ABSTRACT High acidity and low soil P availability in the soils from the Pampa natural grasslands generally limit the forage growth and economic return. Thus, to increase the economic return and avoid environmental degradation and biodiversity loss due to replacement by intensive cropping systems, it is essential to improve the soil P availability. This study aimed to diagnose the nutritional status of the pluri-specific natural grasslands amended with different history of P sources. Additionally, we also try to indicate the most appropriate range of soil P availability for maximizing forage growth. The experiment started in 1997 in an area of Pampa natural grasslands in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The treatments evaluated the application of Gafsa hyperphosphate (HP) and triple superphosphate (SP) for four years (1997, 1998, 2002, and 2010). Soil and aboveground biomass sampling were performed five times from October 2010 to March 2011 to access aboveground biomass production, botanical composition, soil available P, and N and P nutrition index. Greater P availability in the soil amended with SP produced more forage and resulted in a higher P accumulation than in the soil amended with HP. The ideal range of soil P availability in the soils of natural grasslands ranged from 14 to 20 mg kg˗1, varying for different plant species. The species Paspalum plicatulum and Aristida laevis produce less aboveground biomass and accumulate less P in their tissue than Dichantelium sabulorum and Eustachys uliginosa, and P. notatum. Therefore, areas of natural grasslands dominated by D. sabulorum, E. uliginosa and P. notatum demand higher soil P availability to maintain high forage production. Soil P fertilization of pluri-specific natural grasslands in the Brazilian Pampa biome must consider the dominant forage species in the area and the soil P availability.

ABSTRACT: Quantification of runoff rate is an onerous task with non-automated devices; it requires a lot of manual labor to perform measurements. In this study, an automatic device to quantify the surface runoff rate from plots with a small area was developed and tested. The prototype was based on the tipping bucket technique and built with reused materials. Its performance was tested in the laboratory and a calibration curve was developed to improve measurement accuracy. The device can be used for automatic quantification of surface runoff in small plots, with a flow rate of less than 750 × 103 mm3 min-1. The device can be built with different dimensions to measure different flow rates. In that case, the error measurements and calibration curve must be recalculated.

ABSTRACT Water and oxygen deficiencies in the soybean crop cultivated on lowland soils are an important topic of research. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in water and oxygen supply and soybean yield caused by soil management in lowland soils. A soybean crop was grown under four soil conditions: no-tillage (NT), chiseling (CH), ridge tillage on no-tillage (NTR), and ridge tillage on chiseling (CHR). Soil bulk density, total porosity, macro- and microporosity, air permeability, and saturated hydraulic conductivity were measured at 0.05, 0.15, 0.25, and 0.35 m depths. Soil volumetric water content was monitored at the same depths every 30 min during the soybean cycle. The transpiration coefficient was calculated from volumetric water content to express both water and oxygen deficiency. The groundwater level was monitored throughout the soybean cycle. Plant performance was evaluated by measuring plant population, shoot dry matter, yield, and taproot depth. Soil porosity, air permeability, and saturated hydraulic conductivity were most improved in CH and CHR, and less in NTR. Nonetheless, expected improvement in soil aeration in CH, CHR, and NTR was eliminated when the water table raised to near the soil surface. The transpiration coefficient indicated that CH decreased oxygen deficiency, but caused little water deficit. The CH also provided the highest yield (4,610 kg ha-1), which was not surpassed by the addition of ridge tillage on chiseled soil (CHR) (4,001 kg ha-1). The lowest yields were observed in NT (2,842 kg ha-1), and NTR (3,565 kg ha-1), in which oxygen deficiency was more severe. Lower oxygen deficiency for soybean in chiseled lowland soil is regulated by the water table. As the transpiration coefficient is dependent on all the processes determining soil water dynamics, it is more informative than soil structural properties regarding water and oxygen deficiency in soybean in lowland soil.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes quantidades de palha de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa) em cobertura do solo sobre a temperatura do solo em diferentes profundidades. Os tratamentos consistiram de 0, 3, 6 e 9 Mg ha-1 de palha. A temperatura do solo foi medida a cada hora por meio de termopares inseridos em diferentes profundidades (0, 5, 15, 30 e 50 cm) e usada para ajustar uma equação que correlaciona a temperatura do solo coberto com a do solo descoberto. A partir dessas correlações, foi possível observar um valor pontual de temperatura (temperatura de inversão do efeito da palha), abaixo do qual a presença de palha atua positivamente na manutenção da temperatura do solo e acima do qual a presença de palha atua negativamente no aquecimento do solo.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different amounts of black oat (Avena strigosa) straw covering soil surface on soil temperature at different depths. The treatments consisted of 0, 3, 6, and 9 Mg ha-1 straw. Soil temperature was measured hourly by a thermocouple inserted at different depths (0, 5, 15, 30, and 50 cm) and was used to adjust an equation correlating the temperature of covered soil with that of bare soil. With the correlations, it was possible to observe a point value of temperature (inversion temperature of straw effect), below which the presence of straw acts positively on the maintenance of soil temperature and above which the presence of straw acts negatively on soil heating.

