RESUMO Os níveis de metabólitos variam de acordo com a região de criação, idade, estado fisiológico e alimentação do animal. Portanto, objetivou-se estimar valores de referência para os perfis energético, hepático e mineral de ovinos adultos nos trópicos. Para isso, foram utilizados dados de ovinos saudáveis, criados em diferentes sistemas de manejo, em instituições brasileiras, de 2006 a 2017. Glicose, colesterol, triglicerídeos, fructosamina, HDL, LDL e VLDL foram determinantes para o perfil energético; para o perfil proteico: proteína total, ácido úrico, ureia, albumina e creatinina; para o perfil mineral: valores de cálcio, fósforo e magnésio; e para o perfil enzimático: AST, GGT e fosfatase alcalina. A estimativa e a determinação dos valores de referência foram realizadas pelo teste Dixon e pelo método não paramétrico bootstrap. O intervalo de confiança definido foi de 95%. A maioria dos metabólitos apresentou intervalos que extrapolaram os limites recomendados na literatura internacional, chamando a atenção para o perfil energético o colesterol, fructosamina, ureia e fósforo e no enzimático, os intervalos de AST, GGT e fosfatase alcalina. Em conclusão, os intervalos definidos com base nos dados nacionais apresentam diferenças em relação aos internacionais, pois estes não distinguem os intervalos quanto à categoria do animal.

ABSTRACT Lead is a heavy metal and an important cause of acute or chronic toxicosis in humans, domestic, and wild animals. This report aims to describe a case of chronic lead poisoning in a jaguar (Panthera onca) kept under human care that was rescued from the wild environment. The animal was rescued in poor condition in 2004 and kept under human care at the Belo Horizonte Zoological Garden (Minas Gerais, Brazil) until 2020, when it presented with anorexia, vomiting and ataxia. Over the past years the animal had episodes of anemia and increased serum urea and creatinine. Radiography demonstrated 21 radiopaque projectiles on the right side of the face. At necropsy there were multiple projectiles surrounded by fibrous tissue in the subcutaneous of the right side of the face, fibrinous peritonitis, multiple gastric ulcers, and melena. The lead dosage was performed using the atomic absorption spectrometry technique using renal tissue collected at necropsy, with a result of 908 ppb (µg/kg). The findings of projectiles associated with the dosage of lead above the reference limits allow the diagnosis of chronic intoxication in this case.

RESUMO Chumbo é um metal pesado e uma causa importante de toxicose crônica no homem e em animais domésticos e selvagens. Este relato teve como objetivo descrever um caso de intoxicação crônica por chumbo em uma onça-pintada (Panthera onca), mantida sob cuidados humanos, que foi resgatada de seu ambiente natural em 2004, em pobre condição corporal. O animal foi encaminhado ao zoológico de Belo Horizonte (MG, Brasil), onde permaneceu até 2020, quando desenvolveu anorexia, vômitos e ataxia. Durante os últimos anos, o animal teve episódios de anemia e aumento da concentração sérica de ureia e creatinina. O exame radiográfico demonstrou 21 projéteis radiodensos na face direita. À necropsia, foram observados vários projéteis envoltos por tecido conjuntivo no subcutâneo da face esquerda, peritonite fibrinosa, múltiplas úlceras gástricas e melena. A concentração de chumbo foi determinada por espectrometria de absorção atômica em amostras de tecido renal, indicando 908 ppb (µg/kg). O achado de projéteis de chumbo associado à elevada concentração de chumbo é compatível com intoxicação crônica por chumbo neste caso.

Abstract Many cities are impacted by the effect of heat islands. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of urban heat islands and the influence of green areas on the formation of urban microclimates in the city of Rio de Janeiro. As a result, it was observed that Rio de Janeiro city is under heat islands influence, in which the oldest and most urbanized areas of the city are the most affected by high temperatures. It was possible to verify the role of vegetation in the formation of urban microclimates through the negative correlation coefficient between surface temperature (Ts) and vegetation indexes (NDVI and EVI), along with the positive correlation coefficient between surface temperature (Ts) and the Index of Areas Built by Normalized Difference (NDBI), what demonstrates the influence of urbanization on the increase of temperature.

