Abstract 24-year-old man with positive HIV, with a giant exofitic anal condyloma, with a clinical presentation of a painfull suppurative anal condyloma with a pathology report of an in situ squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of the investigation is a case report and the procedure was observational. The finding was a Buschke-Lowenstein tumor.

Resumen Varón de 24 años, con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, que presenta una tumoración exofítica, dolorosa y supurativa, con reporte positivo de virus de papiloma humano y reporte histopatológico de carcinoma espinocelular sin evidencia de diseminación (in situ). El propósito de la investigación es un reporte de caso y el procedimientos fue observacional. El hallazgo fue un tumor de Buschke-Lowenstein.

ABSTRACT Knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention is a necessary step for adopting preventive behaviors. We assessed HIV knowledge and its correlation with the perceived accuracy of the “Undetectable = Untransmittable” (U=U) slogan in an online sample with 401 adult Brazilians. Overall, 28% of participants showed high HIV knowledge level. The perceived accuracy of the U=U slogan significantly correlated with HIV knowledge. Younger participants, those reporting lower income or lower education, or who had never tested for HIV showed poorer HIV knowledge. Filling gaps of knowledge among specific populations is urgent in order to increase preventive behaviors and decrease HIV stigma.

ABSTRACT Knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention is a necessary step for adopting preventive behaviors. We assessed HIV knowledge and its correlation with the perceived accuracy of the “Undetectable = Untransmittable” (U=U) slogan in an online sample with 401 adult Brazilians. Overall, 28% of participants showed high HIV knowledge level. The perceived accuracy of the U=U slogan significantly correlated with HIV knowledge. Younger participants, those reporting lower income or lower education, or who had never tested for HIV showed poorer HIV knowledge. Filling gaps of knowledge among specific populations is urgent in order to increase preventive behaviors and decrease HIV stigma.

Abstract Introduction: A penetrating trauma can damage a variety of organs. Since the liver is an inelastic solid organ, it does not have the necessary stretch tolerance to cope with a gunshot wound (GSW). Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, and descriptive study of 53 clinical records of patients admitted to the Department of Surgery for liver trauma (LT) by a GSW. Results: Of the total clinical records analyzed, 89% of the patients presented a lesion associated with LT. The most common associated organic lesion was thoracic, specifically lung injury, in 58%. The most important predictor of mortality was a stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), which increased the risk about 21 times. Conclusion: A stay in the ICU, followed by the presence of fractures, was the most important predictor of mortality. New prognostic measures are needed to counteract the variables that the increase in GSWs has created, in addition to decreasing the waiting time from the traumatic event to relevant treatment.

Resumen Introducción: Un trauma penetrante puede dañar una variedad de órganos. Dado que el hígado es un órgano sólido inelástico, no tiene la tolerancia al estiramiento necesaria para hacer frente a una herida por proyectil de arma de fuego (GSW). Métodos: Este fue un estudio retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo de 53 registros clínicos de pacientes ingresados en el Departamento de Cirugía por trauma hepático (LT) por un GSW. Resultados: Del total de historias clínicas analizadas, el 89% de los pacientes presentaron una lesión asociada con LT. La lesión orgánica asociada más frecuente fue la torácica, específicamente la lesión pulmonar, en el 58%. El predictor más importante de mortalidad fue una estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), que aumentó el riesgo unas 21 veces. Conclusión: Una estadía en la UCI, seguida de la presencia de fracturas, fue el predictor más importante de mortalidad. Se necesitan nuevas medidas de pronóstico para contrarrestar las variables que ha creado el aumento de GSW, además de disminuir el tiempo de espera desde el evento traumático hasta el tratamiento relevante.

ABSTRACT Phytogenic additives are organic molecules that also improve ruminal fermentation, turning the supplemented individuals into more productive animals, without damage the population welfare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of mesquite (Prosopis juliflora [Sw.] DC.) extract as phytogenic additive for sheep finished on pasture in the Brazilian Northeast semiarid region. Twenty-four intact lambs (Santa Ines × Dorper F1 crossbred) were used, with an initial body weight of 23.00 ± 1.83 kg. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized design with four treatments and six replicates. Treatments consisted of four diets: Pasture and no supplementation; grazing pasture and phytogenic additive; pasture, supplementation with Tifton 85 hay, and concentrate; and pasture, phytogenic additive, and supplementation with Tifton 85 hay and concentrate. Prior to supplementation, animals received the phytogenic additive according to treatment. There were nonsignificant differences for nutrient intake and behavior patterns (P > 0.05). However, additive intake derived from mesquite provided an increase (P < 0.05) in digestibility (14.40% total digestible nutrients), N balance (27.12% retained N:ingested N) and performance (8.82% final body weight, 21.81% total weight gain, and 30.81% average daily gain) compared to animals consuming only pasture in rainy period. Thus, the use of mesquite extract as phytogenic additive is recommended for sheep finished on pasture in the Brazilian semiarid region.

