ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of litter type and litter treatment with enzymatic-bacterial production incidence and severity of footpad dermatitis and consequently on behavior of broiler chickens. A total of 1,200 one day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with 4 replicates in 2 x 2 factorial design. The first factor was the physical form of the straw (chopped on approximately 2 cm or un-chopped) and the second factor was addition of enzymatic-bacterial product applied directly on the straw. Each replicate consisted of 75 as-hatched birds per pen. Occurrence and severity of the footpad dermatitis and histological evaluation of the scores was done at the end of the trial (42 days of age). During the trial, at 3 and 6 weeks of age, broiler behavior was observed by Scan Sampling Method. The results showed that chopped straw significantly lowered the incidence of footpad dermatitis. Chopped straw in combination with enzymatic-bacterial product showed the lowest footpad dermatitis score in broilers. Histological procedures confirmed the macroscopic evaluation of the footpad dermatitis severity. The chopped straw had a significant effect on some behavioral patterns of broiler chickens. Differences were observed for dust bathing and scratching. Correlation between footpad dermatitis and birds locomotor activity was not confirmed.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a twelve-week aerobic dance-training program on the body composition parameters of young women. The sample of 59 young women belonged to one of two groups, an experimental (EXP) or a control (CON) group. The experimental group consisted of 29 female subjects (age 23.1±1.9 years, body height 164.4±6.1 cm, body weight 62.1±5.6 kg, BMI 23.0±2.2 kg/m2), while the control group was made up of 30 subjects (age 22.7±1.8 years, body height 165.3±6.2 cm, body weight 59.4±6.3 kg, BMI 21.7±1.7 kg/m2). To assess body compositions, the following measures were used: the overall sum of the upper body skinfolds, the overall sum of the lower body skinfolds, the overall sum of skinfolds of the upper and lower body, the percentage of body fat, the percentage of muscle mass in the body, body height and body weight. For all of the sums of skinfolds for the subjects of the EXP group, we noted a statistically significant decrease (p< 0.05) at the final measuring in relation to the initial measuring (SSFUPPER - 39.35 mm compared to 42.87 mm; S SFLOWER - 39.35mm compared to 49.88 mm; STOTAL SF - 76.97 mm compared to 92.75 mm). In the case of BF%, a decrease was noted at the final measuring in relation to the initial one (20.37% compared to 22.66%), which was statistically significant (p< 0.05). On the basis of our results, we can conclude that aerobic dance decreases subcutaneous fatty tissue and body composition of the young women.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los efectos de un programa de acondicionamiento de danza aeróbica de doce semanas sobre los parámetros de composición corporal de mujeres jóvenes. La muestra de 59 mujeres jóvenes se dividió en dos grupos, uno experimental y otro control. El grupo experimental estaba compuesto por 29 mujeres (edad 23,1 ± 1,9 años, estatura 164,4 ± 6,1 cm, peso corporal 62,1 ± 5,6 kg, IMC 23,0 ± 2,2 kg/m2), mientras que el grupo de control estaba compuesto por 30 mujeres (edad 22,7 ± 1,8 años, estatura 165,3 ± 6,2 cm, peso corporal 59,4 ± 6,3 kg, IMC 21,7 ± 1,7 kg/m2). Para evaluar la composición corporal, se utilizaron las siguientes medidas: la suma general de los pliegues cutáneos parte superior del cuerpo, la suma general de los pliegues cutáneos parte inferior del cuerpo, la suma general de los pliegues cutáneos de las partes superiores e inferiores del cuerpo, el porcentaje de grasa corporal, el porcentaje de masa muscular en el cuerpo, estatura y peso corporal. Al considerar todas las sumas de los pliegues cutáneos de las mujeres del grupo experimental, observamos una disminución estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,05) en la medición final en relación con la medición inicial (SPC SUPERIOR 39,35 mm en comparación con 42,87 mm; SPCINFERIOR 39,35 mm en comparación con 49,88 mm; SPC TOTAL 76,97 mm comparación con 92,75 mm). En el caso de porcentaje de grasa corporal, se observó una disminución en la medición final en relación al porcentaje inicial (20,37% en comparación al 22,66%) lo cual fue estadísticamente significativo (p < 0,05 ). Basado en los resultados de nuestro estudio, podemos concluir que la danza aeróbica disminuye el tejido graso subcutáneo y la composición corporal de las mujeres jóvenes.

The aim of this study was to fortify the clinical importance and representation of toxigenic and non-toxigenic Clostridium difficile isolated from stool samples of hospitalized patients. This survey included 80 hospitalized patients with diarrhea and positive findings of Clostridium difficile in stool samples, and 100 hospitalized patients with formed stool as a control group. Bacteriological examination of a stool samples was conducted using standard microbiological methods. Stool sample were inoculated directly on nutrient media for bacterial cultivation (blood agar using 5% sheep blood, Endo agar, selective Salmonella Shigella agar, Selenite-F broth, CIN agar and Skirrow's medium), and to selective cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (CCFA) (Biomedics, Parg qe tehnicologico, Madrid, Spain) for isolation of Clostridium difficile. Clostridium difficile toxin was detected by ELISA-ridascreen Clostridium difficile Toxin A/B (R-Biopharm AG, Germany) and ColorPAC ToxinA test (Becton Dickinson, USA). Examination of stool specimens for the presence of parasites (causing diarrhea) was done using standard methods (conventional microscopy), commercial concentration test Paraprep S Gold kit (Dia Mondial, France) and RIDA®QUICK Cryptosporidium/Giardia Combi test (R-Biopharm AG, Germany). Examination of stool specimens for the presence of fungi (causing diarrhea) was performed by standard methods. All stool samples positive for Clostridium difficile were tested for Rota, Noro, Astro and Adeno viruses by ELISA - ridascreen (R-Biopharm AG, Germany). In this research we isolated 99 Clostridium difficile strains from 116 stool samples of 80 hospitalized patients with diarrhea. The 53 (66.25%) of patients with diarrhea were positive for toxins A and B, one (1.25%) were positive for only toxin B. Non-toxigenic Clostridium difficile isolated from samples of 26 (32.5%) patients. However, other pathogenic microorganisms of intestinal tract cultivated from samples of 16 patients. Examination of cultivated colonies revealed that most of cultivated species belonged to genera of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Candida spp.. In control group, toxigenic Clostridium difficile cultivated from stool samples of two patients (2%) and non-toxigenic Clostridium difficile from samples of five patients (5%). This research confirmed clinical importance of toxigenic Clostridium difficile found in liquid stool samples of hospitalized patient, and the possibility of asymptomatic carriage in 2% of patients with formed stool.