Resumen Introducción. Para el establecimiento adecuado de plantaciones de cacao, se deben garantizar tecnologías idóneas para la obtención de posturas (plantas jóvenes sembradas y desarrolladas en bolsas) de calidad en los viveros. Objetivo. Definir indicadores de calidad para posturas de cacao producida vía micro injertos, en función de las fuentes orgánicas y hongos micorrízicos arbusculares en un suelo Cambisol. Materiales y métodos. Entre 2018 y 2019, en el vivero de la Empresa Agroforestal y Coco de Baracoa, se evaluó la inoculación de las cepas Glomus cubense y Rhizoglomus irregulare en sustratos formados por humus de lombriz y cáscara de cacao compostada (3:1,5:1 v/v). Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, con cincuenta posturas por tratamiento, de ellas se evaluaron veinticinco. A los cuatro meses se evaluó: altura, diámetro del tallo, masa seca aérea, radical y total, concentración de nutrientes foliares (N, P, K), área foliar, índice de esbeltez, índice de calidad Dickson (ICD) y porcentaje de colonización micorrízica. Se realizó un análisis de varianza de clasificación simple y se aplicó la prueba de comparación de Duncan (95 %). Resultados. La inoculación de G. cubense y R. irregulare, independiente de la fuente de abono orgánico, incrementaron significativamente la masa seca total (39 %), el área foliar (20 %) y el ICD (48 %), respecto los testigos. El ICD se relacionó significativamente (p<0,05) con la masa seca total y el área foliar (R2= 0,97). La inoculación con R. irregulare y G. cubense incrementaron las concentraciones foliares de N, P y K. Conclusiones. Las variables masa seca total, el área foliar, el índice de esbeltez y el ICD, mostraron un carácter integrador del crecimiento de la planta y pueden ser indicadores de calidad para los micro injertos de cacao, a partir de relaciones suelo : abonos orgánicos e inoculación con G. cubense y R. irregulare.

Abstract Introduction. For the proper establishment of cocoa plantations, suitable technologies must be guaranteed to obtain quality seedlings (young plants sown and developed in bags) in the nurseries. Objective. To define quality indicators for cocoa seedlings produced via micro-grafting, depending on organic sources and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a Brown Sialitic soil. Materials and methods. Between 2018 and 2019 in the nursery of the Empresa Agroforestal y Coco de Baracoa, the inoculation of the Glomus cubense and Rhizoglomus irregulare strains in substrates formed by earthworm humus and composted cocoa husk (3:1,5:1 v/v) was evaluated. A completely randomized design was used, with 50 postures per treatment, of which 25 were evaluated. At four months, the following were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, aerial, root and total dry mass, foliar nutrient concentration (N, P, K), leaf area, slenderness index, Dickson Quality Index (DQI), and the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization. A simple rank analysis of variance was performed and Duncan’s comparison test (95 %) was applied. Results. The inoculation of G. cubense and R. irregulare, regardless of the source, significantly increased total dry mass (39 %), the leaf area (20 %) and the DQI (48 %) with respect to the controls. The DQI was significantly related (p<0.05) to total dry mass and leaf area (R2= 0.97). The inoculation with R. irregulare and G. cubense increased the leaf N, P, and k concentrations. Conclusions. The variables total dry mass, leaf area, slenderness index, and DQI showed an integrative character of plant growth and can be used as quality indicators for cocoa micro-grafts, based on soil : organic fertilizer relationships and inoculation with G. cubense and R. irregulare.

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem that, due to the clinical variability of its presentation, can be confused with cancer. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical-radiological characteristics and to describe the methodology that allowed to achieve a TB diagnosis in patients referred to the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases (INEN) with a presumed diagnosis of cancer between 2014 and 2016. The study included 170 patients (52.4% men) with an average age of 41.1 years; 18% presented a history of contact with TB, and 5.9% had had the disease previously. The TB was pulmonary in 22.4% and extrapulmonary in 77.7% of patients. The most frequent symptoms were respiratory, tumor, weight loss, and neurological. The cancer diagnoses most frequently discarded were lymphoma, lung cancer, and brain cancer. The lesions that suggested a neoplasm indicated an advanced clinical stage in 63.5%. Therefore, it follows that the symptoms and images associated with TB can be confused with malignant neoplasms.

RESUMEN La tuberculosis (TB) es un importante problema de salud pública que debido a la variabilidad clínica de su presentación, puede confundirse con una malignidad. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las características clínico radiológicas y describir la metodología que permitió llegar al diagnóstico de TB en pacientes derivados con presunción diagnóstica de cáncer al Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN) entre 2014 y 2016. Se incluyeron 170 pacientes (52,4 % hombres) con edad promedio de 41,1 años, 18 % presentaron antecedentes de contacto con TB y un 5,9 % tuvo previamente la enfermedad. La TB fue pulmonar en 22,4 % y extrapulmonar en 77,7 % de los pacientes. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron respiratorios, tumoración, pérdida de peso y neurológicos. Los diagnósticos oncológicos descartados con mayor frecuencia fueron linfoma, cáncer pulmonar y cerebral. Las lesiones que sugerían una neoplasia indicaron un estadio clínico avanzado en el 63,5 %. Se concluye que los síntomas e imágenes asociados a TB pueden confundirse con neoplasias malignas.

The use of biomass as raw-material for obtaining chemicals, polymers and fuels is emerging as a clever alternative solution for the increasing energy demand, environmental awareness and petroleum shortage. In this work, some attempts in order to develop catalytic systems suitable for triglyceride transformation into fuels, polymers and intermediates are reviewed.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de compósitos claros com propriedades de interesse tecnológico utilizando elastômeros com diferentes polaridades. Para que este objetivo fosse atingido, celulose II em pó foi usada como carga, em borracha natural (NR) ou policloropreno (CR). A celulose II foi obtida por coagulação da solução de xantato de celulose em meio ácido, sob agitação constante e à temperatura ambiente, constituindo uma nova forma de obtenção deste tipo de carga. Compósitos com 10 phr de celulose II com NR e CR, respectivamente, foram desenvolvidos tendo como variável o tamanho de partícula da carga. As propriedades mecânicas e os aspectos microscópicos dos diferentes compósitos foram avaliados e comparados com aqueles das formulações sem carga. Os resultados permitiram identificar o compósito como o de melhor resultado, influenciado pela polaridade da matriz elastomérica e pelo tamanho de partícula da carga, conseqüência das condições de moagem usadas.

The aim of this work was to develop light composites with properties of technological interest by using elastomers of different polarities. This was achieved by employing cellulose II, in the powder form, as filler in natural rubber (NR) and chloroprene (CR). Cellulose II was obtained by coagulation of cellulose xanthate solution, in acid medium, under stirring and at room temperature, which represents, to our knowledge, a new way of obtaining this type of filler. Composites with 10phr of cellulose II and NR or CR were prepared having the particle size as variable. The mechanical properties and the microscopic aspect of the different composites were evaluated and compared with compounds without filler. The results indicated best results for the CR composite, influenced by the polarity of the elastomeric matrix and by the particle size, as a consequence of the milling conditions of the filler used.