Abstract Background: Argenteohyla siemersi (red-spotted Argentina frog) is a casque-headed tree frog species belonging to the Hylidae family. This species has a complex combination of anti-predator defense mechanisms that include a highly lethal skin secretion. However, biochemical composition and biological effects of this secretion have not yet been studied. Methods: The A. siemersi skin secretion samples were analyzed by mass spectrometry and chromatographic analysis (MALDI-TOF/MS, RP-HPLC and GC-MS). Proteins were also studied by SDS-PAGE. Among the biological activities evaluated, several enzymatic activities (hemolytic, phospholipase A2, clotting, proteolytic and amidolytic) were assessed. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity (cytolysis and fluorescence staining) was evaluated on myoblasts of the C2C12 cell line. Results: The MALDI-TOF/MS analysis identified polypeptides and proteins in the aqueous solution of A. siemersi skin secretion. SDS-PAGE revealed the presence of proteins with molecular masses from 15 to 55 kDa. Steroids, but no alkaloids or peptides (less than 5 KDa), were detected using mass spectrometry. Skin secretion revealed the presence of lipids in methanolic extract, as analyzed by CG-MS. This secretion showed hemolytic and phospholipase A2 activities, but was devoid of amidolytic, proteolytic or clotting activities. Moreover, dose-dependent cytotoxicity in cultured C2C12 myoblasts of the skin secretion was demonstrated. Morphological analysis, quantification of lactate dehydrogenase release and fluorescence staining indicated that the cell death triggered by this secretion involved necrosis. Conclusions: Results presented herein evidence the biochemical composition and biological effects of A. siemersi skin secretion and contribute to the knowledge on the defense mechanisms of casque-headed frogs.

ABSTRACT: Amelogenesis imperfecta is an inherited disorder affecting enamel formation in deciduous and permanent dentition. There are a large number of classifications, where hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta has the following clinical features: reduced enamel thickness, yellowish brown coloration, rough surface and lack of interproximal contact. These patients report the highest levels of social avoidance and distress, and it is therefore imperative to perform a good rehabilitative treatment. The objective of this paper is to describe the therapeutic sequence of an adolescent patient diagnosed with hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta, using the modified clear matrix technique with composite resins.

RESUMEN: La amelogénesis imperfecta es un trastorno hereditario que afecta la formación del esmalte presentándose en dentición decidua y permanente. Existen numerosas clasificaciones, donde la amelogénesis imperfecta hipoplásica presenta las siguientes características clínicas: reducción del espesor del esmalte, coloración entre amarillo y marrón, superficie rugosa y falta de contacto interproximal. Estos pacientes reportan niveles más altos de evitación social y angustia por lo que es imperativo realizar un buen tratamiento rehabilitador. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir la secuencia terapéutica de un paciente adolescente diagnosticado con amelogénesis imperfecta hipoplásica utilizando la técnica modificada clear matrix con resinas compuestas.

RESUMEN 17. Dentro de la historia clínica del niño no se considera alguna escala que evalué la ansiedad y el miedo que experimentan en el tratamiento dental, lo cual ayudaría para definir el abordaje del paciente y realizar un tratamiento exitoso. Objetivo. Determinar la relación que existe entre la ansiedad, miedo dental y colaboración de los padres y niños frente al tratamiento odontológico. Materiales y método. Se realizó un estudio tipo descriptivo y transversal. La muestra de estudio fueron 177 niños de ambos sexos de 3 a 6 años de edad que se atendían en un instituto de salud y sus padres. Se confeccionó una ficha de recolección de datos para cada paciente, donde se incluyó cuatro escalas de evaluación: el cuestionario de miedos dentales, la escala de ansiedad de Corah, la escala de miedo en niños y el test gráfico de Venham. Al final del tratamiento se evaluó el comportamiento del niño con la escala de Frankl. Resultados. Con respecto al miedo, los padres presentaron escaso o nulo (55,9%) y los niños, bajo miedo (87,6%) en mayor porcentaje. Con respecto a la ansiedad, los padres presentaron baja ansiedad (57%); los niños, en su mayoría, fueron no ansiosos (64,4%) y el comportamiento de estos fue positivo (71,2%). Conclusión. La ansiedad provocada por el tratamiento odontológico en los niños y los padres no está relacionado, más si el miedo. Tampoco existe relación entre la ansiedad y el miedo que pueda experimentar los padres con respecto a la colaboración del niño. Sin embargo, la colaboración del niño si está relacionada con el miedo y ansiedad que ellos puedan experimentar en el tratamiento odontológico.

