Resumo Introdugao e objetivos : Pouco sabemos acerca da biologia da polinizado de espécies arbóreas tropicais com sistema de polinizado por diversos insetos (DI). Estudamos a biologia floral, o sistema reprodutivo e os visitantes florais de Cupania oblongifolia. M&M : Experimentos e observapóes foram feitos em uma área de Mata Atlántica. Resultados : As flores sao pequenas e esverdeadas e secretam pouco néctar. A espécie é díclina-monóica, mas a antese das flores femininas e masculinas é separada temporalmente nas inflorescencias, com pouca ou sem sobreposipao (i.e., dicogamia sincronizada). A produpao de frutos nao diferiu após polinizapao cruzada, autopolinizapao e condipóes naturais, indicando nao haver autoincompatibilidade nem limitapao polínica. A espécie foi visitada por 87 espécies de Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera e Coleoptera. Flores masculinas foram mais visitadas e 20 espécies visitaram os dois morfos florais. A maioria dos visitantes florais foi rara e cerca de 80% das visitas foram de Hymenoptera, em particular abelhas sem ferrao. Duas espécies de Scaptotrigona foram eudominantes. Conclusoes : O fenótipo floral se encaixa na descripao do sistema DI. Muitos insetos foram registrados, mas abelhas sem ferrao predominaram. Meliponini constitui o grupo antófilo mais abundante nas florestas neotropicais, portanto, sistemas de polinizapao associados a elas sao esperados. A partir de nossos resultados se pode projetar que parte das espécies classificadas como DI com base no fenótipo floral e riqueza de visitantes podem estar fortemente associadas a um grupo específico de polinizadores, o que denotaria um menor grau de generalizapao.

Summary Background and aims : We know little about the pollination biology of tropical tree species associated with the pollination system by diverse insects (DI). We studied the floral biology, breeding system, and floral visitors of Cupania oblongifolia. M&M : Experiments and observations were carried out in an area of the Atlantic Forest. Results : The flowers are small and greenish and produce little néctar. The species is diclinous-monoecious but the anthesis of female and male flowers is temporally separated into the inflorescences, with little or no overlap (i.e., synchronized dichogamy). Fruit set did not differ after cross- and self-pollinations and natural conditions, indicating the absence of both self-incompatibility and pollen limitation. Flowers of C. oblongifolia were visited by 87 species of Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera. Male flowers were more visited and 20 species visited the two morphs. Floral visitors were mostly rare and about 80% of the visits were made by Hymenoptera, mainly stingless bees. Two species of Scaptotrigona were eudominant. Conclusions : The floral phenotype fits on the description of DI systems. Many species of insects were recorded but stingless bees predominated. Meliponini constitutes the most abundant anthophilous group in Neotropical forests, thus pollination systems associated with them are expected. Based on our results, it is possible to forecast that some species classified as DI based on floral phenotype and visitor richness may be strongly associated with a certain group of pollinators, denoting a lower degree of generalization.

Abstract Gonopterodendron sarmientoi Lorentz ex Griseb AC Godoy-Bürki (Zigophyllaceae) is an endemic species of northwestern Argentina, included in Appendix II of the International Convention on Trafficking in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. This research seeks to determine the cutting cycle based on the age of Gonopterodendron sarmientoi, estimated from the measurement of the growth rings, applying a diameter growth equation according to the site. We worked in 4 sites according to the climatic gradient of precipitation, selecting 35 trees given their limitations and restrictions regarding their extraction contemplated by law 22 344 (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). The general equation and the one obtained by sites (Las Lomitas, Ingeniero G. Juárez, Las Hacheras, and Rivadavia), were adjusted by regression with linear mixed models. The average thickness obtained was 3.03 mm with an average rotation of 41 years and a transit time of 12 years. Las Lomitas is the site with the highest annual increase with an average thickness of 3.4 mm and the highest harvest age of 81 years; Las Hacheras had an average thickness of 3.08 mm and the lowest harvest age at 41 years; Rivadavia recorded a thickness of 2.68 mm and a harvest age of 59 years; and Ingeniero G. Juárez presented a thickness of 2.19 mm with a harvest age of 52 years. The results of this work reliably determined the cutting shifts and rotation times that will contribute to the sustainable forest management of the species.

