RESUMO A imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) é considerada uma ferramenta rápida e precisa para a identificação de protozoários, como Toxoplasma gondii, em tecidos fetais e placentários. Neste estudo foi avaliada a imunodetecção de Toxoplasma gondii em tecido placentário de cabras naturalmente infectadas. Foram coletadas e analisadas 80 amostras de placentas de cabras procedentes de único rebanho com sorologia positiva para T. gondii na técnica de ELISA. Na histopatologia, 27/80 amostras apresentaram lesões sugestivas de infecção por protozoários. Após a avaliação histopatológica, procedeu-se à realização da técnica de imuno-histoquímica, obtendo-se 85,2% (23/27) de amostras com marcação positiva. A imunodetecção ocorreu no epitélio de revestimento das vilosidades coriônicas e foi classificada de acordo com o grau de intensidade da imunomarcação. Também foi evidenciada imunomarcação no interior dos vasos sanguíneos fetais em 8,69% (2/23) das amostras. Este estudo demonstrou que a técnica de IHQ se comportou como uma ferramenta valiosa no diagnóstico da infeção por T. gondii em tecido placentário de cabras naturalmente infectadas e complementou, de forma decisiva, o diagnóstico, além de agregar maior valor aos resultados obtidos nas análises histopatológica e sorológica.

ABSTRACT Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is considered to be a rapid and accurate tool for the identification of protozoa such as Toxoplasma gondii in fetal and placental tissues. In this study, we evaluated the immunodetection of Toxoplasma gondii in placental tissue from naturally infected goats. A total of 80 samples of goat placentas from a single herd with positive ELISA serology for T. gondii were collected and analyzed. In the histopathology, 27/80 samples presented lesions suggestive of protozoal infection. After the histopathological evaluation, the immunohistochemistry technique was performed, obtaining 85.2% (23/27) of samples with positive marking. Immunodetection occurred in the lining epithelium of the chorionic villi and was classified according to the degree of intensity of the immunostaining. Immunostaining within the fetal blood vessels was also evidenced in 8.69% (2/23) of the samples. This study demonstrated that the IHQ technique behaved as a valuable tool in the diagnosis of T. gondii infection in placental tissue of naturally infected goats completing the diagnosis in a decisive way and adding greater value to the results obtained in the histopathological and serological analysis.

Background. Adolescence is a critical time for the establishment of healthy eating habits. The objective was to analyze food consumption patterns among adolescents and their relationship with family and social factors. Methods. Multicentre observational cross-sectional descriptive study using a food frequency questionnaire for the last week. It was answered anonymously. The adolescent's age/gender, parents' studies/occupation and school's location/type were included. The population sample was composed of 1,095 adolescents in sixth grade at primary schools from an Andalusian region. They were chosen by polietapic random sampling that distinguished between public/private and capital/provincial schools. Results. 1,005 surveys were analyzed. The mean age is 11.45 (SD: 0.59). Fifty-three percent were male. The intake of dairy products (only two-thirds taken daily), pasta, fruit and vegetables (daily consumption of 30%) is deficient. Sixty-four point five percent consume legumes weekly. Fish consumption is equal to meat, with a preference for poultry. More than half consume red meat daily. Olive oil is preferred. The intake of «empty calories» (fast food, candies, soft drink) is high. Through multivariate analysis the existence of clusters of healthy and unhealthy foods, related to the social status of the parents and the type of school, is proved. Conclusions. A healthy diet based on the nutritional pyramid is not the consumption pattern in the adolescents surveyed. There is a low consumption of diary products, legumes, fruits and vegetables. There is a relationship between the social class of the family and consumption patterns (healthy and unhealthy). Health strategies are needed to modify such inappropriate consumption.