ABSTRACT 20. In the clinical history of a child, it is not taken into account any scale that evaluates the anxiety and fear experienced during dental treatment. This would help to define the way to approach the patient and perform a successful treatment. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between anxiety, dental fear and collaboration of parents and children towards dental treatment. A descriptive and transversal study was carried out. The study’s sample was collected from 177 children of both sexes from 3 to 6-year-old, who visited a health institute for a dental appointment, and also their respective parents. A data collection form was prepared for each patient, which included four evaluation scales: the dental fear questionnaire, the Corah anxiety scale, the Children’s Fear Scale and the Venham graphic test. At the end of the treatment, the child's behavior was evaluated using the Frankl scale. In regard to fear, parents presented little or no (55.9%) and children, under fear (87.6%) in a greater percentage. In reference to anxiety, parents presented low anxiety (57%); children, in their majority, were not anxious (64.4%), and their behavior was positive (71.2%). As a result, anxiety caused by the dental treatment in children and parents is not related; nonetheless, fear is. In addition, there is no relationship between anxiety and fear that parents may experience with regard to the child's collaboration. However, the child's collaboration is related to the fear and anxiety that they may experience during dental treatment.

Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl is a Brazilian medicinal plant from Caatinga biome and possesses several pharmacological properties. Phytochemical investigations have attributed some of these properties to the presence of flavonoids. In this paper, we report the influence of the extraction process on the flavonoid content obtained from leaves of C. quercifolius and its antioxidant activity. A factorial design 22 was performed, using temperature and agitation as independent variables. Qualitative and quantitative analyzes of the extracts were performed by HPLC-DAD. Rutin and apigenin were identified in the extracts and chosen as analytical markers. Pareto chart and Surface response plots suggested that rutin content was increased up to 3.93 times when temperature was employed during the extraction process. However, apigenin content was significantly reduced in the method whose temperature or agitation were used (p<0.05). A higher antioxidant activity was observed in extracts whose rutin extraction was favored, suggesting that this flavonoid contributes at least in part to the antioxidant potential of the species.

RESUMO A germinação de sementes de espécies que se desenvolvem em regiões áridas e semiáridas pode ser afetada por fatores como deficiência hídrica e excesso de sais no solo, desta forma, o conhecimento sobre os limites de tolerância a esses fatores, é fundamental para compreender a sua capacidade de adaptação. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar as alterações fisiológicas (germinação e vigor) de sementes de Mimosa caesalpiniifolia provenientes de diferentes regiões brasileiras (Sudeste, Centro-Oeste e Nordeste) e submetidas aos estresses hídrico e salino. Para simular o estresse hídrico foi utilizado o agente osmótico polietilenoglicol (PEG 6000), ajustado para os potenciais de 0; -0,2; -0,4; -0,6 e -0,8 MPa, enquanto para o salino utilizou-se as soluções de NaCl nos potenciais de 0; -0,1; -0,3; -0,5; -0,7; -0,9; -1,1 MPa. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 5 para estresse hídrico e 3 x 7 para estresse salino, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes. As variáveis analisadas foram: porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz e massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz de plântulas. As sementes de M. caesalpiniifolia, provenientes das diferentes regiões geográficas, respondem fisiologicamente de maneira semelhante ao estresse hídrico; já com relação ao estresse salino, a tolerância das sementes é variável em função da região de colheita, sendo as provenientes de Vazante, MG, mais tolerantes durante a germinação e o crescimento inicial das plântulas.