Resumen Gonopterodendron sarmientoi Lorentz ex Griseb A. C. Godoy-Bürki (Zigophyllaceae) es una especie endémica del noroeste argentino, incluida en el Apéndice II de la Convención Internacional sobre el Tráfico de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres. Esta investigación busca determinar el ciclo de corta basado en la edad de Gonopterodendron sarmientoi, estimada a partir de la medición de los anillos de crecimiento, aplicando una ecuación de crecimiento de diámetro según el sitio. Se trabajó en 4 sitios según gradiente climático de precipitación, seleccionando 35 árboles considerando sus limitaciones y restricciones en cuanto a su extracción contempladas por la ley 22 344 (Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres). La ecuación general y la obtenida por sitios (Las Lomitas, Ingeniero G. Juárez, Las Hacheras y Rivadavia) se ajustaron por regresión con modelos lineales mixtos. El espesor medio obtenido fue de 3,03 mm con una rotación promedio de 41 años y un tiempo de tránsito de 12 años. Las Lomitas fue la localidad de mayor incremento anual con un espesor promedio de 3.4 mm y presentó la mayor edad de corta de 81 años; Las Hacheras presentó un espesor promedio de 3.08 mm y la menor edad de corta a los 41 años; Rivadavia registró un espesor de 2.68 mm y una edad de corta de 59 años; e Ingeniero G. Juárez presentó espesor de 2.19 mm con una edad de corta 52 años. Los resultados de este trabajo determinaron de forma fehaciente los turnos de corta y tiempos de rotación que contribuirán al manejo forestal sostenible de la especie.

RESUMO A modificação do manejo hídrico na cultura do café Conilon (Coffea canephora) pode ser uma estratégia para melhorar a eficiência do manejo nutricional e garantir um melhor aproveitamento por parte dos genótipos para região de altitude de transição. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as características nutricionais de 27 genótipos de C. canephora, submetidos a dois manejos de água no solo, visando identificar genótipos que apresentam evidências de maiores teores foliares, exportações e potencial de reciclagem de nutrientes em seus ramos produtivos. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema de parcelas subdividida, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram nos 27 genótipos de C. canephora e dois manejos de água no solo (“Irrigado” e “Suprido apenas pela chuva”). Foram avaliados os teores nutricionais foliares, os conteúdos nutricionais exportados pelos frutos e os conteúdos nutricionais potencialmente recicláveis após a poda (folhas e caule dos ramos plagiotrópicos), dos macronutrientes: nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio. Houve diferenciação entre os genótipos para todas as características avaliadas em ambos os manejos de água no solo. Porém, houve formação de um maior número de grupos homogêneos entre os genótipos no manejo irrigado. Os genótipos apresentaram distinção nas características nutricionais em resposta aos manejos de água no solo. Os genótipos 108 e 302 acumularam maiores conteúdos nutricionais exportado pelos frutos, independentemente do manejo de água no solo.

