Research to identify plant bioactive compounds led to the evolution of extraction methods. This study optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to extract the flavonoids of Croton grewioides Baill. species contributing to characterize the polar extract profile and understand the antioxidant potential of these plant constituents. The use of experimental design and statistical treatments enabled the determination of the ideal conditions for each technique. The extracts of five accessions of C. grewioides were obtained under the optimized extraction conditions and were analyzed using ultra high-resolution mass spectrometry (FT-Orbitrap MS) operating at negative ionization mode for flavonoids detection. The accurate experimental mass obtained to the main compounds was used to attribute the molecular formula. Chemical structures of the main compounds detected were proposed using structure data bases. Chemometric analysis were performed with two FT-Orbitrap MS spectra samples using the identified metabolites and, the antioxidant activity data, showing that for this species the MAE was most effective in extracting the antioxidant compounds. It was possible to propose the structures for forty compounds in the C. grewioides extracts, demonstrating the excellent performance of the FT-Orbitrap MS in providing information on the chemical profile of polar compounds in plant extracts. methods ultrasoundassisted ultrasound assisted UAE (UAE microwaveassisted microwave (MAE Baill constituents technique C highresolution high resolution FTOrbitrap FT Orbitrap detection formula bases

The methodology developed in this study through the acquisition of fingerprint chromatograms by liquid chromatography-diode array detector (LC-DAD), aided by principal component analysis, made it possible to assess, in a rational way, the chemical differences between six accessions of Lippia alba and to verify the influence of the method of extraction, the seasonality and the individuality of each accession on chemical composition of its extracts. Among all extracts analyzed against cancer cell lines, eight of them showed to be more promising against a human leukemia cell line (HL-60), displaying cell growth inhibition percentage ranging between 40.0 and 52.0%. In the inhibitory activity assays against acetylcholinesterase enzyme, all extracts showed weak inhibitory effect, with highlight only for six of them, which displayed inhibition ranging between 27.0 and 32.0%.

Abstract A major challenge in sugarcane breeding program is the obtaining of enough number of seeds (caryopses) for the development of new improved cultivars. Genotypes differ in their function as pollen recipient and pollen donor, which also affect the seed performance. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the production and performance of sugarcane seeds from different hybridizations involving RB92579 as pollen recipient and pollen donor. Twelve bi-parental crossings were carried out involving RB92579 and other different genotypes randomly chosen. Seed production potential was evaluated by percentage of fertile spikelets and caryopsis fresh weight. The seed physiological potential was determined by evaluating germination and vigor (index of germination rate, number of normal seedlings per gram of fuzz, and seedling dry weight). The results showed better performance for RB92579 as pollen donor for all characteristics studied. Therefore, RB92579 sugarcane cultivar should be used as pollen donor during hybridizations, condition that permits a greater production and physiological performance of seeds for the sugarcane breeding programs.

ABSTRACT Castor bean is one of the crops with potential to provide raw material for production of oils for biodiesel. This species possess adaptive mechanisms for maintaining the water status when subjected to drought stress. A better understanding these mechanisms under field conditions can unravel the survival strategies used by this species. This study aimed to compare the physiological adaptations of Ricinus communis (L.) in two regions with different climates, the semi-arid and semi-humid subject to water stress. The plants showed greater vapor pressure deficit during the driest hours of the day, which contributed to higher values of the leaf temperature and leaf transpiration, however, the VPD(leaf-air) had the greatest effect on plants in the semi-arid region. In both regions, between 12:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m., the plants presented reduction in the rates of photosynthesis and intracellular CO2 concentration in response to stomatal closure. During the dry season in the semi-arid region, photoinhibition occurred in the leaves of castor bean between 12:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m. These results suggest that castor bean plants possess compensatory mechanisms for drought tolerance, such as: higher stomatal control and maintenance of photosynthetic capacity, allowing the plant to survive well in soil with low water availability.