Resumen Muchas ciudades se ven afectadas por el efecto de las islas de calor. En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la distribución espacial y temporal de las islas de calor urbanas y la influencia de las áreas verdes en la formación de los microclimas urbanos en el municipio de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Como resultados, se observó que Río de Janeiro está influenciada por las islas de calor, siendo las áreas más antiguas y urbanizadas las más afectadas por altas temperaturas. Se pudo constatar el papel de la vegetación en la formación de los microclimas urbanos mediante el coeficiente de correlación negativo entre la temperatura de la superficie (Ts) y los índices de vegetación (NDVI) y (EVI), así como un coeficiente de correlación positivo entre la temperatura de la superficie (Ts) y el Índice de Áreas Construidas por Diferencia Normalizada (NDBI), lo que demuestra la influencia de la urbanización en el aumento de la temperatura.

Resumo Muitas cidades são impactadas pelo efeito das ilhas de calor. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com esse analisar a distribuição espacial e temporal das ilhas de calor urbanas e a influência das áreas verdes na formação dos microclimas urbanos no município do Rio de Janeiro. Como resultados, observou-se que Rio de Janeiro encontra-se sob influência das ilhas de calor, as áreas mais antigas da cidade e sobretudo mais urbanizadas são as mais acometidas pelas altas temperaturas. Foi possível constatar o papel da vegetação na formação dos microclimas urbanos por meio do coordenador de psicologia negativa entre a temperatura da superfície (Ts) e os índices de vegetação (NDVI) e (EVI), e ainda um coeficiente de transferência positiva entre Temperatura da Superfície (Ts) e Índice de Áreas Construídas por Diferença Normalizada (NDBI), demonstrando a influência da urbanização no aumento da temperatura.

Abstract This study was conducted to examine the effects of a diet formulated with industrial amino acids and a commercial vitamin-mineral mixture on the characteristics of carcass and meat cuts of slow-growing broilers slaughtered at different ages. The experiment involved 600 one-day-old male and female white Naked Neck chicks. The chicks were allotted randomly to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement consisting of two diets and three slaughter ages, in a completely randomized experimental design with five replicates of 20 birds each. The experimental period was 84 days. Six chicks were selected and slaughtered on the first day, and then at 56, 70 and 84 days of age 10 birds unit was selected and slaughtered per experimental period. Weight and yield of carcass, abdominal fat and breast, thigh and drumstick meat were determined. Additionally, moisture, protein, fat and mineral matter contents and protein and fat deposition in the breast, drumstick and thigh muscles were determined. The diet did not influence the yields of carcass, abdominal fat, or meat cuts or the nutritional composition of meat. Slaughter age influenced the yields of breast and thigh meat and abdominal fat; the protein content of breast meat; and the moisture, crude protein, fat, and mineral matter contents of drumstick and thigh meat. There was an interaction effect between diet and slaughter age for protein deposition in breast meat. The age factor influenced fat deposition in the drumstick muscles. Protein deposition in the thigh muscles was influenced by the diet. Moreover, a difference was observed between the ages for protein and fat deposition in the thigh muscle. In conclusion, the use of a commercial mixture in the diet results in decreased protein deposition in the breast and thigh muscles, although this difference does not affect the characteristics of carcass or meat cuts. Birds slaughtered at 70 days exhibit similar carcass characteristics to those of birds slaughtered at 84 days, indicating the possibility of an earlier slaughter age.

O ensino de Física Médica evolui a cada ano no Brasil. A necessidade de métodos didáticos e interativos cresce de maneira proporcional visando uma maior motivação e melhor aprendizagem por parte dos alunos. Nos cursos de graduação em Física Médica no Brasil, a disciplina de Física das Radiações é fundamental para a formação profissional do estudante. O objetivo deste trabalho é utilizar o código de Monte Carlo TOPAS para simular experimentos que possibilitem a discussão de conteúdos abordados na disciplina de Física das Radiações. A ferramenta poderá ser utilizada por docentes ao ministrar essa disciplina e por alunos que queiram aprofundar seus conhecimentos e serem introduzidos ao método de Monte Carlo. Inicialmente, foi realizada a validação do TOPAS para os espectros de fótons utilizados através da comparação com dados da literatura. Com isso, foi possível elaborar os arquivos de entrada e realizar a análise de dados dos arquivos de saída para diferentes configurações de irradiação abordadas academicamente de modo a evidenciar a influência de fatores como: estatística das curvas pelo número de histórias; tamanho do campo de irradiação; meios homogêneos e heterogêneos; feixes incidentes de diferentes naturezas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as simulações elaboradas possibilitam uma análise correta e dinâmica dos processos de interação da radiação com a matéria abordados em Física das Radiações. Brasil estudante Inicialmente literatura isso como histórias heterogêneos naturezas