ABSTRACT The modification of water management in the Conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) crop is a possible strategy to improve nutritional management efficiency and ensure better use of the genotypes for regions of transitional altitude. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional characteristics of 27 genotypes of C. canephora and submit them to two water management schemes in soil. The goal was to find evidence of higher leaf contents, exports, and nutrient recycling potential in the productive branches of various genotypes. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with three replications in a split-plot scheme. The treatment consisted of 27 genotypes of C. canephora and two water management schemes in soil (“Irrigated” and “Rainfed”). Nutritional content in leaves, exported by fruits, and pruned (leaves and stem of plagiotropic branches) recyclable contents were evaluated for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Variations were observed among genotypes for all the parameters evaluated in both water management in soil. However, significant homogeneous groups were formed among the genotypes in the irrigated management. Furthermore, the genotypes showed distinct nutritional characteristics in response to water management in the soil. Genotypes 108 and 302 had higher nutritional content and were exported by fruits, regardless of soil water management.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de 54 clones de cafeeiro conilon oriundos do Programa de Melhoramento Genético do Incaper à ferrugem em condições controladas de temperatura e fotoperíodo. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições, sendo cada repetição composta por 16 discos de folha cada, acondicionados em gerbox e inoculados com 104 esporos.mL-1 de H. vastatrix. Os gerbox foram colocados sob ausência de luz e 22ºC por 48 horas e então em fotoperíodo de 12 horas até o término do experimento. Foram avaliados os componentes de resistência: período de incubação, período latente, incidência, porcentagem de discos com esporulação, número de esporos e severidade. Com base nos resultados verificou-se a formação de três grupos de genótipos de café conilon: Resistentes, Moderadamente Resistentes e Suscetíveis. No grupo Resistente foram alocados 19 genótipos, no grupo Moderadamente Resistente foram alocados 19 genótipos e no grupo Suscetível foram alocados 16 genótipos. Assim, com base nos resultados, conclui-se que há variação no nível de resistência dos genótipos de C. canephora à H. vastatrix. Tal informação subsidia os programas de melhoramento na seleção adequada de progênies de C. canephora quanto à resistência à ferrugem.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of 54 conilon coffee clones from the Incaper Genetic Improvement Program to rust under controlled conditions of temperature and photoperiod. A completely randomized design with three replicates was used, and each replicate was composed of 16 leaf disks each, which were packed in gerboxes and inoculated with 104 spores.mL-1 H. vastatrix. The gerboxes were stored in the absence of light at 22ºC for 48 hours and subsequently at 12-hour photoperiod until the end of the experiment. The evaluated resistance components were: incubation period, latent period, incidence, percentage of disks with sporulation, number of spores and severity. Based on the results, three groups of conilon coffee genotypes were identified: Resistant, Moderately Resistant and Susceptible. To the Resistant group, 19 genotypes were allocated; to the Moderately Resistant group, 19 genotypes were allocated and to the Susceptible group 16 susceptible genotypes were allocated. Thus, results led to the conclusion that there is a variation in the resistance level of C. canephora genotypes to H. vastatrix. Such information subsidizes breeding programs in properly selecting C. canephora progenies for resistance to rust.

Abstract: Management of remnants in Atlantic Forest is an alternative for their conservation, however, information on the growth and ecology of those species is lacking. This study aimed to describe diametric growth of Balfourodendron riedelianum, Cordia trichotoma and Ocotea diospyrifolia based on its growth rings and to verify the relationship between this growth with the environmental characteristics in different altitude levels and forest types. Diametric growth was higher for the largest tree diameters of the three species. Based on the fitted growth model, the age in which mean annual increment in diameter becomes greater than the current annual increment was 55 years for B. riedelianum (DBH = 18.27 cm), 45 years for C. trichotoma (DBH = 26.56 cm) and 44 years for O. diospyrifolia (DBH = 26.05 cm). Environmental conditions and forest types affected diametric growth of these species. B. riedelianum and O. diospyrifolia showed higher diametric growth in plain regions with higher fertility soil and few frosts. C. trichotoma was negatively affected by low water availability in winter at lower altitudes and showed higher diametric growth at higher altitudes, where soil fertility is low but there is well-drainage, high rainfall and high relative humidity during the dry season.