Tabebuia aurea (Benth. & Hook. f. ex S. Moore) (Bignoniaceae) é uma espécie arbórea comum no Brasil, utilizada para fins ornamentais de calçadas e parques cuja madeira é usada para fabricação de móveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do sombreamento no crescimento e na fotossíntese de mudas de T. aurea e sua adaptação fotossintética após transferência ao sol pleno. As plântulas de T. aurea foram cultivadas sob 0, 50, 70 e 95% de sombreamento. Sob cada condição de sombreamento foram avaliadas a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa e as trocas gasosas das folhas aos 51 (plântulas jovens) e após 70 dias após a semeadura das sementes sem o uso de luz artificial; logo em seguida as plântulas foram transferidas para o sol pleno e nova medidas foram feitas após 15 min e 3 dias da transferência para a nova condição. As plântulas de T. aurea apresentaram crescimento satisfatório até o nível de 50% de sombreamento no viveiro que pôde ser verificado tanto pelo crescimento como pelo acúmulo de biomassa total. O sombreamento acima de 70% reduziu o número de folhas, área foliar e o diâmetro do coleto em relação às plantas expostas ao pleno sol. Os resultados sugerem que plântulas de T. aurea devem ser cultivadas em sol pleno ou com sombreamento de até 50% para maximizar o crescimento no viveiro e minimizar o estresse de transferência das mudas para o local de plantio definitivo.

Tabebuia aurea (Benth. & Hook. f. ex S. Moore) (Bignoniaceae) is a boreal species common in Brazil. It is used for ornamental parks and along sidewalks. Its timber is also used for furniture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nursery shading on the growth and photosynthesis of T. aurea and their photosynthetic adaptation after being transferred to direct sunlight. The T. aurea seedlings were grown under 0, 50, 70 or 95% shade. The photosynthetic active radiation and leaf gas exchange were measured over two distinct periods: 51 (young seedlings) and 70 days after having been sown under each shade treatment. Immediately after the measurements were taken, the seedlings were transferred into full sunlight and the measurements were repeated two times after 15 min and 3 days under ambient sunlight. T. aurea seedlings showed satisfactory growth up to 50% shade in the nursery, which could be verified both by growth measurement and by total biomass accumulation. Shading greater than 70% reduced the number of leaves, the leaf area and the stem diameter in relation to plants exposed to full sunlight. The results suggest that T. aurea seedlings should be grown under full sunlight or under shading up to 50% to maximize their growth in the nursery and to minimize stress when transferring the seedlings to their final planting sites.

A Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) é causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania e transmitida por flebotomíneos do gênero Lutzomyia, os quais vêm adaptando-se ao ambiente peridomiciliar, onde o cão é sua principal fonte de alimento, aumentando assim o risco de casos em humanos. Neste trabalho, foram utilizadas técnicas de geoprocessamento e de estastística espacial como contribuição à compreensão da dinâmica epidemiológica da LV na área urbana de Ilha Solteira-SP.

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by protozoan of genus Leishmania and transmitted by sand flies of genus Lutzomyia, which has been adapted to the peridomicile environment where dogs are their mainly food source, increasing the risk for human cases. In this study, techniques of geoprocessing and spatial statistics were utilized as a contribution to understanding the epidemiological dynamics of VL in the urban area of Ilha Solteira, SP.

O estresse hídrico afeta grande parte da agricultura mundial, razão por que se propôs, através deste trabalho, avaliar o comportamento, em casa-de-vegetação, de quatro variedades de cana-de-açúcar (SP79-1011, RB72454, RB98710 e RB92579) submetidas a déficit hídrico durante a fase inicial de crescimento vegetativo. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos plásticos contendo 15 kg de solo. O estudo foi um fatorial (4 variedades x 3 níveis de água disponível no solo), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. Os níveis de água no solo foram baseados na capacidade de água disponível (CAD) ficando assim definidos: controle (80 a 100% da CAD), estresse hídrico moderado (40 a 60% da CAD) e estresse hídrico severo (0 a 20% da CAD). A deficiência hídrica provocou reduções significativas na condutância estomática (gs), transpiração foliar (E), fotosíntese líquida (A) e na eficiênca de uso da água de produção (EUAp), independente da variedade. As variedades SP79-1011 e RB98710 apresentaram maior sensibilidade estomática, reduzindo gs e E aos 71 dias após início do estresse, mesmo sob condições controle; entretanto, em tais condições A foi pouco afetada, indicando que as plantas são capazes de manter a taxa fotossintética, mesmo com os estômatos parcialmente fechados. O estresse hídrico provocou pouca redução na eficiência fotoquímica potencial das variedades estudadas.

