RESUMO A ostreicultura beneficia comunidades costeiras tradicionais ao longo da costa do manguezal de macro-marés amazônico do Estado do Pará no Brasil desde 2006. Atualmente, sete cultivos em cinco municípios expandem sua produção, mas sem monitoramento ambiental, importante para verificar impactos da ostreicultura sobre as águas, mas também para o manejo e conservação de ostras. A variação sazonal nas características ambientais da água foi avaliada em todos os cultivos do Pará, de setembro a novembro de 2013 (estação seca) e fevereiro a abril de 2014 (estação chuvosa), para gerar dados de base para avaliar futuros impactos e ajudar no planejamento estratégico, como a diversificação da produção de sementes. Salinidade, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, potencial de oxidação-redução, profundidade, temperatura e concentração de clorofila-a foram medidas durante as marés inundantes e vazantes, e comparadas entre estações e unidades de cultivo usando estatísticas uni- e multivariadas. Todas as variáveis foram significativamente mais elevadas na estação seca, exceto profundidade, que foi significativamente maior na estação chuvosa. Salinidade média, que variou de 2,4 a 46, explicou a maior parte da variação entre as unidades de cultivo em relação à estação, data de amostragem dentro de cada estação e estado das marés. No entanto, oxigênio dissolvido, pH e profundidade também foram importantes. As unidades de cultivo de ostras no Pará são apropriadas para colheita sustentável de sementes na natureza (menor salinidade e pH) ou para engorda (maior salinidade, maior pH e maior profundidade). A variação sazonal permite ambas atividades na maioria das unidades, no período apropriado do ano, e ajudaria a aumentar a produção de ostras no Pará.

ABSTRACT Oyster culture has benefited traditional coastal communities along the Amazon macrotidal mangrove coast of Pará state in Brazil since 2006. Currently, seven oyster culture units in five municipalities are expanding production, but with no environmental monitoring, which is important for the control of the impacts of oyster culture on waters as well as for oyster management and conservation. Seasonal variation in environmental characteristics of the water was evaluated at all oyster culture units in Pará, from September to November 2013 (dry season) and February to April 2014 (wet season), to generate baseline data to evaluate future impacts and aid strategic planning, such as diversifying seed production. Salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, depth, temperature, and chlorophyll-a concentration were measured during flooding and ebbing tides, and compared between seasons and among culture units using uni- and multivariate statistics. All variables were significantly higher in the dry season, except depth, which was significantly greater in the wet season. Mean salinity, which varied from 2.4 to 46, explained most of the variation among culture units in relation to season, sampling date within each season and tidal state. However, dissolved oxygen, pH and depth were also important. Oyster culture units in Pará may be suitable for sustainable harvesting of seed/spat from the wild (lower salinity and pH), or for on-growing (higher salinity, higher pH, and greater depth). Seasonal variation is sufficient to allow both activities at most units at appropriate times of the year, which would help increase oyster production in Pará.

ABSTRACT A microsatellite CT/GT enriched genomic library was developed for Crassostrea gasar and twelve new polymorphic loci were isolated and characterized. The markers were successfully amplified from 25 individuals of Crassostrea gasar and 11 cross-amplified individuals of Crassostrea rhizophorae. There was no evidence of linkage between loci in either species.

Oysters (Ostreidae) manifest a high degree of phenotypic plasticity, whereby morphology is of limited value for species identification and taxonomy. By using molecular data, the aim was to genetically characterize the species of Crassostrea occurring along the Brazilian coast, and phylogenetically relate these to other Crassostrea from different parts of the world. Sequencing of the partial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene (COI), revealed a total of three species of Crassostrea at 16 locations along the Brazilian coast. C. gasar was found from Curuçá (Pará state) to Santos (São Paulo state), and C. rhizophorae from Fortim (Ceará state) to Florianópolis (Santa Catarina state), although small individuals of the latter species were also found at Ajuruteua beach (municipality of Bragança, Pará state). An unidentified Crassostrea species was found only on Canela Island, Bragança. Crassostrea gasar and C. rhizophorae grouped with C. virginica, thereby forming a monophyletic Atlantic group, whereas Crassostrea sp. from Canela Island was shown to be more similar to Indo-Pacific oysters, and either arrived in the Atlantic Ocean before the convergence of the Isthmus of Panama or was accidentally brought to Brazil by ship.