ABSTRACT We examined the climatic response of Cedrela fissilis radial growth based on precipitation, air relative humidity, temperature and monthly thermal amplitude. It was intended to assess how the secondary growth of C. fissilis is influenced by the climatic variables and which one are the best growth predictors in Ombrophilous Mixed Forest, southern Brazil. Wood cores were processed using classical dendrochronology methodology. Principal Components Analysis, Generalized Linear Models and correlation were used to explore the relationship between radial growth and climate. Our results indicated that the best radial growth predictor is the temperature: the seasonal behavior, under well-watered conditions, seems to have a dominant effect on growth responses. Changes in tree growth corresponding to an increase in temperatures suggest a sensitivity of the species to climate changes. These results are important to help understand how the global warming may influence long-lived pioneer tree growth.

ABSTRACT Cryptococcosis, a systemic disease caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans/ Cryptococcus gattii is more severe in immunocompromised individuals. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiology of the disease, the molecular characteristics and the antifungal susceptibility of C. neoformans isolated from patients treated in a Brazilian university hospital. This retrospective study was conducted in the Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Uberlândia, and evaluated cases of cryptococcosis and strains of C. neoformans isolated from 2004 to 2013. We evaluated 41 patients, 85% of whom were diagnosed with AIDS. The fungus was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 21 patients (51%); 19.5% had fungemia and in 24% the agent was isolated from the CSF and blood, concurrently. Meningoencephalitis was the most frequent (75%) manifestation of infection. Despite adequate treatment, the mortality of the disease was 58.5%. Most isolates (97.5%) presented the VNI genotype (serotype A, var. grubii) and one isolate was genotyped as C. gattii (VGI); all the isolates were determined as mating type MATa and showed susceptibility to the tested antifungals (fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine). Although AIDS detection rates remain stable, opportunistic infections such as cryptococcosis remain as major causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients.

Abstract AIMS The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of resistance training (RT) and hormone replacement (HR) on MMP-2 activity, biomechanical and physical properties bone of ovariectomized (OVX) rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley female rats were grouped into six experimental groups (n = 11 per group): sham-operated sedentary (SHAM Sed), ovariectomized sedentary (OVX Sed), sham-operated resistance training (SHAM RT), ovariectomized resistance training (OVX RT), ovariectomized sedentary hormone replacement (OVX Sed-HR), and ovariectomized resistance training hormone replacement (OVX RT-HR). HR groups received implanted silastic capsules with a 5% solution of 17β-estradiol (50 mg 17β-estradiol/ml of sunflower oil). In a 12-week RT period (27 sessions; 4-9 climbs) the animals climbed a 1.1 m vertical ladder with weights attached to their tails. Biomechanical and physical bone analyses were performed using a universal testing machine, and MMP-2 activity analysis was done by zymography. RESULTS Bone density and bone mineral content was higher in the RT and HR groups. The MMP-2 activity was higher in the RT and HR groups. The biomechanical analysis (stiffness, fracture load and maximum load) demonstrated better bone tissue quality in the RT associated with HR. CONCLUSION The RT alone as well as when it is associated with HR was efficient in increasing MMP-2 activity, biomechanical and biophysical properties bone of ovariectomized rats.

Abstract A study of a non-uniform metamaterial array consisting of six split-ring resonators of varying diameters is conducted experimentally to measure the transmission and reflection characteristics that arise from asymmetry in the longitudinal direction. Such characteristics are examined and compared with their counterpart symmetric scattering coefficients associated with a uniform split-ring array. In the non-uniform array the ring diameters vary in steps of 0.5 mm, which yields a gradient geometry. Inserting the non-uniform array in an X-band waveguide operating below cutoff provides a transmission band wider than that obtained from the uniform array. Different from the uniform array, for which the magnetic resonance frequency is on the left and away from the electric resonance frequency, in the gradient array the magnetic response lies inside the electric band.

AbstractAtemoya is an interspecific annonaceous hybrid between Annona cherimola Mill. and Annona squamosa L. Its phytochemical investigation led to seven alkaloids, including two aporphine (anonaine and asimilobine), three oxoaporphine (lanuginosine, liriodenine and lysicamine) and two proaporphine (pronuciferine and stepharine). These alkaloids were identified by a series of spectrometric methods, mainly MS and NMR (1D and 2D), as well as by comparison with literature data. Our findings showed that this species is an important source of aporphine alkaloids and have high relationship with other Annona species.