Water stress affects a great part of the world's agriculture. Thus, this work was conducted to evaluate photosynthetic traits in four varieties of sugarcane (SP79-1011, RB72454, RB98710 and RB92579) submitted to water stress during the early stage of the vegetative period. The plants were cultivated in plastic pots (15 kg of soil). The study was a factorial (4 varieties x 3 levels of soil water content based on available water capacity (AWC)), in a completely randomized design with 5 replications. The levels of water content in the soil were as follows: control (80 to 100% of AWC), moderate water stress (40 to 60% of AWC) and severe water stress (0 to 20% of AWC). Water stress provoked a significant reduction in stomatic condutance (gs), foliar transpiration (E), net photosynthesis (A) and in the water use efficiency of production (WUEy), irrespective of varieties. The varieties SP79-1011 and RB98710 showed greater stomatal sensitivity, reducing gs and E by the 71 days after the beginning of the water stress treatments, even in the control. However, under such conditions A was little affected, indicating that the plants are capable to fixing CO2 with stomata partially closed. Water stress caused a small reduction in the potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm ratio) in the studied varieties.

O principal objetivo do presente trabalho foi o estudo de bromofenóis (2bromofenol, 4bromofenol, 2,4dibromofenol,2,6dibromofenol and 2,4,6tribromofenol), no músculo e estômago de duas espécies de peixes da Familia Lutjanidae: Lutjanus synagris e Ocyurus chrysurus. Os bromofenóis foramextraídos através de destilação por arraste a vapor com pentanoéter (7:3 v/v), analisados por Cromatografia Líquida de AltaEficiência e quantificados por padronização externa. As concentrações totais de bromofenóis no músculo de ambas as espécies foram similares e estiveram na faixa de 36 ng g¹ a349 ng g¹. As concentrações totais de bromofenóis no estômago (na faixa de 12 ng g¹ a 586 ng g¹) foram mais altas queno músculo. A presença de bromofenóis no músculo das espécies estudadas pode ter origem na dieta. Os resultados destetrabalho contribuirão para o melhor entendimento das rotas deabsorção de bromofenóis nos peixes.

The main objective of this work is to evaluate the occurrence of bromophenols (2bromophenol, 4bromophenol, 2,4dibromophenol, 2,6dibromophenol and 2,4,6tribromophenol), in the flesh and guts in two species of the LutjanidaeFamily: Lutjanus synagris and Ocyurus chrysurus. The bromophenols were extracted by steam distillation with pentaneether (7:3 v/v), identified by reverse phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLCUV), and quantified bythe externalstandard method. Total bromophenol concentrations were similar in the muscle of both species, rangingfrom 36 ng g¹ to 349 ng g¹. The total bromophenol concentrations in stomach (ranging from 12 ng g¹ to 586 ng g¹)were slightly higher than in muscle. The presence of bromophenol in the muscles of the species under study may occuras a result of their diet. The results of this work are therefore expected to contribute toward a better understanding ofthe path of bromophenol absorption from the fish's stomach to the rest of its body.

Apresenta-se Nota preliminar de uma epidemia de dengue, ocorrida em Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil, no período de novembro de 1990 a março de 1991. Descreve-se a ocorrência de um caso de "Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/Dengue Shock Syndrome" Grau II (DHF/DSS) e de dois óbitos associados ao dengue devido a síndrome de choque. Alerta clínicos e epidemiologistas quanto à possibilidade de ocorrência de casos isolados de DHF/DSS durante epidemias de dengue clássico em áreas antes indenes à doença.

A preliminary note on an outbreak of dengue which occurred in the city of Ribeirão Preto, State of S. Paulo, Brazil, from November 1990 to March 1991, is given. One case of Level n Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/Dengue Shock Syndrome (DHF/DSS) and two deaths associated with dengue related shock are described. Clinicians and epidemiologists are alerted to the possibility of sporadic DHF/DSS cases during outbreaks of classical dengue in formerly free areas.