Four Brazilian populations of Anomalocardia brasiliana were tested for mutual genetic homogeneity, using data from 123 sequences of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene. A total of 36 haplotypes were identified, those shared being H3 (Canela Island, Prainha and Acupe) and both H5 and H9 (Prainha and Acupe). Haplotype diversity values were high, except for the Camurupim population, whereas nucleotide values were low in all the populations, except for that of Acupe. Only the Prainha population showed a deviation from neutrality and the SSD test did not reject the demographic expansion hypothesis. Fst values showed that the Prainha and Acupe populations represent a single stock, whereas in both the Canela Island and Camurupim stocks, population structures are different and independent. The observed structure at Canela Island may be due to the geographic distance between this population and the remainder. The Camurupim population does not share any haplotype with the remaining populations in northeastern Brazil. The apparent isolation could be due to the rocky barrier located facing the mouth of the Mamanguape River. The results highlight the importance of wide-scale studies to identify and conserve local genetic diversity, especially where migration is restricted.

The systematics of the subfamily Callitrichinae (Platyrrhini, Primates), a group of small monkeys from South America and Panama, remains an area of considerable discussion despite many investigations, there being continuing controversy over subgeneric taxonomic classifications based on morphological characters. The purpose of our research was to help elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within the monkey genus Saguinus (Callitrichinae) using a molecular approach to discover whether or not the two different sections containing hairy-faced and bare-faced species are monophyletic, whether Saguinus midas midas and Saguinus bicolor are more closely related than are S. midas midas and Saguinus midas niger, and if Saguinus fuscicollis melanoleucus and Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli really are different species. We sequenced the 957 bp ND1 mitochondrial gene of 21 Saguinus monkeys (belonging to six species and nine morphotypes) and one Cebus monkey (the outgroup) and constructed phylogenetic trees using maximum parsimony, neighbor joining, and maximum likelihood methods. The phylogenetic trees obtained divided the genus Saguinus into two groups, one containing the small-bodied species S. fuscicollis and the other, the large-bodied species S. mystax, S. leucopus, S. oedipus, S. midas, S. bicolor. The most derived taxa, S. midas and S. bicolor, grouped together, while S. fuscicollis melanoleucus and S. f. weddelli showed divergence values that did not support the division of these morphotypes into subspecies. On the other hand, S. midas individuals showed divergence compatible with the existence of three subspecies, two of them with the same morphotype as the subspecies S. midas niger. The results of our study suggest that there is at least one Saguinus subspecies that has not yet been described and that the conservation status of Saguinus species and subspecies should be carefully revised using modern molecular approaches.

The current taxonomy of the Teredinidae (shipworms) is wholly based on morphology and up to now no molecular studies of the phylogeny of this group have been published. In the present study the relationships between four genera of the subfamilies Teredininae and Bankiinae were established and the efficiency of the 16S rRNA gene in characterizing four Teredinidae species was tested. Phylogenetic trees support the grouping of Bankia fimbriatula with Nausitora fusticula and of Neoteredo reynei with Psiloteredo healdi, but the genetic distances do not justify the classification of these species into two distinct subfamilies. The results show that B. fimbriatula, N. reynei and P. healdi specimens from the coast of the Brazilian state of Pará have five distinct 16S rRNA haplotypes, with one N. reynei haplotype differing from the other haplotypes in respect to at least seven sequences sites, indicating the existence of two very distinct sympatric lineages.

No passado recente, três espécies de moluscos bivalves exóticos têm invadido as águas continentais da América do Sul. O presente trabalho registra pela primeira vez a presença de Corbicula fluminea (Philipi, 1844) na bacia amazônica brasileira. Este bivalve exótico foi encontrado em localidades nos rios Amazonas, Pará e Tocantins. A densidade e a estrutura em tamanho da população foram medidas em alguns locais. A densidade média é entre 6.66 e 7.3 indivíduos m-2. A estrutura da população e as datas dos primeiros registros sugerem que os moluscos foram introduzidos entre 1997 e 1998. As introduções talvez tenham sido causadas por navios visitando os portos de Manaus e Belém. O impacto potencial da invasão sobre os moluscos bivalves nativos é discutido bem como a necessidade de monitoramento e a prevençãode outras introduções de moluscos não-indígenos no Brasil.