As infecções causadas por espécies de Candida são problema de grande impacto para a saúde pública, devido à alta incidência em pacientes hospitalizados e como causa de mortalidade. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência de Candida spp. isoladas de pacientes hospitalizados, assim como a sensibilidade aos antifúngicos e o polimorfismo genético por RAPD-PCR. Os microrganismos incluíram isolados de hemocultura, líquido abdominal e ponta de cateter venoso central de pacientes internados no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, região do Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, Brasil, no período de julho de 2010-junho de 2011. Os testes de sensibilidade aos antifúngicos foram realizados por microdiluição em caldo e na análise por RAPD-PCR foram utilizados os oligonucleotídeos OPA09, OPB11, e OPE06. Dos 63 isolados, 18 (28,5%) foram C. albicans, 20 (31,7%) C. parapsilosis, 14 (22,2%) C. tropicalis, quatro (6,4%) C. glabrata, quatro (6,4%) C. krusei, dois (3,3%) C. kefyr, e um (1,6%) C. lusitaniae. Resistência in-vitro à anfotericina B foi observada em 12,7% dos isolados. Não foi observada resistência in-vitro aos azólicos, exceto para os isolados de C. krusei. Os oligonucleotídeos OPA09 e OPB11 possibilitaram distinguir diferentes espécies. Isolados de C. albicans apresentaram seis clusters e o complexo C. parapsilosis, cinco clusters, com o iniciador OPA09, por RAPD-PCR, mostrando a variabilidade genética daquelas espécies. Conclui-se que o complexo C. parapsilosis foi a espécie mais frequente, e a maioria dos isolados foi sensível in vitro aos antifúngicos testados. Alto polimorfismo genético foi observado para os isolados de C. albicanse complexo C. parapsilosis, principalmente com o oligonucleotídeo OPA09.

Infections by Candida species are a high-impact problem in public health due to their wide incidence in hospitalized patients. The goal of this study was to evaluate frequency, susceptibility to antifungals, and genetic polymorphism of Candida species isolated from clinical specimens of hospitalized patients. The Candida isolates included in this study were obtained from blood cultures, abdominal fluids, and central venous catheters (CVC) of hospitalized patients at the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia during the period of July 2010 - June 2011. Susceptibility tests were conducted by the broth microdilution method. The RAPD-PCR tests used employed initiator oligonucleotides OPA09, OPB11, and OPE06. Of the 63 Candida isolates, 18 (28.5%) were C. albicans, 20 (31.7%) were C. parapsilosis complex species, 14 (22.2%) C. tropicalis, four (6.4%) C. glabrata, four (6.4%) C. krusei, two (3.3%) C. kefyr, and one (1.6%) C. lusitaniae. In vitro resistance to amphotericin B was observed in 12.7% of isolates. In vitroresistance to azoles was not detected, except for C. krusei. The two primers, OPA09 and OPB11, were able to distinguish different species. Isolates of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis complex species presented six and five clusters, respectively, with the OPA09 marker by RAPD-PCR, showing the genetic variability of the isolates of those species. It was concluded that members of the C. parapsilosis complex were the most frequent species found, and most isolates were susceptible to the antifungals amphotericin B, flucozanole, and itraconazole. High genetic polymorphisms were observed for isolates of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis complex species, mainly with the OPA09 marker.

Crambe is a sensitive specie to exchangeable aluminum, it require a well-fertilized and corrected soil. The objective of this study was to understand the impact of aluminum presence, in different concentrations, in the substrate on the germination and development of crambe. The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with a 5x2 factorial arrangement in four replicates. The five concentrations of Al3+ were 0, 15, 40, 80 and 120 mg dm-3 Al3+ and two temperatures (20 and 30 °C), with four replications. The relative growth rate, plant height, leaf number, total leaf area, specific leaf area, dry matter in each plant compartment (root, stem and leaf), leaf area ratio, stem mass ratio and leaf mass ratio were evaluate. Germination was favored by 20 ºC. The limitation on plant growth was greater as the concentration of aluminum increased, presenting losses in growth, as well of production of dry matter and leaf development, also causing changes in the patterns of biomass allocation between the plant compartments.