ABSTRACT Seed germination of species that develop in arid and semi-arid soils can be altered by water deficit and abundance of salts in the soil. Knowledge on tolerance limits is fundamental to understand the adaptive capacity of species under such conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological changes (germination and vigor) of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia seeds from different regions and submitted to water and saline stresses. To simulate water stress, the osmotic agent polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) was adjusted to the potentials of 0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa, whereas for the saline stress, NaCl solutions were adjusted to the potentials of 0, -0.1, -0.3, -0.5, -0.7; -0.9 and -1.1 MPa. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3 x 5 factorial scheme for water stress and 3 x 7 factorial scheme for saline stress, with four replicates of 25 seeds. The variables analysed were: germination, germination speed index and seedling shoot length, root length, shoot dry matter and root dry matter. M. caesalpiniifolia seeds, coming from different geographic regions, showed similar physiological responses to water stress; with respect to salt stress, their tolerance varies according to the region of harvest, and those from Vazante, MG, Brazil were more tolerant during germination and initial growth of seedlings.

RESUMO Em Portugal, estima-se que a dor crônica afete 36.7% da população, constituindo um fenômeno multifatorial com grande impacto em nível individual, familiar, comunitário e social. No modelo de medo-evitamento da dor, um dos mais consensuais na literatura, o medo surge como uma das variáveis que podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento e a manutenção dessa condição. Assim, instrumentos dedicados à avaliação do medo da dor, como o Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ-III), podem ser úteis na conceitualização da experiência subjetiva de dor. Em concordância, este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a adaptação do FPQ-III para o português europeu. Preencheram o questionário pela internet 1.094 participantes (795 mulheres; idade média = 25,16, DP = 7,72). Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma solução fatorial diferente da encontrada no primeiro estudo da escala original (cinco fatores: dor leve, intensa, médica, de injeção e aflita), uma boa consistência interna (entre .75 e .85), boas correlações entre subescalas (entre .30 e .59) e entre essas e a pontuação total (entre .68 e .85). Perante a necessidade de atender a várias dimensões da experiência subjetiva de dor, o questionário de medo da dor assume-se como uma ferramenta útil que, em combinação com outras, pode contribuir para processos de avaliação e de intervenção progressivamente mais compreensivos e ajustados aos desafios levantados pela problemática de dor crônica.

ABSTRACT In Portugal, it is estimated that chronic pain affects 36.7% of the population, constituting a multifactorial phenomenon with great impact at individual, family, community, and social levels. In the fear-avoidance model of pain, one of the most consistent consensual in the literature, the fear arises as one of the variables that can contribute to the development and maintenance of this condition. Thus, instruments for evaluating the fear of pain, as Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ-III), may be useful in the conceptualization of the subjective experience of pain. Accordingly, this paper aims to describe the adaptation of FPQ-III for the European Portuguese. A total of 1094 participants (795 women; mean age = 25.16, SD = 7.72) completed the web based questionnaire. The results pointed to a different factor solution found in the first study of the original scale (five factors: minor pain, severe pain, medical pain, injection pain, and afflicted pain), good internal consistency (.75–.85) and good correlations (between .30 and .59) between subscales and (between .68 and .85) for the total score and subscales. Given the need to meet the various dimensions of subjective experience of pain, the Fear of Pain Questionnaire is assumed as a useful tool, in combination with other, may contribute to the evaluation and intervention procedures progressively more comprehensive and adjusted to the challenges raised with the issue of chronic pain.

ABSTRACT Objective: to translate, adapt and validate the contents of the Diabetes Medical Management Plan for the Brazilian context. This protocol was developed by the American Diabetes Association and guides the procedure of educators for the care of children and adolescents with diabetes in schools. Method: this methodological study was conducted in four stages: initial translation, synthesis of initial translation, back translation and content validation by an expert committee, composed of 94 specialists (29 applied linguists and 65 health professionals), for evaluation of the translated version through an online questionnaire. The concordance level of the judges was calculated based on the Content Validity Index. Data were exported into the R program for statistical analysis: Results: the evaluation of the instrument showed good concordance between the judges of the Health and Applied Linguistics areas, with a mean content validity index of 0.9 and 0.89, respectively, and slight variability of the index between groups (difference of less than 0.01). The items in the translated version, evaluated as unsatisfactory by the judges, were reformulated based on the considerations of the professionals of each group. Conclusion: a Brazilian version of Diabetes Medical Management Plan was constructed, called the Plano de Manejo do Diabetes na Escola.