The teaching of medical physics evolves every year in Brazil. The need for didactic and interactive methods grows proportionally, aiming at greater motivation and better learning on the students’ behalf. In undergraduate courses in medical physics in Brazil, the discipline of radiation physics is fundamental for the student’s professional formation. The purpose of this work is to utilize the TOPAS Monte Carlo to simulate experiments that allow the discussion over covered contents on the discipline of radiation physics related to medical physics. The tool may be used by teachers to minister this discipline and by students that may want to deepen their knowledge and be introduced to the Monte Carlo method. Initially, it was done the code validation for the photon spectra used through the comparison with literature. Therefore, it was possible to elaborate the input archives and perform the output archives data analysis for different irradiation setups covered by the academic community in order to evince factors influence, such as: curves statistics by the number of histories; irradiation field size; homogeneous and heterogeneous medium; different incident beams natures. The obtained results show that the performed simulations allow a correct and dynamic analysis of the radiation interaction processes with matter approached in radiation physics. Brazil proportionally behalf student s formation method Initially literature Therefore influence as histories size medium natures

RESUMO O teratoma é uma neoplasia rara, com diferenciação em duas ou três linhagens de células germinativas. Teratomas intracranianos, em aves, são raramente relatados, principalmente, com localização cerebral. Este é o primeiro relato de teratoma cerebral em um pato-real com sinais clínicos neurológicos. A neoplasia foi caracterizada como um teratoma cerebral maduro, estendendo do cerebelo ao tronco encefálico e com um nódulo no córtex.