This paper records for the first time the presence of Corbicula fluminea (Philipi, 1844) in the Brazilian Amazon Basin. This exotic bivalve was found in localities on the Amazonas, Pará and Tocantins rivers. Density and population size structure were measured in some localities. Mean density is between 6.66 and 7.3 individuals m-2. Population size structure and the dates of the first records suggest that the introductions may have occurred between 1997 and 1998. The introductions may have been mediated by ocean-going vessels visiting the ports of Manaus and Belém. The potential impact of the invasion on native freshwater bivalves is discussed along with the need for monitoring and prevention of further introductions of non-indigenous bivalves in Brazil.

As classificações tradicionais envolvendo os macacos da infraordem Platyrrhini, principalmente baseadas em características morfológicas, têm sido contestadas por dados moleculares recentes. A subfamília Callitrichinae (Platyrrhine, Primates) engloba um diverso grupo de espécies, muitas das quais consideradas em perigo de extinção. A presente análise de duas regiões do DNA, um gene mitocondrial (ND1) e um gene nuclear (regiões intrônicas da transferrina), sugerem que Callithrix pygmaea apresenta variabilidade suficiente para justificar a existência de subespécies ou até mesmo de espécies distintas. As árvores filogenéticas baseadas na região do ND1 indicam que esta espécie está relacionada mais proximamente aos marmosets amazônicos do que aos da mata Atlântica. Estes resultados reabrem a discussão sobre diversidade e programas de conservação baseados apenas em classificações taxonômicas tradicionais.

Traditional classifications of Platyrrhini monkeys, based mainly on morphological features, are being contested by recent molecular data. The subfamily Callitrichinae (Platyrrhini, Primates) consists of a diverse group of species, many of them considered endangered. Our analysis of two DNA regions, a mtDNA gene (ND1) and a nuclear gene (intronic regions of the transferrin gene), suggests that Callithrix pygmaea may have sufficient variability to justify the existence of subspecies or even separate species. Phylogenetic dendrograms based on the ND1 region show that this species is more closely related to Amazonian than to Atlantic forest marmosets. These results reopen the discussion about diversity and conservation programs based exclusively on traditional classifications.

Foi investigada a variabilidade genética de 14 sistemas protéicos codificados por 15 locos estruturais em amostras de sangue de suínos das raças Piau e Caruncho. Os resultados foram comparados com àqueles obtidos previamente para amostras de Landrace, Large White, Duroc e Mouro. O grau de variabilidade genética obtida para Piau (He=0,114) foi similar àquelas estimadas para outras raças criadas no Brasil (Landrace, He=0,116; Large White, He=0,119; Duroc, 0,095; Mouro, He= 0,130). Caruncho apresentou a menor variabilidade (He= 0,056). A partir das freqüências gênicas dos locos polimórficos, foi calculada a eficiência de cada sistema para testes de paternidade e as probabilidades combinadas de exclusão de paternidade foram estimadas em 58% para Piau e 36% para Caruncho. Análises das distâncias genéticas revelaram que a raça mais próxima da Piau foi a Landrace (D=0,042). Caruncho apresentou as maiores divergências em relação a todas as raças comparadas, que variaram de 0,107 (com Landrace) a 0,176 (com Duroc). A árvore construída através de UPGMA e Distância de Rogers mostrou uma topologia na qual Piau e Mouro se uniram as raças Européias (Landrace e Large White), e Caruncho está separado de todas as demais raças. Os resultados das análises das amostras de Caruncho devem ser interpretados com cautela, uma vez que o número de animais estudados foi pequeno.

The genetic variability of 14 protein systems encoded by 15 structural loci was investigated in blood samples of Piau and Caruncho pig breeds. The results were compared with those obtained previously for samples of Landrace, Large White, Duroc and Mouro. The degree of genetic variability obtained for Piau (He=0.114) was similar to that estimated for other breeds reared in Brazil (Landrace, He=0.116; Large White, He=0.119; Duroc, 0.095; Mouro, He= 0.130). Caruncho showed the lowest variability (He= 0.056). The gene frequencies at the polymorphic loci were used to evaluate the usefulness of these systems for paternity testing and the combined probabilities of paternity exclusion were estimated at 58% for the Piau and 36% for the Caruncho breed. Analysis of genetic distances revealed that the greatest similarity observed was between Piau and Landrace (D=0.042). Caruncho showed the greatest divergence among all breeds compared and the distances between this breed and others range from 0.107 (with Landrace) to 0.176 (with Duroc). The tree constructed by UPGMA and Rogers’ Distance gave a topology in which Piau and Mouro joined with the European breeds (Landrace and Large White) whereas Caruncho was separated from all the other breeds. The results of the analysis of the Caruncho samples should be interpreted with caution since the number of animals studied was small.