RESUMEN Objetivo: traducir, adaptar y validar el contenido del Diabetes Medical Management Plan para el contexto brasileño, protocolo elaborado por la Asociación de Diabetes Americana, que orienta la conducta de los educadores para el cuidado de niños y adolescentes con diabetes mellitus en las escuelas. Método: se trata de estudio metodológico, realizado en cuatro etapas: traducción inicial, síntesis de la traducción inicial, retrotraducción y validación de contenido por un Comité de Jueces, compuesto por 94 especialistas (29 lingüistas aplicados y 65 profesionales del área de la Salud), para evaluación de la versión traducida por medio de un cuestionario online. El nivel de concordancia de los jueces fue calculado con base en el Índice de Validez de Contenido. Los datos recolectados fueron exportados para ser analizados estadísticamente en el ambiente R. Resultados: la evaluación del instrumento presentó buena concordancia entre los jueces de las áreas de Salud y Lingüística Aplicada, con Índice de Validez de Contenido promedio de 0,9 y 0,89, respectivamente, y pequeña variabilidad del índice entre grupos (diferencia inferior a 0,01). Los ítems de la versión traducida, evaluados como insatisfactorios por los jueces, fueron reformulados con base en las sugestiones de los profesionales de cada grupo. Conclusión: se construyó una versión brasileña del Diabetes Medical Management Plan, denominado Plan de Administración de la Diabetes en la Escuela.

RESUMO Objetivo: traduzir, adaptar e validar o conteúdo do Diabetes Medical Management Plan para o contexto brasileiro, protocolo elaborado pela Associação Americana de Diabetes, que orienta a conduta dos educadores para o cuidado das crianças e adolescentes com diabetes mellitus nas escolas. Método: trata-se de estudo metodológico, realizado em quatro etapas: tradução inicial, síntese da tradução inicial, retrotradução e validação de conteúdo por um Comitê de Juízes, composto por 94 especialistas (29 linguistas aplicados e 65 profissionais da área da Saúde), para avaliação da versão traduzida por meio de um questionário online. O nível de concordância dos juízes foi calculado com base no Índice de Validade de Conteúdo. Os dados coletados foram exportados para análise estatística no ambiente R. Resultados: a avaliação do instrumento apresentou boa concordância entre os juízes das áreas da Saúde e Linguística Aplicada, com Índice de Validade de Conteúdo médio de 0,9 e 0,89, respectivamente, e pequena variabilidade do índice entre grupos (diferença inferior a 0,01). Os itens da versão traduzida, avaliados como insatisfatórios pelos juízes, foram reformulados com base nas ponderações dos profissionais de cada grupo. Conclusão: construiu-se uma versão brasileira do Diabetes Medical Management Plan, denominado Plano de Manejo do Diabetes na Escola.

RESUMO Objetivo: traduzir, adaptar e validar o conteúdo do Diabetes Medical Management Plan para o contexto brasileiro, protocolo elaborado pela Associação Americana de Diabetes, que orienta a conduta dos educadores para o cuidado das crianças e adolescentes com diabetes mellitus nas escolas. Método: trata-se de estudo metodológico, realizado em quatro etapas: tradução inicial, síntese da tradução inicial, retrotradução e validação de conteúdo por um Comitê de Juízes, composto por 94 especialistas (29 linguistas aplicados e 65 profissionais da área da Saúde), para avaliação da versão traduzida por meio de um questionário online. O nível de concordância dos juízes foi calculado com base no Índice de Validade de Conteúdo. Os dados coletados foram exportados para análise estatística no ambiente R. Resultados: a avaliação do instrumento apresentou boa concordância entre os juízes das áreas da Saúde e Linguística Aplicada, com Índice de Validade de Conteúdo médio de 0,9 e 0,89, respectivamente, e pequena variabilidade do índice entre grupos (diferença inferior a 0,01). Os itens da versão traduzida, avaliados como insatisfatórios pelos juízes, foram reformulados com base nas ponderações dos profissionais de cada grupo. Conclusão: construiu-se uma versão brasileira do Diabetes Medical Management Plan, denominado Plano de Manejo do Diabetes na Escola.

ABSTRACT Objective: to translate, adapt and validate the contents of the Diabetes Medical Management Plan for the Brazilian context. This protocol was developed by the American Diabetes Association and guides the procedure of educators for the care of children and adolescents with diabetes in schools. Method: this methodological study was conducted in four stages: initial translation, synthesis of initial translation, back translation and content validation by an expert committee, composed of 94 specialists (29 applied linguists and 65 health professionals), for evaluation of the translated version through an online questionnaire. The concordance level of the judges was calculated based on the Content Validity Index. Data were exported into the R program for statistical analysis: Results: the evaluation of the instrument showed good concordance between the judges of the Health and Applied Linguistics areas, with a mean content validity index of 0.9 and 0.89, respectively, and slight variability of the index between groups (difference of less than 0.01). The items in the translated version, evaluated as unsatisfactory by the judges, were reformulated based on the considerations of the professionals of each group. Conclusion: a Brazilian version of Diabetes Medical Management Plan was constructed, called the Plano de Manejo do Diabetes na Escola.