ABSTRACT Teratoma is a rare neoplasia with differentiation in two or three germ cell lines. Intracranial teratoma in birds has rarely been reported, especially affecting the brain. This is the first report of a brain teratoma in a mallard with neurological clinical signs. The neoplasm was characterized as a mature brain teratoma, extending from the cerebellum to the brainstem, and with one nodule in the cortex.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações cardiorrespiratórias causadas pela medetomidina associada à cetamina, e o tempo de recuperação após aplicação intramuscular de atipamezole ou ioimbina em Puma concolor. Para isso, foi realizada a aplicação de medetomidina (100µg/kg) associada à cetamina (5mg/kg) em 11 onças-pardas, sendo os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios registrados a cada 15 minutos, durante 90 minutos de avaliação. Em seguida, a anestesia foi revertida com aplicação intramuscular de ioimbina (0,4mg/kg; n=5) ou atipamezole (0,25mg/kg; n=6), sendo analisado o tempo até a recuperação. Dos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios avaliados, houve diferença apenas na frequência respiratória (entre os momentos 60 e 90 minutos), estando esta, todavia, dentro do intervalo de referência para a espécie. Além disso, verificou-se tempo para decúbito esternal significativamente menor nos animais do grupo atipamezole (18±7 minutos), quando comparado ao grupo ioimbina (36±17 minutos), entretanto o tempo de recuperação completa foi estatisticamente igual entre os dois reversores analisados. Assim, a associação anestésica promoveu anestesia eficiente, segura e de rápida indução em onças-pardas, permitindo a imobilização dos animais durante os 90 minutos de avaliação, sem a ocorrência de complicações. Ao se comparar a reversão anestésica com atipamezole e ioimbina, observou-se equivalência dos fármacos no tempo de recuperação completa dos animais.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratory changes caused by ketamine-associated medetomidine, and the recovery time after intramuscular application of atipamezole or yohimbine in Puma concolor. For this, the application of medetomidine (100µg/kg) associated with ketamine (5mg/kg) was performed in eleven brown ounces, and the cardiorespiratory parameters were recorded every 15 minutes during 90 minutes of evaluation. Afterwards, anesthesia was reversed with intramuscular application of yohimbine (0.4mg/kg; n=5) or atipamezole (0.25mg/kg; n=6), and time to recovery was analyzed. Of the cardiorespiratory parameters evaluated, there was a difference only in respiratory rate (between 60 and 90 minutes), however, within the reference range for the species. In addition, there was a significantly shorter time for sternal decubitus in the animals of the atipamezole group (18±7 minutes) when compared to the yohimbine group (36±17 minutes), however the complete recovery time was statistically equal between the two reversers analyzed. Thus, the anesthetic association promoted efficient, safe and fast induction anesthesia in puma, allowing the animals to be immobilized during the 90 minutes of evaluation without complications. Comparing anesthetic reversal with atipamezole and yohimbine, drug equivalence was observed in the complete recovery time of the animals.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do óleo essencial (OE) de tomilho nos parâmetros ruminais, na digestibilidade e no balanço de nitrogênio em borregos alimentados com elevado teor de concentrado. Vinte borregos providos de cânulas ruminais foram blocados de acordo com o peso corporal (PC=64,0±2,1kg) e receberam um dos tratamentos: 25mg de monensina/kg de matéria seca (MS; MON) ou doses de OE de tomilho (1,25; 2,50 ou 3,75g/kg de MS). A dieta foi composta por 90% de concentrado. A composição do OE de tomilho foi principalmente timol (46,6% da MS) e p-cimeno (38,9% da MS). A ingestão e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. A inclusão de 3,75g de OE de tomilho tendeu (P=0,07) a aumentar o butirato em relação aos tratamentos MON e 1,25OE. Os borregos alimentados com 1,25g de OE tenderam (P=0,07) a apresentar menor pH ruminal no 14º dia comparado a MON. No entanto, os tratamentos não afetaram a relação acetato:propionato, concentração total de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e retenção de nitrogênio. Os resultados sugerem que a adição de OE de tomilho em dietas com elevado teor de concentrado pode ser uma alternativa à monensina como aditivo alimentar para cordeiros em confinamento.

ABSTRACT This trial aimed to evaluate the effects of thyme essential oils (EO) on rumen parameters, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in wethers fed with high-concentrate diet. Twenty rumen-cannulated wethers were blocked according to body weight (BW= 64.0±2.1kg), and received one of the following treatments: 25mg of monensin/kg of dry matter (DM; MON) or doses of thyme EO (1.25, 2.50 or 3.75g/kg of DM). The diet was composed of 90% concentrate. Thyme EO was composed mainly by thymol (46.6% of DM) and p-cymene (38.9% of DM). The nutrient intake and apparent digestibility were similar among treatments. The inclusion of 3.75g of thyme EO tended (P= 0.07) to increase butyrate compared to MON and 1.25OE and wethers fed with 1.25g of thyme EO tended (P= 0.07) to decrease ruminal pH on the 14th day compared to MON. The treatments did not affect acetate:propionate ratio, total short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and nitrogen retention. Results from this study suggest that adding thyme EO to high-concentrate diets may be used as an alternative to monensin as feed additive in feedlot lambs.

Abstract To examine the association between phytase and xylanase in diets with nutritional adjustments on intestinal morphometry, serum biochemistry and microbiology of broilers, 250 broilers were evaluated in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates. The following treatments were tested: positive control diet - without phytase or xylanase; negative control diet - with an energy reduction of 100 kcal/kg, without phytase or xylanase; and three diets containing xylanase and phytase and energy reductions of 50, 100 and 150 Kcal/kg. For all energy-reduced diets, the nutritional matrix of phytase with phosphorus (0.15%), calcium (0.165%) and sodium (0.035%) was considered. An effect of the association between enzyme inclusion and metabolizable energy reduction in the diets was observed only by contrast analysis, for villus height. Intestinal health was not changed. Only the serum phosphorus concentration was altered by the treatments at the different evaluated ages. The association of phytase (500 FTU/kg) with xylanase (16000 BXU/kg) in diets with reductions of up to 150 Kcal/kg metabolizable energy, 0.15% digestible P, 0.165% Ca and 0.035% Na does not alter the intestinal morphometry, serum biochemistry or microbiology of broilers.