Crambe es una especie sensible al aluminio intercambiable que requiere suelos bien fertilizados y corregidos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar distintas concentraciones de aluminio en la germinación y desarrollo de crambe. El experimento para germinación se realizó con un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial de 5x2, con cuatro repeticiones. Las cinco concentraciones de Al3+ fueron 0, 15, 40, 80 y 120 mg dm-3 y las temperaturas de 20 y 30° C. El experimento para desarrollo de la planta se realizó con un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cinco concentraciones de Al3+ y cuatro repeticiones. Los parámetros evaluados fueron porcentaje de germinación, crecimiento de las plántulas y biomasa. Se analizó la tasa relativa de crecimiento, altura de planta, número de hojas, área foliar total, área foliar específica, materia seca en cada compartimento de la planta (raíz, tallo y hojas), razón de área foliar, razón de masa de raíz, tallo y hojas. El porcentaje de germinación aumentó a los 2 °C. La mayor concentración de aluminio afectó el crecimiento, producción de materia seca y desarrollo de hojas. Estos resultados sugieren que el cramble es sensible al aluminio intercambiable.

Fundamento: A obesidade é definida por um acúmulo excessivo do tecido adiposo em relação a massa magra tecidual. Estudos realizados nos últimos anos sugerem que a função cardíaca em animais obesos pode se encontrar preservada, aumentada ou reduzida. Objetivo: Estudar o balanço energético do miocárdio com a hipótese de que o aumento na oxidação de ácidos graxos e redução de glicose levam à disfunção cardíaca na obesidade. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos com 30 dias de idade foram alimentados com uma dieta padrão ou hipercalórica durante 30 semanas. A função e morfologia cardíacas foram analisadas. Neste trabalho foram estudadas as características gerais e comorbidades associadas com a obesidade. A estrutura cardíaca foi determinada pelo peso do coração e do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). A função do miocárdio foi avaliada pela análise de músculos papilares isolados do VE, na condição basal e depois de manobras inotrópicas e lusitrópicas: rigidez do miocárdio, contração pós-pausa, aumento da concentração extracelular de Ca2+, mudança na frequência de estímulos e inibição da via glicolítica. Resultados: Os ratos obesos tiveram um aumento de tecido adiposo e comorbidades associadas à obesidade em relação aos ratos do grupo controle. A análise funcional após o bloqueio pelo iodoacetato não mostrou diferença na regressão linear da tensão desenvolvida (TD), entretanto, a tensão de repouso (TR) apresentou uma diferença estatística significativa entre o grupo controle e o grupo obeso, mais notadamente na inclinação da curva no grupo C. Conclusão: O desequilíbrio energético na obesidade não promoveu disfunção cardíaca. Pelo contrário, a priorização na utilização de ácidos graxos promoveu uma proteção do músculo cardíaco durante a inibição da glicólise, sugerindo que esta via é menos utilizada pelo músculo cardíaco obeso.