RESUMEN Objetivo: traducir, adaptar y validar el contenido del Diabetes Medical Management Plan para el contexto brasileño, protocolo elaborado por la Asociación de Diabetes Americana, que orienta la conducta de los educadores para el cuidado de niños y adolescentes con diabetes mellitus en las escuelas. Método: se trata de estudio metodológico, realizado en cuatro etapas: traducción inicial, síntesis de la traducción inicial, retrotraducción y validación de contenido por un Comité de Jueces, compuesto por 94 especialistas (29 lingüistas aplicados y 65 profesionales del área de la Salud), para evaluación de la versión traducida por medio de un cuestionario online. El nivel de concordancia de los jueces fue calculado con base en el Índice de Validez de Contenido. Los datos recolectados fueron exportados para ser analizados estadísticamente en el ambiente R. Resultados: la evaluación del instrumento presentó buena concordancia entre los jueces de las áreas de Salud y Lingüística Aplicada, con Índice de Validez de Contenido promedio de 0,9 y 0,89, respectivamente, y pequeña variabilidad del índice entre grupos (diferencia inferior a 0,01). Los ítems de la versión traducida, evaluados como insatisfactorios por los jueces, fueron reformulados con base en las sugestiones de los profesionales de cada grupo. Conclusión: se construyó una versión brasileña del Diabetes Medical Management Plan, denominado Plan de Administración de la Diabetes en la Escuela.

We present an updated list of ferns and lycophytes from the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, product of extensive field work and review of 1,380 herbarium specimens and literature. We recorded 246 taxa, distributed in 73 genera and 24 families, representing 43 and 24% of the pteridophytes of Veracruz State and Mexico, respectively. We found 35 new records for the Reserve, including two for Veracruz (Elaphoglossum glabellum y E. pringlei). Polypodiaceae (39 species), Dryopteridaceae (32), and Pteridaceae (31) were the largest families, whereas Asplenium (22), Thelypteris (18), Trichomanes (13) and Elaphoglossum (12) were the most species-rich genera. A low percentage of widespread species (7%) was recorded, 58% occur in tropical America mainly from Mexico to South America including the West Indies, 23% in Mexico and Central America, and 7% are endemic to Mexico. The altitudinal distribution shows the highest species-richness between 760 and 1,200 m elevation; the most species-rich vegetation types were the humid montane forest (134) and tropical lowland rainforest (115), the latter contains a high number of species, which highlighs its value for conservation. Furthermore, a high level of epiphytism (37.4%) stands out, particularly among humid montane forest species. We consider 65% of the taxa as rare or very rare, probably due to their habitat specificity.

Se presenta un listado actualizado de los helechos y licófitos de la Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas, producto tanto de trabajo de campo como de la revisión de 1,380 ejemplares de herbario y literatura. Se registraron 246 taxones, distribuidos en 73 géneros y 24 familias, los cuales representan el 43 y 24% de la pteridoflora del estado de Veracruz y de México respectivamente. Se encontraron 35 nuevos registros para la Reserva, incluyendo dos para Veracruz (Elaphoglossum glabellum y E. pringlei). Las familias más numerosas fueron Polypodiaceae (39 especies), Dryopteridaceae (32) y Pteridaceae (31), mientras que los géneros más numerosos fueron Asplenium (22), Thelypteris (18), Trichomanes (13) y Elaphoglossum (12). Se registró un bajo porcentaje de especies de amplia distribución (7%), el 58% crecen de México hasta Sudamérica, el 23% en México y Centroamérica y el 7% son endémicas de México. La distribución altitudinal muestra una mayor riqueza entre 760 y 1,200 m; los tipos de vegetación con mayor número de especies fueron el bosque mesófilo de montaña (134) y la selva alta perennifolia (115); la alta riqueza de especies en esta última formación vegetal destaca su valor para la conservación. La Reserva presenta un alto nivel de epifitismo (37.4%), particularmente en el bosque mesófilo de montaña. Se considera que el 65% de los taxones son raros o muy raros, probablemente por la especificidad de su hábitat.