RESUMO Este é o primeiro relato de parasitismo por Gongylonema sp. em um calitriquídeo de vida livre proveniente da Mata Atlântica do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Um sagui-da-cara-branca (Callithrix geoffroyi), macho, jovem, foi eutanasiado, devido a prognóstico desfavorável, e necropsiado. Fragmentos de língua foram coletados para processamento histológico de rotina. Microscopicamente, havia cortes transversais de nematoides adultos na mucosa da língua. Na raspagem da mucosa da língua, foi observada pequena quantidade de ovos larvados ovais com cápsula espessa. A morfologia do parasita adulto e dos ovos, associada à localização do agente, é compatível com nematoide Spirurida do gênero Gongylonema. São necessários estudos adicionais para avaliar o impacto desse parasito nas populações de calitriquídeos de vida livre.

ABSTRACT This is the first report of parasitism by Gongylonema sp. in a free-ranging callitrichid from the Atlantic forest of Espírito Santo, Brazil. A juvenile male of Geoffroy's marmoset (Callithrix geoffroyi) was euthanized due to poor prognosis, then necropsied. Samples of the tongue were collected for routine histological processing. Microscopically, there were transversal sections of adult nematodes within the epithelial layer of the mucosa of the tongue. Lingual scraping demonstrated a small number of oval embryonated eggs with a thick capsule. The morphology of the adult parasites and the eggs, associated with its location, were compatible with the Spirurida nematode of the genus Gongylonema. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of this parasite on free-ranging callitrichid populations.

RESUMO A piroplasmose equina é transmitida por carrapatos, sendo causada pelos protozoários Babesia caballi e Theileria equi. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de aborto equino associado à piroplasmose fetal. Uma égua gestante, aparentemente saudável, abortou no 10º mês de gestação. Na necropsia do feto, foi observada palidez de subcutâneo, da musculatura esquelética e das mucosas visíveis, moderado hidrotórax e acentuada esplenomegalia. Histologicamente, havia hiperplasia linfoide esplênica e nefrose. Muitos merozoítos foram observados em eritrócitos nos vasos sanguíneos de todos os órgãos examinados, com maior intensidade no encéfalo. Amostras de DNA do baço, fígado, rim e timo foram utilizadas para PCR com primers genéricos para detecção de sequências do gene 18S ribossomal de piroplasmas, com resultado positivo para todas as amostras. Em seguida, os amplicons das amostras de baço foram purificados, sequenciados e, após análise, mostraram 98% de identidade com a sequência de T. equi. Portanto, as alterações microscópicas, os resultados de PCR e sequenciamento confirmam aborto associado à T. equi por transmissão transplacentária.

ABSTRACT Equine piroplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by the protozoan parasites Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. We report a case of abortion in association with transplacental Theileria equi infection in a mare from the State of Espírito Santo, southeast Brazil. An apparently healthy mare aborted at the tenth month of gestation. At necropsy, the subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscles, and visible mucosae of the aborted fetus were pale, and there was moderate hydrothorax and marked splenomegaly. Microscopic findings included splenic lymphoid hyperplasia and nephrosis. Merozoite-infected erythrocytes were found within blood vessels of all organs examined and were most numerous in the brain. DNA extracted from the spleen, liver, kidney, and thymus was used as a template for PCR. Generic primers were employed for the detection of piroplasm 18S ribosomal gene. All samples were positive for piroplasm DNA by PCR. Amplicons were purified and then sequenced. Sequencing analysis of these amplicons revealed 98% identity to T. equi sequences. Based on our findings, we suggest that abortion in this case resulted from transplacental Theileria infection.

High caloric intake promotes chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and chronic diseases such as type-2 diabetes, which may be prevented by food restriction (FR). The effect of FR on expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes in adipose tissue, liver, muscle, and brain was compared. Male Swiss mice were submitted to FR (FR group) or had free access to food (control group) during 56 days. The liver, gastrocnemius muscle, brain, and epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) were collected for analysis of gene expressions. FR attenuated inflammation in the liver, brain, and gastrocnemius muscle but did not markedly change inflammatory gene expression in epididymal WAT. We concluded that adipose tissue was less responsive to FR in terms of gene expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes.

