Aubl., Pera obovata (Klotzsch) Baill., Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walt., P. niruri L., P. tenellus Roxb., Plukenetia serrata (Vell.) L.J. Gillespie, Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, Savia dictyocarpa Müll. Arg., Sebastiania klotzschiana (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg. and S. serrata (Baill.) Müll. Arg., ocurring in the "Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga" was studied. Descriptions, illustrations, and additional observations are presented for all species studied, as well as keys for some taxa only.

As áreas inundáveis localizadas na bacia dos rios Amazonas e Solimões são denominadas várzeas. A inundação é um evento natural que promove mudanças na estrutura e composição florística dessas comunidades. O conhecimento da diversidade de espécies é de fundamental importância para o entendimento da dinâmica da regeneração natural de espécies nos ecossistemas amazônicos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo levantar a composição florística do solo do fundo do lago do Manaquiri-AM, em um período de seca excepcional, ocorrida em 2005, na Amazônia. Foram realizadas coletas de material botânico em duas áreas do lago, em novembro de 2005; para a amostragem, utilizou-se um quadrado de madeira de 0,36 m², atirado aleatoriamente por 20 vezes em cada local de estudo. A vegetação emergente foi de 5.958 indivíduos, distribuídos em sete famílias e nove espécies. As famílias mais representativas em número de espécies foram Poaceae e Cyperaceae. Cyperus esculentus e Luziola spruceana foram as mais frequentes, e Mimosa pudica e Alternanthera sessilis, as de maior abundância. C. esculentus e M. pudica apresentaram maior número de indivíduos, de densidade e de valor de importância. As espécies de plantas encontradas neste estudo mantiveram sua capacidade de crescer e se desenvolver mesmo após longo período submersas.

The swamps located at the basins of the Amazonas and Solimões rivers are denominated "várzeas". In these areas, flooding is a natural event that changes the structure and composition of the local plants. Thus, knowing the species diversity in these Amazon region areas is extremely important to understand the dynamics of the natural regeneration of the Amazon ecosystem species. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to survey the soil floristic composition at the bottom of the Manaquiri Lake, Amazon, during an exceptional dry period in 2005. Plants were collected in two areas of the lake in November 2005. Flora sampling was carried out using a 0.36 m² wood frame, randomly cast 20 times at each site studied. The emergent vegetation at both collection sites was of 5,958 individuals distributed in seven families and nine species. The most representative families in number of species were Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Cyperus esculentus and Luziola spruceana were the most frequent, while Mimosa pudica and Alternanthera sessilis presented the highest abundance. C. esculentus and M. pudica had higher number of individuals, density and value of importance. The plant species found in this study maintained their growing and developing capacity even after being submerged for a long period.

As plantas daninhas reduzem a produção de sementes de guaraná e podem hospedar microrganismos patogênicos, tornando-se potenciais fontes de inóculo. Este trabalho identificou espécies de plantas daninhas colonizadas pelo fungo Colletotrichum guaranicola em cultivos de guaranazeiro em quatro municípios do Estado do Amazonas. As plantas daninhas foram identificadas e a presença do fungo foi verificada por meio de isolamentos feitos a partir de fragmentos de folhas lesionadas. As espécies colonizadas por C. guaranicola foram Bidens bipinnata, Chloris sp., Clidemia capitellata, Cyperus flavus, Elephantopus scaber, Euphorbia brasiliensis, Hemidiodia sp., Hyptis lantanifolia, Paspalum conjugatum, Physalis angulata e Synedrella nodiflora, as quais podem representar uma fonte de inóculo do patógeno, além das plantas de guaraná. A diversidade de plantas daninhas, em cultivos de guaranazeiro, reforça a importância de estabelecer práticas de manejo dessas plantas, principalmente em Maués, onde ocorreu maior colonização das espécies de plantas daninhas pelo fungo.

Weed infestation may reduce grain guarana crops yield and host plant pathogens becoming potential inoculum sources. This research identified weed species colonized by the fungus Colletotrichum guaranicola in the guarana crop in four counties in the state of Amazon. The weeds were identified fungi presence was observed by isolation from leaf fragments of leaves injured by the fungi. The weed species colonized by Colletotrichum guaranicola were Bidens bipinnata, Chloris sp., Clidemia capitellata, Cyperus flavus, Elephantopus scaber, Euphorbia brasiliensis, Hemidiodia sp., Hyptis lantanifolia, Paspalum conjugatum, Physalis angulata and Synedrella nodiflora,that may represent a strong potential of plant pathogen inoculum, along with the guarana plants. Weed diversity in guarana crop shows the importance of establishing management practices to control these weeds, mainly in the Maues county, where higher colonization of the weed plants by the fungi was observed.

