ABSTRACT Background: The aim of this research is to optimize the routing of Brazil nut harvesting in order to reduce labor costs and promote an equitable redistribution of placements among extractive interests. The study area was located in the Tahuamanu province, designated a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO, in the Madre de Dios region of Peru. Planning for harvesting activities is vital to support sustainable use of the tropical forest by extractive communities, generating profit while minimizing adverse impacts on the forest. A location-allocation model was used to redistribute extraction placement areas, taking into account the number of trees and productivity for analysis. To optimize the order of nut load pickups at the placement areas, the vehicle routing problem (VRP) was used to minimize real distance and reduce traversal time. Results: The time taken to cover the route without delays was 08:46’, which is superior to the time taken to minimize the distance. However, the total delay time was 05:10’. Conclusion: Network analyses were effective in achieving the reallocation of placement areas and optimizing Brazil nut harvest routes.

ABSTRACT This study aimed: i) to evaluate the influence of fertilization and irrigation management on eucalyptus plantations for soil carbon (C) dynamics; ii) to evaluate the impact of fertilization and irrigation management on eucalyptus plantations in the C allocation in depth compared to the Cerrado biome. This study was carried out in an eucalyptus plantation at the end of the third rotation (7 years), which received different fertilizations and irrigations, and a Cerrado area was used as reference. Soil samples were collected in trenches and the gases (CO2 and CH4) on the surface. The total organic carbon (TOC) is more influenced by the availability of water than nutrients. Soils under eucalyptus stands are more efficient at C stocks in depth than the Cerrado and act as a liquid drain of CO2 and CH4 from the atmosphere.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento na linha de cola de juntas de Eucalyptus sp. coladas com diferentes adesivos e diferentes gramaturas. Para a colagem das juntas foi utilizada a madeira de Eucalyptus sp., dois adesivos de cura a quente (fenol-formaldeído e melamina-formaldeído), quatro adesivos de cura a frio [resorcinol-formaldeído, silicato de sódio, PVA (acetato de polivinila) e poliuretano à base de mamona], empregando-se gramaturas de 150 g, 200 g e 250 g/m2 em face dupla. Foram determinados aresistência ao cisalhamento e à falha na madeira, e cisalhamento em condição úmida. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os adesivos de mamona e resorcinol apresentaram maior resistência ao cisalhamento na linha de cola na condição seca. Os adesivos de mamona e fenol-formaldeído apresentaram maior percentual de falha na madeira na condição seca.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the shear strength of glue line joints of Eucalyptus sp bonded with different adhesives and weights. Bonding of Eucalyptus sp was performed using two hot-curing adhesives (phenol-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde), four cold-curing adhesives (resorcinol-formaldehyde, sodium silicate, PVA (polyvinyl acetate) and castor oil-based polyurethane, the weights were 150, 200 and 250 g/m2 double sided.Shear strength and failure in wood and shear in wet conditions were determined. According to the results, castor and resorcinol adhesives showed higher shear strength in the glue line in dry condition. Castor and phenol formaldehyde adhesives showed higher failure percentage in wood in dry condition.

RESUMO Para avaliar a eficiência do adesivo na união das juntas coladas, sob uma determinada temperatura e condições de umidade, durante um tempo específico o adesivo deve ser submetido a testes de carregamento, como, por exemplo, o teste de cisalhamento na linha de cola. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento na linha de cola de amostras de madeiras de Eucalyptus sp. e Pinus sp. coladas com cinco diferentes adesivos (Bicomponente de mamona, silicato de sódio, silicato modificado, PVA e resorcinol-formaldeído) e três gramaturas (150 g/m2, 200 g/m2 e 250 g/m2) . Foram obtidos 12 corpos de prova para cada repetição por tratamento, correspondendo a 108 corpos de prova por tratamento, totalizando 3240 corpos de prova, que foram condicionados a temperatura de 23+1º C e umidade relativa de 50 + 2%. Após atingirem a umidade de equilíbrio higroscópico, a resistência ao cisalhamento e a falha na madeira foram determinadas, nas condições seca e úmida. Foram ensaiados doze corpos-de-prova, sendo nove na condição seca e três na condição úmida. As ligações químicas originadas na polimerização dos adesivos de resorcinol-formaldeído e bicomponente de mamona conferiram a estes adesivos maiores resistências ao cisalhamento na linha de cola e falha na madeira.