A utilização de fontes não renováveis, para a produção de adubos minerais, causa grandes impactos ao meio ambiente. A redução desses impactos é favorecida pela crescente busca por novas fontes nutricionais orgânicas, para as culturas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a utilização de resíduo de indústria de carnes (RIC) como fonte alternativa de nutrientes para as culturas do girassol e milho. Foram utilizadas cinco doses de RIC (0 m³ ha-1, 25 m³ ha-1, 50 m³ ha-1, 75 m³ ha-1 e 100 m³ ha-1) e um tratamento com adubação mineral. O RIC proporcionou aumento na produtividade de grãos das culturas de girassol e milho. Na cultura do milho, a máxima produtividade foi obtida com a dose de 87 m³ ha-1 de RIC, equivalendo a 92% da produtividade obtida com a adubação mineral. Na cultura do girassol, doses iguais ou superiores a 20 m³ ha-1 de RIC proporcionaram produtividades iguais ou superiores às obtidas com adubação mineral. O RIC apresentou potencial agrícola para uso como fertilizante orgânico, podendo substituir, parcial ou totalmente, a adubação química.

The use of non-renewable sources for the production of mineral fertilizers causes major impacts to the environment. The reduction of these impacts favors the increasing search for new organic nutrient sources for crops. This study aimed to evaluate the use of residue from meat industry (RMI) as an alternative source of nutrients for sunflower and maize crops. Five doses of RMI (0 m³ ha-1, 25 m³ ha-1, 50 m³ ha-1, 75 m³ ha-1 and 100 m³ ha-1) and one treatment with mineral fertilization were tested. The RMI provided an increase in grain yield for the sunflower and maize crops. In the maize crop, the highest yield was obtained with the dose of 87 m³ ha-1 of RMI, equivalent to 92% of the yield obtained with mineral fertilization. In the sunflower crop, doses equal to or higher than 20 m³ ha-1 of RMI provided equal or higher yields than those obtained with mineral fertilization. The RMI presented agricultural potential for use as an organic fertilizer and can partially or totally replace chemical fertilization.

A utilização de resíduos urbanos compostados como fonte de nutrientes na agricultura é uma alternativa econômica de descarte deste material. Todavia, devido à diversidade dos materiais que compõem estes resíduos, há a necessidade de estudos constantes sobre os efeitos de sua utilização nas propriedades químicas do solo e na produtividade das culturas. Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial fertilizante de um composto de lixo urbano (CLU) nas culturas de girassol e milho e seu efeito nas propriedades químicas de um Latossolo Vermelho. Realizou-se experimento de campo com tratamentos compostos por doses de 0 Mg ha-1, 10 Mg ha-1, 20 Mg ha-1, 30 Mg ha-1 e 40 Mg ha-1 de CLU e adubação mineral conforme a recomendação de cada cultura. Os resultados indicaram aumento no pH do solo de 6 para 6,5, com a adição do CLU. A acidez potencial do solo diminuiu linearmente de 3,0 cmol c dm-3 para 2,4 cmol c dm-3, contribuindo para o acréscimo no índice SMP, o que refletiu no aumento da capacidade de troca de cátions do solo. A saturação por bases aumentou de 77% para 85%, devido, principalmente, ao acréscimo nos teores de cálcio e magnésio. O CLU proporcionou produtividade de grãos de girassol semelhante à da adubação mineral, nas doses de 10 Mg ha-1, 20 Mg ha-1 e 30 Mg ha-1, sendo que, na dose de 40 Mg ha-1, foi significativamente superior. A produtividade de grãos de milho em doses iguais ou superiores a 20 Mg ha-1 de CLU não diferiu da adubação mineral. O CLU apresentou potencial fertilizante, podendo substituir a adubação mineral nas culturas de girassol e milho.

The use of composted urban waste as a source of nutrients in agriculture is an economic alternative for discarding this material. However, due to the diversity of materials that compose this waste, long term studies on its effects on soil chemical attributes and crop yield are necessary. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of urban waste compost (UWC) as a fertilizer for sunflower and maize crops, as well as its effects on the chemical attributes of an Oxisol. A field experiment, with UWC doses of 0 Mg ha-1, 10 Mg ha-1, 20 Mg ha-1, 30 Mg ha-1 and 40 Mg ha-1 and mineral fertilization according to the recommendation for each crop, was carried out. The results showed an increase in soil pH from 6 to 6.5, with the UWC application. The soil potential acidity decreased linearly from 3.0 cmol c dm-3 to 2.4 cmol c dm-3, contributing to the SMP index increase, what reflected on the increase of the soil cation exchange capacity. The bases saturation increased from 77% to 85%, mainly due to the increase in calcium and magnesium levels. The use of UWC resulted in sunflower grain yield similar to that for mineral fertilization, at 10 Mg ha-1, 20 Mg ha-1 and 30 Mg ha-1, being significantly higher at 40 Mg ha-1. The maize grain yield at or above 20 Mg ha-1 of UWC did not differ from the mineral fertilization. The UWC presented potential to replace the mineral fertilization for sunflower and maize crops.