Resumo O presente trabalho evidencia a ocorrência de vento tipo foehn nas encostas orientais das serras do Sudeste do Brasil. Um caso particular foi detectado a partir de evidências observacionais em 4 de Julho de 2015 perto da cidade de Cruzeiro, Estado de São Paulo, na Serra da Mantiqueira. Os resultados obtidos por simulações numéricas são consistentes com a ocorrência de vento foehn, como pode ser visto a partir da análise de padrões regionais e séries temporais de certos parâmetros meteorológicos.

Abstract The present study gives evidence of the occurrence of foehn-like wind on the eastern slopes of the mountains at Southeastern Brazil. A particular case was detected based on observational evidence on 4 July 2015 near the city of Cruzeiro, state of Sao Paulo, on the Serra da Mantiqueira mountains. Results obtained from numerical simulations are consistent with the foehn wind occurrence deducted from the analysis of regional patterns and time series of selected meteorological parameters.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad de la AChE en sangre total y los niveles de FRAP en muestras de perros con tumores mamarios antes y después de la cirugía, así como la relación entre estas variables con marcadores inmunohistoquímicos de tumores (E-caderina, ki-67 , COX - 2). Materiales y métodos. En este estudio, 13 perros con tumores mamarios se dividieron en dos grupos (A y B). El grupo A estaba formado por perros con tumores menores de 3 cm de diámetro y el grupo B estaba formado por perros con tumor de 3 cm de diámetro o más. La actividad de AChE y los niveles de FRAP se evaluaron antes y después de la cirugía y la inmunohistoquímica se realizó en los tumores. Resultados. La actividad de la AChE aumentó significativamente (p<0.05) en perros con cáncer mamario en comparación con los animales control, y ni la cirugía ni el tamaño tumoral afectaron la actividad de la AChE (p>0.05). Los niveles de FRAP antes de la cirugía fueron significativamente más bajos (p<0.05) en comparación con los animales control. Además, los niveles de FRAP aumentaron significativamente después de la cirugía en animales del grupo A en comparación con los datos antes de la cirugía, hecho que no se observó en perros del grupo B. La E-cadherina mostró correlación positiva baja con los niveles de FRAP (r = 0.37, valor p=0.05); COX-2 mostró una moderada correlación positiva significativa con FRAP (r = 0.55, p-valor<0.05); Y la COX-2 mostró una correlación positiva de baja significación con la AChE (r = 0.32, p-valor = 0.01). Conclusiones. AChE y los niveles de antioxidantes se modifican en perros con cáncer de mama. Estas variables están implicadas en diversas funciones fisiológicas, y por lo tanto, pueden estar relacionadas con la patogénesis de la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate AChE activity in total blood and the FRAP levels in samples from dogs with mammary tumors before and after surgery, as well as the relationship between these variables with immunohistochemical markers of tumor (E-caderina, ki-67, COX-2). Materials and methods. In this study, 13 dogs with mammary tumors were divided into two groups (A and B). The group A was formed by dogs with tumors smaller than 3 cm of diameter, and the group B was formed by dogs with tumor of 3 cm of diameter or larger. The AChE activity and FRAP levels were evaluated before and after surgery and the immunohistochemistry were performed at the tumors. Results. The AChE activity was significantly increased (p<0.05) in dogs with mammary cancer compared to control animals, and neither surgery or tumor size affected the AChE activity (p>0.05). FRAP levels before surgery were significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to control animals. Also, FRAP levels increased significantly after surgery in animals of the group A compared to data before surgery, a fact not observed in dogs from the group B. E-cadherin showed low significant positive correlation with FRAP levels (r=0.37, p-value=0.05); COX-2 showed a moderate significant positive correlation to FRAP (r=0.55, p-value<0.05); and COX-2 showed a low significant positive correlation to AChE (r=0.32, p-value=0.01). Conclusions. AChE and antioxidant levels are modified in dogs with mammary cancer. These variables are involved in various physiological functions, and thus, they might be related to disease pathogenesis.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o desempenho das simulações por conjunto do modelo Eta-5km do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais para um caso de chuva intensa ocorrido na Bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul em janeiro de 2000, durante um evento de Zona de Convergência do Atlântico Sul. O conjunto de simulações é formado por 5 membros, denominados de acordo com suas parametrizações convectiva (Betts-Miller-Janjic - BMJ ou Kain-Fritsch - KF) e de microfísica (Ferrier ou Zhao): CNTRL (BMJ/Ferrier); KF (KF/Ferrier); KFMX (KF com fluxo de momentum/Ferrier); KFMXP (KF com fluxo de momentum e força do gradiente da perturbação da pressão/Ferrier) e ZHAO (BMJ/Zhao). As simulações são realizadas com horizontes de 24 até 120 h e condições de contorno inicial e lateral provenientes do “Climate Forecast System Reanalysis”. Os resultados indicam que todos os membros são capazes de posicionar a banda de chuva aproximadamente na mesma localização observada. O modelo, apesar de subestimar os valores das maiores pluviometrias diárias, simula uma frequência maior de eventos de chuva forte. Em geral, a média do conjunto apresenta melhor performance do que cada um dos membros isoladamente e as simulações com 48 h de antecedência são superiores às demais.

Abstract The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of simulations generated by the ensemble of the Eta-5km model from the National Institute for Space Research. The evaluation was performed over the Paraíba do Sul River Basin during an extreme rainfall event, occurred early in January 2000, in a South Atlantic Convergence Zone event. The 5-member ensemble is formed with different convective (Betts-Miller-Jancic - BMJ or Kain-Fritsch - KF) and microphysics (Ferrier or Zhao) parameterizations and are nominated respectively as: CNTRL (Betts-Miller-Janjic/Ferrier); KF (Kain-Fritsch/Ferrier); KFMX (Kain-Fritsch with inclusion of momentum flux/Ferrier); KFMXP (Kain-Fritsch with inclusion of momentum flux and force of the perturbation of pressure gradient/Ferrier) and ZHAO (Betts-Miller-Janjic/Zhao). The simulations are integrated up to 120 h and the initial and boundary conditions were taken from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. The results indicate that all members were able to position the rain band in about the same observed location. Although the model underestimates the highest daily precipitation amount, it simulates higher frequency of heavy rainfall events than it really occurs. In general, the ensemble mean simulation presents higher performance than each individual members and the 48-h simulations are better than the other forecast lead times.