ABSTRACT To evaluate the adhesive efficiency on the union of glued joints in a particular temperature and humidity conditions for a specified time the adhesive must be submitted to specific load tests, such as shear in the glue line. The objective of this study was to evaluate the shear strength in the glue line of Eucalyptus sp and Pinus sp.woods. Five adhesives (castor oil, sodium silicate, modified silicate, , PVA and resorcinol-formaldehyde), three weights (150 g/m2, 200 g/m2, and 250 g/m2) and two species (Eucalyptus sp. and Pinus sp.) of wood were used. Twelve specimens were obtained from each repetition per treatment, corresponding to 108 specimens that were conditioned at a temperature of 23 ± 1°C and relative humidity of 50 ± 2%. The interaction between the weight and type of adhesive was significant for the shear strength in the glue line of eucalyptus wood. However, no interaction between the weight and the adhesive was found for pinus, only the isolated from the adhesive effect. Chemical bonds originated in the polymerization of resorcinol-formaldehyde adhesives and castor bi-component conferred upon these adhesives the greatest resistance in the glue line. Castor and resorcinol-formaldehyde adhesives showed the highest shear strength values in the line of glue and wood failure. Castor adhesive presented satisfactory performance for bonding of eucalyptus and pine woods.

Isotermas de sorção são importantes para definir os limites de desidratação do produto, estimar o teor de água e seu valor para o armazenamento seguro. Objetivou-se determinar as isotermas de dessorção de sementes de pepino armazenadas em diferentes temperaturas (10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 ºC) e umidade relativa (0,11-0,96) do ar e determinar as propriedades termodinâmicas deste processo. Modelos matemáticos foram ajustados aos dados experimentais para representar a higroscopicidade. O calor isostérico de dessorção foi calculado baseado na relação termodinâmica de Clausius-Clapeyron e a energia livre de Gibbs por meio da equação de Van't Hoff. Henderson modificado foi o modelo que melhor representou a higroscopicidade das sementes de pepino. O teor de água de equilíbrio das sementes de pepino diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura em um valor constante de umidade relativa. Os valores de entalpia diferencial, que representam a energia requerida para remover umidade das sementes, variaram de 2923 a 2469 kJ. kg-1. Entropia diferencial e energia livre de Gibbs decresceram com o aumento do teor de água. A teoria da compensação de entalpia-entropia é válida para a sorção de sementes de pepino, em que a sorção de água nas sementes de pepino é controlada pela entalpia.

Hygroscopic equilibrium curves or sorption isotherms are important in order to define dehydration limits of the product, estimate moisture content alterations under environment conditions and to acquire moisture content values for safe storage. This work aimed to determine desorption isotherms of cucumber seeds stored at different temperature (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ºC) and relative humidity (0.11 to 0.96) and the thermodynamic properties of this process. Mathematical models were fitted to experimental data in order to represent the agricultural products hygroscopicity. Net isosteric heat of desorption was performed based on the Clausius-Clapeyron thermodynamic relation and Gibbs free energy through the Van't Hoff equation. Based on statistical parameters, Modified Henderson model was the one that best represented hygroscopicity of cucumber seeds. Equilibrium moisture content of cucumber seeds decreased with temperature increment at a constant value of relative humidity. Differential enthalpy values, representing the energy required to remove moisture from the cucumber seeds, ranged from 2923 to 2469 kJ. kg-1. Values of differential entropy and Gibbs free energy decreased with moisture content increase. Enthalpy-entropy compensation theory is valid for the sorption of cucumber seeds, in which the water sorption mechanism in cucumber seeds can be considered to be enthalpy controlled.

Background: studies have investigated the relationship between the transition through menopause and cardiovascular diseases. White population, generally, have lower levels of traditional coronary heart risk factors, particularly dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, and lower rates of coronary heart disease mortality, than black population. Furthermore many studies have shown the cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) of marine origin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of omega-3 supplementation, combined or not with vitamin E, on oxidative biomarkers and lipid profiles in nonwhite and white women with dyslipidemia transitioning through menopause. Methods: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Seventy-four eligible women were assigned to receive: fish oil, fish oil plus vitamin E and placebo for three months. At baseline, 45 and 90 days blood sample for biochemical variables and biomarkers of oxidative stress were taken. Socioeconomic and lifestyle variables were collected with standardized questionnaires. Results: after 90 days the fish oil plus vitamin E treated group had a significant decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-C. Furthermore, there was a decrease in anti- LDL- autoantibodies after 45 days. Plasma TBARS concentrations were increased after 90 days in the group receiving only fish oil when compared to the placebo and fish oil-vitamin E groups. All of the effects observed were independent of ethnic group. Conclusions: supplementation with fish oil and vitamin E reduced total cholesterol and LDL-C, but had opposite effects on oxidative stress compared to supplementation with fish oil alone.