Para estudar o relacionamento genético entre as raças suínas Landrace, Large White e Duroc foram utilizados os dados sobre três polimorfismos protéicos, investigados em três amostras brasileiras e em 13 populações de outros países, incluindo uma população de Landrace Belga. O dendrograma, construído a partir da matriz dos coeficientes de distância genética, mostrou três grandes grupos reunidos por raça. Os agrupamentos de Landrace e os de Large White mostraram em média maior semelhança entre si (D= 0,203) do que entre eles e os de Duroc (D= 0,241). Nas três raças, as menores distâncias genéticas foram verificadas entre as populações brasileiras e as cubanas (Landrace: D = 0,060; Large White: D = 0,052; Duroc: D = 0,065), apesar de não haver relatos de trocas de animais entre estes dois países.

The data of three protein polymorphisms were used to investigate the genetic relationships among the Landrace, Large White and Duroc swine breeds reared in Brazil, 12 other populations of these same breeds from various countries and a population of Belgium Landrace. The dendrogram, constructed from matrix of genetic distance coefficients, disclosed three large groups clustered by breed. Among them, the Landrace and the Large White showed in average closer resemblance (D= 0.203) than between them and Duroc (D= 0.241). It the three breeds, the smallest genetic distances were found between Brazilian and Cuban pig populations (Landrace: D = 0.060; Large White: D = 0.052; Duroc: D = 0.065), although there were not reports of pig exchanges between these two countries.

Quatorze sistemas proteicos, codificados por 15 locos estruturais, foram tipados através de eletroforese horizontal para investigar possíveis associações entre os diferentes fenótipos proteicos e parâmetros de produção em suínos das raças Landrace (N=109), Largo White (N=116) e Duroc (N=57), criadas no sul do Brasil. As associações mais consistentes foram detectadas entre dois sistemas enzimáticos (Fosfogliconato desidrogenase - Pgd e Hemopexina - Hpx) e, pelo menos, um dos quatro parâmetros produtivos considerados. Na raça Duroc foram verificadas associações dos fenótipos de Pgd com o ganho de peso diário (P < 0,01), com a conversão alimentar (P < 0,01) e com o índice de seleção (P < 0,001), enquanto que na Landrace foram detectadas interações significantes apenas com relação à conversão alimentar (P < 0,05). Quanto ao sistema Hpx, foram verificadas associações signifícantes dos fenótipos desta proteína com o ganho de peso (P < 0,05) e com a espessura do toicinho (P < 0,05) entre os porcos Largo White e nos Duroc com a espessura do toicinho (P < 0,01) e com o índice de desempenho (P < 0,05). Uma vez que tais resultados não foram observados em investigações anteriores, outros estudos serão necessários para confirmar estas associações.

Fourteen protein systems coded by 15 structural loci were typed by horizontal electrophoresis to determine possible associations betweem the protein phenotypes and productive traits in Landrace (N=109), Largo White (N= 116) and Duroe (N=57) pigs, reared in Southern Brazil. Signiticant associations between protein phenotypes and production traits were detected. The most consistent interaction were observed between two protein systems (phosphogluconate dehydrogenase - Pgd and Hemopexin -Hpx) and at least one of the four performance variables considered. In Duroc breed, the Pgd phenotypes were associated with daily weight gain (P < 0.01), feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01) and selection index (P < 0.001), while in Landrace significant associations were observed only with feed convertion ratio (P < 0.05). The Hpx phenotypes were associated with daily weight gain (P < 0.05) and backfat thickness (P < 0.05) in Large White and with this last variable (P < 0.01) and selection index (P < 0.05) in Duroc pigs. Since these results had not been reported previously, turther studies are need to confirm these associations.