Abstract Tropaeolum majus L., Tropaeolaceae, popularly known in Brazil as ‘capuchinha’ is widely used due its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, anti-hypertensive and anti-depressive properties. However, scientific investigations about its effects on the central nervous system are still scarce. This study investigated the central pharmacological actions of the prolonged treatment with a hydroethanolic extract of T. majus in male Wistar rats in the elevated plus maze and hole-board behavioral models. For this, rats were daily treated with distillated water (negative control); diazepam (1 mg/kg) or hydroethanolic extract of T. majus (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg), for 29 days (by gavage) and were submitted to elevated plus maze and hole-board. Animals treated with all hydroethanolic extract of T. majus or diazepam doses increased the percentage of entries in open arms when compared to control group. However, only treatment with diazepam increased the length of time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze. No differences between all groups were observed regardless rearing, grooming, stretched-attend postures and defecation rates. In the HB test, in opposite to diazepam, treatment with hydroethanolic extract of T. majus did not interfere in the exploratory activity of rats. The hydroethanolic extract of T. majus promotes anxiolytic-like effects when orally administered in rats.

RESUMO Carcinomas intestinais são raros em cães. O prognóstico e a sobrevida são dependentes do tipo histológico, do grau de invasão nas camadas intestinais e da capacidade da neoformação primária em desenvolver metástases. Relata-se um caso de um cão, da raça Yorkshire, que desenvolveu adenocarcinoma tubulopapilar retal com evolução para carcinomatose peritoneal e múltiplos focos metastáticos no intestino grosso, na bexiga, no rim linfonodo ilíaco, no fígado e nos pulmões seis meses após ressecção cirúrgica da neoplasia primária. Aspectos clínicos, cirúrgicos, anatomopatológicos e imunofenotípicos são descritos. O escore de COX-2 na imuno-histoquímica foi maior na metástase hepática (escore 9) do que na massa primária (escore 6), e a fração de crescimento (Ki-67) na neoplasia retal foi de 49,2%.

ABSTRACT Intestinal carcinomas are rare in dogs. The prognosis and survival time are dependent of the histological type, the invasion of the intestinal wall by the malignant cells and the ability of primary neoplasm to produce metastasis. This study reports a case of a Yorkshire dog that developed a rectal tubulopapillary adenocarcinoma progressing to a peritoneal carcinomatosis and multiple metastasis in large intestines, bladder, kidney, iliac lymph node, liver and lungs, six months after transanal surgical resection of the primary rectal neoplasm. Clinical, surgical, pathological and immunophenotypic findings are described. COX-2 imunohistochemical score was higher in hepatic metastasis (score 9) than in the primary tumour (score 6), and the growth fraction (Ki-67) observed was of 49.2% in the rectal neoplasm.

Abstract Casearia sylvestris Sw., Salicaceae, is an important medicinal plant widely used in Brazil for the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders. This species was included as of interest by Brazilian Unified Health System. Although preclinical studies described cardiovascular protective effects and apparent absence of toxicity, no studies have evaluated its carcinogenic potential. In this study, we proposed a short-term carcinogenesis evaluation of C. sylvestris in Wistar rats, aiming to check the safety of this species to use it as proposed by Brazilian Unified Health System. C. sylvestris leaves were obtained and the crude extract was prepared by maceration from methanol/water. Wistar rats were orally treated for 12 weeks with 50, 250 or 500 mg kg−1 of crude extract or vehicle. Body weight, daily morbidity and mortality were monitored. Blood and bone marrow samples were collect for micronucleus test, comet assay and tumor markers evaluation. Vital organs were removed to macro and histopathological analyses. The crude extract did not induce mutagenic and genotoxic effects and no alterations were observed in important tumor markers. Finally, no detectable signs of injury through gross pathology or histopathological examinations were observed. Our results certify the absence of the crude extract toxicity, indicating its safety, even at prolonged exposure as proposed by Brazilian Unified Health System.