Abstract: Background: Allergic contact dermatitis to ion nickel (Ni+2) is an inflammatory dermatosis, common in industrialized countries. It involves the activation of nickel-specific T-cells, followed by proliferation and induction of a mixed profile of both proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines, suggesting that several T-cell subtypes (helper - Th and cytotoxic - Tc) are involved. A broader understanding of the cytokine profile may lead to new therapeutic approaches. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the cytokines TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17 and IL-23 using the immunohistochemistry technique in order to try to identify their prevalence in chronic and acute eczema of patients with allergic contact dermatitis to Ni+2. Methods: We performed an immunohistochemical study for eight cytokines in 20 patients with Ni+2 allergic contact dermatitis, biopsied at the site of chronic eczema, triggered by the patient's daily contact with Ni+2, and at the site of acute eczema caused by nickel sulfate, 48 hours after applying the contact test. Results: The stained samples showed positive results for the eight cytokines studied. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-13 and IL-17 had a higher prevalence in chronic eczema, IL-2 and IL-23 in acute eczema, and IL-10 presented a similar prevalence in both acute and chronic eczema. However, these prevalences were statistically significant only for IL-4 and IL-13. Study Limitations: Small sample size. Conclusions: In chronic and acute eczema, we observed the presence of a mixed cytokine profile of the T cell subtypes (Th/Tc), suggesting that the responses are expressed at the same time.

Abstract: Skin's innate immunity is the initial activator of immune response mechanisms, influencing the development of adaptive immunity. Some contact allergens are detected by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasome NLR3. Keratinocytes participate in innate immunity and, in addition to functioning as an anatomical barrier, secrete cytokines, such as TNF, IL-1β, and IL-18, contributing to the development of Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Dendritic cells recognize and process antigenic peptides into T cells. Neutrophils cause pro-inflammatory reactions, mast cells induce migration/maturation of skin DCs, the natural killer cells have natural cytotoxic capacity, the γδ T cells favor contact with hapten during the sensitization phase, and the innate lymphoid cells act in the early stages by secreting cytokines, as well as act in inflammation and tissue homeostasis. The antigen-specific inflammation is mediated by T cells, and each subtype of T cells (Th1/Tc1, Th2/Tc2, and Th17/Tc17) activates resident skin cells, thus contributing to inflammation. Skin's regulatory T cells have a strong ability to inhibit the proliferation of hapten-specific T cells, acting at the end of the Allergic Contact Dermatitis response and in the control of systemic immune responses. In this review, we report how cutaneous innate immunity is the first line of defense and focus its role in the activation of the adaptive immune response, with effector response induction and its regulation.

O Pênfigo Foliáceo Endêmico é doença bolhosa autoimune crônica da pele. Geralmente, o tratamento com prednisona tem excelente resposta, mas existem formas refratárias, sendo necessária terapêutica alternativa. Apresentamos paciente adolescente masculino, com diagnóstico clínico-patológico de pênfigo foliáceo, com forma clínica eritrodérmica grave e refratária a várias terapêuticas, que apresentou evolução satisfatória com imunoglobulina intravenosa. Destaca-se, neste relato, o fato de tratar-se de um paciente adolescente que obteve melhora clínica substancial com imunoglobulina intravenosa e remissão completa da doença, após o quarto ciclo da medicação, possibilitando redução da dose do corticoide e de seus efeitos colaterais

Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceous is a chronic autoimmune bullous skin disease. Treatment with prednisone often produces excellent results, but resistant forms exist, requiring alternative therapy. Alternative treatments have been used in cases of corticosteroid-refractory pemphigus, showing favorable results. This case study focuses on an adolescent male with a clinical-pathological diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceous with a severe clinical form of erythrodermis, unresponsive to multiple therapies, but which showed a satisfactory outcome with intravenous immunoglobulin. In this case we highlight the fact that the patient was a teenager who showed substantial clinical improvement as the result of using intravenous immunoglobulin, followed by complete remission after the fourth cycle of medication, allowing reduced doses of steroids and a consequent reduction of side effects

FUNDAMENTOS: O pênfigo foliáceo endêmico é doença auto-imune, cutânea, bolhosa, com incidência maior na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil e menor em alguns países sul-americanos. Embora tenha sido demonstrado seu caráter auto-imune pela presença de auto-anticorpos e a importância da predisposição genética, não estão ainda claramente estabelecidos os fatores ambientais intervenientes. OBJETIVOS: Conhecer as características sociodemográficas da doença, bem como sua distribuição no Estado de Goiás. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 210 prontuários com diagnóstico estabelecido no período de1996 a 2001. As informações demográficas foram correlacionadas com as da população do estado, e a incidência da doença, determinada em cada uma de suas microrregiões. RESULTADOS: Maior incidência da doença na terceira década e na zona rural, leve ocorrência familiar e sem predileção por sexo. O maior contingente (74,3%) de pacientes foi do Estado de Goiás, e a maior incidência, nas microrregiões de Anicuns, Chapada dos Veadeiros, Rio Vermelho, Vale do Rio dos Bois, Iporá e Aragarças. CONCLUSÕES: Houve predomínio da doença na terceira década e naqueles com domicílio ou atividade na zona rural. Foram detectadas, pelo cálculo do coeficiente de incidência, áreas de concentração da doença em algumas microrregiões, principalmente na zona central do Estado de Goiás. Novas pesquisas são necessárias para esclarecer as causas dessa concentração ecológica.

BACKGROUND: Endemic pemphigus foliaceus is an autoimmune, cutaneous and bullous disease, most incident in the Midwest of Brazil and with a lower incidence in some South-American countries. Although its autoimune character has been demonstrated by the presence of autoantibodies and by the importance of genetic predisposition, the environmental factors that trigger the disease have not been clearly established yet. OBJECTIVES: To know the distribution of the disease in the State of Goias, and its social and demographic characteristics. METHODS: Two hundred and ten patient records with an established diagnosis from the period between 1996 and 2001 were analyzed. Demographical information was correlated with the State population, and the incidence of the disease was determined for each of its microregions. RESULTS: A higher incidence of the disease was observed in the rural areas, among patients in the third decade of life, with a slight familiar occurrence and with no gender preference. The largest contingent (74.3%) of patients came from the State of Goiás, and the greatest incidences occurred in the microregions of Anicuns, Chapada dos Veadeiros, Rio Vermelho, Vale do Rio dos Bois, Iporá e Aragarças. CONCLUSIONS: There was a prevalence of the disease in the third decade of life and in those individuals who lived or worked in rural areas. Disease concentration areas were detected, through calculation of an incidence coefficient, in some of the microregions, especially in the central area of the state of Goiás. Further research is necessary to clarify the reasons for this ecological concentration.