As plantas de cobertura de solo usadas para suprimir o crescimento de plantas daninhas podem hospedar fungos fitopatogênicos. Para testar essa hipótese, elaborou-se este trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de nove espécies de plantas como possíveis hospedeiras do fungo Colletotrichum guaranicola. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Cada vaso com três plantas da mesma espécie representou uma unidade experimental. As espécies que constituíram os tratamentos foram: Arachis pintoi, Calopogonium mucunoides, Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Crotalaria striata, Desmodium ovalifolium, Flemingia congesta, Mucuna aterrima, Pueraria phaseoloides e Tephrosia candida. Quarenta dias após a semeadura, as plantas foram inoculadas com suspensão de esporos de C. guaranicola na concentração de 10(5) conídios mL¹, enquanto as plantas testemunhas receberam somente água. As plantas foram mantidas em câmara úmida por 48 horas. Diariamente, foram feitas observações por 15 dias após a inoculação, para visualizar sintomas da doença. As espécies que não apresentaram sintomas de C. guaranicola foram Arachis pintoi, Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Desmodium ovalifolium, Flemingia congesta e Tephrosia candida, e as que manifestaram sintomas após a inoculação foram Calopogonium mucunoides, Crotalaria striata, Mucuna aterrima e Pueraria phaseoloides, que podem ser fontes de inóculo do patógeno da antracnose para o guaranazeiro.

Cover crops used to suppress weed growth can be intermediate hosts to phytopathogenic fungi. To test this hypothesis, nine species of cover crops were evaluated as hosts to Colletotrichum guaranicola. The experiment was arranged in a randomized design, with four replicates, and conducted under greenhouse conditions. Each vase with three plants of one species constituted one plot. The species treated were: Arachis pintoi, Calopogonium mucunoides, Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Crotalaria striata, Desmodium ovalifolium, Flemingia congesta, Mucuna aterrima, Pueraria phaseoloides and Tephrosia candida. Forty days after sowing, the plants were inoculated with spores of C. guaranicola at a concentration of105 conidia/mL, while the control plants received only water. The plants were then kept in a humid chamber for 48 hours. Daily observations were made to search for symptoms during 15 days after inoculation. The species that did not present symptoms of C. guaranicola were Arachis pintoi, Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Desmodium ovalifolium, Flemingia congesta and Tephrosia candida and those that did were Calopogonium mucunoides, Crotalaria striata, Mucuna aterrima and Pueraria phaseoloides, being a potential source of inoculation of the pathogen anthracnose for the guarana plant.

Polyorchidism is an uncommon congenital defect. In fact, less than one hundred cases have been reported in the medical literature worldwide. This problem should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all scrotal masses. It is associated with multiple other urologic entities including malignancy. It is for this reason that it is important to be familiar with potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This diagnosis is usually documented by imaging, specifically doppler ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The risk of malignancy approaches 6% in Polyorchidism and therefore several authors have advocated surgery as the most appropriate therapeutic approach. However, recent reports suggest that asymptomatic patients with normal imaging could be observed. We present a 14 year old boy with polyorchidism which was diagnosed clinically and confirmed with imaging. His treatment and a review of the literature are presented as well.

El poliorquidismo es una anomalía congénita urológica muy poco frecuente, con menos de cien casos publicados en la literatura mundial. Debe ser tenida en cuenta en todo estudio de masa escrotal. En ocasiones se encuentra asociado a otras entidades urológicas, entre ellas a malignidad, de ahí la importancia de su conocimiento y diagnóstico. Este último se logra confirmar mediante estudios imagenológicos, siendo los más importantes: la ecografía doppler y la resonancia nuclear, que nos permiten un preciso diagnóstico y ayudan a orientar el manejo definitivo. La posibilidad de malignidad en estos testículos supernumerarios (6%), hace que algunos autores consideren en el tratamiento la extracción quirúrgica como única opción, pero reportes recientes indican que pacientes asintomáticos y con estudios imagenológicos normales se pueden observar. Se realiza el reporte de un caso en un paciente de 14 años diagnosticado por clínica e imagenología, del cual reportamos su manejo. Se realiza además una revisión de la literatura actual.

Prednisone is the initial treatment of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. However, when immunosuppressive agents in combination with steroids are used in the treatment of prednisone-dependent and prednisone-resistant patients the remission rate is variable. We report a long-term trial using cyclophosphamide (2.0 to 3.0 mg/kg body weight for 12 weeks) in combination with prednisone (1.0 to 2.0 mg/kg body weight), as compared with prednisone alone for the treatment of prednisone-resistant and frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Fifty-four patients (34 males and 20 females) with a diagnosis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, followed-up for an average of 86.1 ± 82.4 months, were evaluated. Complete remission occurred in 20.4% and partial remission in 14.8% of the patients treated with steroids and in 26.7 and 20.0% of the patients treated with cyclophosphamide + prednisone, respectively. Of the 24 prednisone-resistant patients treated with steroids in combination with cyclophosphamide, 33.3% obtained a complete/partial response. At the time of final evaluation, 25% of the patients treated with prednisone and 10.0% of those treated with prednisone in combination with cyclophosphamide had reached end-stage renal disease. Persistent nephrotic syndrome and progressive renal insufficiency were more frequently observed among the patients treated with prednisone alone (50.0 vs 33.3% and 33.3 vs 16.7%, respectively). The treatments were well tolerated and no patient experienced adverse reactions requiring discontinuation of medications. Although open-label and non-randomized, the present trial showed that cyclophosphamide is a reasonable choice for the treatment of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and prednisone-resistant nephrotic syndrome.