Fundamento. La adolescencia es un momento clave para la instauración de hábitos alimentarios saludables. El objetivo del trabajo fue conocer los hábitos alimentarios de los adolescentes y su relación con factores socio-familiares. Material y métodos. Estudio observacional descriptivo, multicéntrico, mediante cuestionario anónimo sobre consumo de alimentos en la última semana, recogiendo edad/sexo del alumnado, estudios/ocupación laboral de padres/madres y tipo/localización del colegio. La muestra comprendió 1.095 adolescentes de sexto de Educación Primaria de una provincia andaluza, elegidos mediante muestreo aleatorio polietápico diferenciando centros públicos/privados y de la provincia/capital. Resultados. Fueron recogidas 1.005 encuestas válidas (99,25% del total); media de edad 11,45 años (±0,59) y 53% varones. Consumo deficitario de lácteos (sólo dos terceras partes toman diariamente), pasta, frutas, verduras y hortalizas (consumo diario en un 30%). Las legumbres se consumen semanalmente en el 64,5%. El consumo de pescado se iguala al de carne, siendo más preferida la de ave; más de la mitad consumen embutidos diariamente. El aceite de oliva sigue siendo el más consumido. Hay un significativo consumo de alimentos con «calorías vacías» (comida rápida, dulces, refrescos). Mediante análisis multivariante (clúster) se comprueba la existencia de agrupaciones de alimentos saludables y no saludables, relacionado con el nivel social de los progenitores y el tipo de colegio. Conclusiones. La dieta basada en la pirámide nutricional no es el patrón de alimentación en los adolescentes encuestados, con escaso consumo de lácteos, legumbres y frutas/verduras. Los alimentos se agrupan en patrones saludables o no saludables relacionados con la clase social familiar. Son necesarias estrategias sanitarias para modificar este consumo inadecuado.

Studies conducted into Na2O-CaO-3SiO2 glass composition suggest that its phase transformation occurs from the surface towards the interior of the sample. In a study carried out in 1982, it was reported that no addition of nucleating agents modified the mechanism. Taking advantage of the disposition materials synthesized by nanotechnology, in this study TiO2 in nanometer size was used with the idea that, because of its qualities, it could modify the crystallization mechanism. The glasses obtained as well as the thermally treated samples, were evaluated by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) powder method, differential thermal analysis (DTA), and by optical microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Within the range of TiO2 concentration studied (0 - 10 wt %), 10 wt % of TiO2 considerably reduced the Na2O-2CaO-3SiO2 phase crystallization process. The crystallization mechanism was not modified and TiO2 did not form compounds with the matrix components.

Estudios realizados en el sistema vítreo Na2O-CaO-3SiO2 sugieren que su transformación de fase ocurre desde su superficie hacia su interior. En estudios previos realizados se reportó la modificación del mecanismo de cristalización por adición de agentes nucleantes. En este estudio partículas nanometricas de TiO2 fueron adicionadas con la idea de modificar el mecanismo de cristalización. Los vidrios obtenidos así como muestras tratadas térmicamente fueron evaluadas por difracción de rayos-X, análisis térmico diferencial, microscopía óptica y de transmisión electrónica de alta resolución. El rango de estudio realizado fue de 0-10 % en peso y se encontró que en la máxima adición se disminuyó considerablemente el proceso de cristalización. A pesar de la rápida disolución lograda por la adición de nanopartículas de titania no se logró un cambio del proceso de cristalización.

Utilizaram-se doses crescentes de pentoxifilina em ratos Wistar neonatos visando aumentar a produção espermática em animais adultos. Trinta e sete animais foram distribuídos de acordo com os tratamentos: não tratados (n=10) e tratados com 1mg/kg (n=10), 5mg/kg (n=9) e 10mg/kg (n=8) de pentoxifilina (IP). Aos 90 dias, os animais foram anestesiados e perfundidos intracardiacamente com solução fixadora. Os testículos foram processados rotineiramente para inclusão em resina plástica à base de glicol metacrilato. Cortes histológicos de 4µm de espessura foram corados em azul de toluidina/borato de sódio a 1% e analisados histometricamente. O número de células de Sertoli por secção transversal diminuiu nos grupos tratados com 5mg/kg e 10mg/kg em relação aos grupos controle e tratado com 1mg/kg. O índice de células de Sertoli aumentou nos animais tratados com 5mg/kg em comparação aos do grupo-controle. A utilização da pentoxifilina não foi capaz de induzir aumento na população das células de Sertoli e produção espermática em ratos adultos.

Increasing doses of pentoxifylline were administrated to newborn Wistar rats in order to augment Sertoli cell number and sperm production in the adult rats. Thirty-seven neonate Wistar rats were distributed in four groups: control (n=10) and treated with 1mg/kg (n=10), 5mg/kg (n=9), and 10mg/kg (n=8) of pentoxifylline. At 90 days, the animals were submitted to anesthesia and intracardiac perfusion. Testes were colleted and routinely processed for inclusion in plastic resin with glycol methacrylate. Histological sections (4µm) were stained in toluidine blue/sodium borate (1%) and analyzed. Number of Sertoli cell per transversal section of seminiferous tubule had significant reduction in the groups treated with 5mg/kg and 10mg/kg of pentoxifylline as compared to control and the group that received 1mg/kg (P<0.05). The Sertoli cell index significantly increased in the group treated with 5mg/kg compared to control group. Pentoxifylline did not cause increase in the number of Sertoli cells and daily sperm production in adult male rats.