Background: Obesity is defined by excessive accumulation of body fat relative to lean tissue. Studies during the last few years indicate that cardiac function in obese animals may be preserved, increased or diminished. Objective: Study the energy balance of the myocardium with the hypothesis that the increase in fatty acid oxidation and reduced glucose leads to cardiac dysfunction in obesity. Methods: 30-day-old male Wistar rats were fed standard and hypercaloric diet for 30 weeks. Cardiac function and morphology were assessed. In this paper was viewed the general characteristics and comorbities associated to obesity. The structure cardiac was determined by weights of the heart and left ventricle (LV). Myocardial function was evaluated by studying isolated papillary muscles from the LV, under the baseline condition and after inotropic and lusitropic maneuvers: myocardial stiffness; postrest contraction; increase in extracellular Ca2+ concentration; change in heart rate and inhibitor of glycolytic pathway. Results: Compared with control group, the obese rats had increased body fat and co-morbities associated with obesity. Functional assessment after blocking iodoacetate shows no difference in the linear regression of DT, however, the RT showed a statistically significant difference in behavior between the control and the obese group, most notable being the slope in group C. Conclusion: The energy imbalance on obesity did not cause cardiac dysfunction. On the contrary, the prioritization of fatty acids utilization provides protection to cardiac muscle during the inhibition of glycolysis, suggesting that this pathway is fewer used by obese cardiac muscle.

Fungal infections have become a major problem of worldwide concern. Yeasts belonging to the Candida genus and the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans are responsible for different clinical manifestations, especially in immunocompromised patients. Antifungal therapies are currently based on a few chemotherapeutic agents that have problems related to effectiveness and resistance profiles. Microemulsions are isotropic, thermodynamically stable transparent systems of oil, water and surfactant that can improve the solubilization of lipophilic drugs. Taking into account the need for more effective and less toxic drugs along with the potential of thiophene derivatives as inhibitors of pathogenic fungi growth, this study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of a thiophene derivative (5CN05) embedded in a microemulsion (ME). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the microdilution method using amphotericin B as a control. The formulations tested (ME- blank and ME-5CN05) showed physico-chemical properties that would allow their use by the topical route. 5CN05 as such exhibited moderate or weak antifungal activity against Candida species (MIC = 270-540 µg.mL-1) and good activity against C. neoformans (MIC = 17 µg.mL-1). Candida species were susceptible to ME-5CN05 (70-140 µg.mL-1), but C. neoformans was much more, presenting a MIC value of 2.2 µg.mL-1. The results of this work proved promising for the pharmaceutical industry, because they suggest an alternative therapy against C. neoformans.

Among factors limiting to the yield of the coffee crop are the diseases, deserving prominence the nematode Meloidogyne exigua. The objective of this work was to assess the level of resistance of 13 clones (1V, 2V, 3V, 4V, 5V, 6V, 7V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 11V, 12V and 13V) wich composes the clonal variety 'Vitória INCAPER 8142' of conilon coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre), to M. exigua. The 13 clones and more one control (C. arabica, cv. Catuaí IAC-44) were inoculated with 7,000 individuals of M. exigua. After 180 days of inoculation, the final population of nematodes per root system was determined. For determination of the resistance levels, both the reproduction factor and the reduction of the reproduction factor were considered. The variety 'Vitória INCAPER 8142' presented clones with different levels of resistance. Clones 1V, 4V, 7V, 9V and 12V behaved as susceptible or efficient host and the other clones were resistant or non-efficient host.

Entre los factores que limitan la productividad de los cultivos de café en Brasil son las enfermedades, especialmente el nematodo Meloidogyne exigua presenta relevancia. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la resistencia de 13 clones (1V, 2V, 3V, 4V, 5V, 6V, 7V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 11V, 12V y 13V) que comprenden la variedad clonal de café Conillón "Vitoria INCAPER 8142" (Coffea canephora Pierre), a M. exigua. Clones y un testigo (C. arabica cv. Catuai IAC-44) se inocularon con 7.000 individuos (huevos + juveniles) de M. exigua. Después de 180 días de la inoculación se determinó la población final de nematodos por planta. Para determinar los niveles de resistencia se consideró el factor de la reproducción y el Indice de reproducción. El cultivar "Victoria INCAPER 8142" mostró clones con diferentes niveles de resistencia. Los clones 1V, 4V, 7V, 9V e 12V se comportaron como huésped susceptible y eficiente, y los otros clones fueron anfitriones menos resistentes o ineficientes.