Introducción: diversos estudios han investigado la relación entre la transición a la menopausia y las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Generalmente, la población de etnia blanca posee bajos niveles de factores de riesgo coronarios, particularmente dislipidemia, hipertensión, obesidad, diabetes y bajas tasas de mortalidad por enfermedades del corazón en comparación con la población de etnia negra. Además, varios estudios demostraron efectos cardioprotectores y antiinflamatorios provenientes de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 (ácido eicosapentaenoico y ácido docosahexaenoico) de origen marino. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar el efecto de la suplementación de omega-3 combinado o no con vitamina E en biomarcadores oxidativos y perfiles lipídicos en mujeres blancas y no blancas con dislipidemia en transición hacia la menopausia. Métodos: fue realizado un estudio randomizado, duplo- ciego, placebo-controlado. Setenta y cuatro mujeres elegibles fueron escogidas para recibir: aceite de pescado, aceite de pescado con vitamina E y placebo durante tres meses. Fueron recogidas muestras de sangre en de referencia, 45 y 90 días para realizar exámenes bioquímicos y de biomarcadores para estrés oxidativo. Las variables socioeconómicas y de estilo de vida fueron recogidas por medio de cuestionarios estandarizados. Resultados: después de 90 días, el grupo tratado con aceite de pescado con vitamina E tuvo una disminución significativa para colesterol total y LDL-C. Además, hubo una disminución de anticuerpos anti-LDL después de 45 días. La concentración de plasma TBARS aumentó después de 90 días en el grupo que recibió solamente aceite de pescado, comparado con los grupos placebo y aceite de pescado con vitamina E. Todos los efectos observados fueron independientes del grupo étnico. Conclusiones: la suplementación con aceite de pescado y vitamina E redujo el colesterol total y LDL-C, pero tuvo un efecto opuesto en el estrés oxidativo comparado con la suplementación solamente con aceite de pescado.

As políticas de defesa da concorrência integram atualmente o conjunto fundamental de instituições necessárias à promoção do crescimento e a busca das sociedades por arranjos mais eficientes. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma análise da política antitruste brasileira concentrando-se no tratamento dado pelas autoridades à constituição de joint ventures. Na realização dessa tarefa, foram feitas revisões teóricas, constatações acerca dos procedimentos de autoridades internacionais sobre o assunto e um estudo empírico abordando casos julgados no Brasil entre os anos de 2002 e 2010. O resultado encontrado revela a inexistência de normatização específica para o tratamento das joint ventures no Brasil, culminando, assim, em uma relativa discricionariedade por parte dos órgãos do SBDC na análise desses atos.

The antitrust policy is an essential part of the required institutions that support economic growth and the seeking for more efficient arrangements. This paper aims to examine the Brazilian antitrust policy, paying special attention to way that the authorities deal with the joint ventures. In order to reach this goal, we review the theoretical contributions, discuss the procedures adopted by international antitrust authorities and, more importantly, scrutinize the cases of joint ventures judged by the Brazilian watchdog along period 2002-2010. We conclude that there are not specific norms to be applied by the Brazilian antitrust commissionaires when they are judging joint ventures, allowing them to act with a relatively degree of discretion.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar prováveis modos de ação da levedura Cryptococcus magnus, que resultam no controle da antracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) em frutos de mamoeiro na póscolheita. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi utilizada para avaliar o efeito da levedura sobre inoculações realizadas após a colheita. Os resultados mostraram que C. magnus é capaz de colonizar a superfície de ferimentos nos frutos e vencer a competição por espaço e, provavelmente, por nutrientes. Além disso, C. magnus produz uma matriz de textura característica que afeta a integridade da hifa do patógeno. A competição por espaço e a produção de substâncias que afetam a integridade das hifas estão entre os mais importantes modos de ação desta levedura.

The objective of this work was to investigate possible modes of action of the yeast Cryptococcus magnus in controlling anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) on post harvested papaya fruits. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the effect of the yeast on inoculations done after harvest. Results showed that C. magnus is able to colonize wound surfaces much faster than the pathogen, outcompeting the later for space and probably for nutrients. In addition, C. magnus produces a flocculent matrix, which affects hyphae integrity. The competition for space and the production of substances that affect hyphae integrity are among the most important modes of action of this yeast.