Apresenta-se Nota preliminar de uma epidemia de dengue, ocorrida em Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil, no período de novembro de 1990 a março de 1991. Descreve-se a ocorrência de um caso de "Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/Dengue Shock Syndrome" Grau II (DHF/DSS) e de dois óbitos associados ao dengue devido a síndrome de choque. Alerta clínicos e epidemiologistas quanto à possibilidade de ocorrência de casos isolados de DHF/DSS durante epidemias de dengue clássico em áreas antes indenes à doença.

A preliminary note on an outbreak of dengue which occurred in the city of Ribeirão Preto, State of S. Paulo, Brazil, from November 1990 to March 1991, is given. One case of Level n Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/Dengue Shock Syndrome (DHF/DSS) and two deaths associated with dengue related shock are described. Clinicians and epidemiologists are alerted to the possibility of sporadic DHF/DSS cases during outbreaks of classical dengue in formerly free areas.

Foi realizado estudo citomorfométrico em neurônios de gânglios espinais lumbares de Gallus domesticus no 10º e 18º dias de incubação e no 8º, 35º, 61º e 120º dias após a eclosão. Os volumes absoluto do núcleo e relativo do citoplasma foram estimados, respectivamente, pelo método cariométrico de Bach² e pela volumetria de contagem de pontos, em cortes de araldite de 0.5mm. O volume relativo, a relação superfície/volume e a superfície total do RER e SER, mitocôndria, corpos densos, complexo de Golgi e volume relativo de hialoplasma, no interior e fora dos corpos de Nissl, foram estimados a partir de eletron-micrografias, pelo método de Weibel et al.58. As conclusões foram: a) houve aumento do volume celular e diminuição da relação núcleo-citoplasmática, particularmente entre as duas primeiras idades; b) os volumes relativos do RER e SER variam inversamente, entre si: o RER aumenta antes da eclosão, decrescendo, após, progressivamente; as variações do volume relativo dos corpos densos são semelhantes àquelas do RER e as mitocôndrias mostram relativamente, pequenas variações, no que concerne ao mesmo parâmetro; c) o volume relativo do hialoplasma no interior dos corpos de Nissl diminui, enquanto o situado no interior, aumenta; d) a relação superfície/volume decresce muito para todas as organelas, do 10º para o 18º dia de incubação; após a eclosão foi observada tendência à elevação; e) a relação superfície de membrana volume citoplasmático cai para todas as organelas, do 10º para o 18º dia de incubação; após a eclosão, esta relação diminui levemente para mitocôndrias e complexo de Golgi, fortemente para o SER, caindo, também, para corpos densos. Os valores do RER alternam-se, regularmente.

A cytomorphometric study was performed in lumbar spinal ganglia neurons of Gallus domesticus on the 10th and 18th incubation days and 8th, 35th, 61st, and 120th post-hatching days. The absolute volume of nucleus and relative volume of cytoplasm were respectively estimated by the Bach² caryometric method and by point-counting volumetry, carried out in 0.5mm thick araldite sections. The relative volume, the surface-to-volume ratio and the total surface of RER, SER, mitochondria, dense bodies, Golgi complex and the relative volume of hyaloplasm inside and outside the Nissl bodies were estimated from electronmicrographs by the Weibel et al.58 method. The conclusions were: a) there was an increase of the cell volume and a decrease of the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, particularly between the first two ages; b) the relative volumes of RER and SER change inversely with respect to each other: the RER increases before hatching, decreasing progressively afterwards; the changes of relative volume of dense bodies are similar to those of the RER, and the mitochondria show relatively small variations concerning the same parameter; c) the relative volume of hyaloplasm inside the Nissl bodies decreases while those outside increases; d) the surface-to-volume ratio drops sharply for all organelles from the 10th to the 18th day of incubation; after hatching, a tendency to increase is observed; e) the membrane surface-to-cytoplasmic volume ratio decreases for all organelles from the 10th to the 18th day of incubation; after hatching, this ratio increases slightly for mitochondria and Golgi complex, sharply for SER, dropping for dense bodies. The RER values alternate regularly.