Resumen: Objetivo: Caracterizar el comportamiento de COVID-19 en niños chilenos hospitalizados en unidades de paciente crítico pediátrico (UPCP) y evaluar factores de riesgo para COVID-19 severo. Pacientes y Método: Estudio multicéntrico cohorte prospectivo, pacientes 0-18 años con SARS-CoV-2 confirmado hospitalizados en UPCP. Se registraron variables clínicas, laboratorio, imagenológicas y terapéuticas. Se comparó “COVID-19 leve/moderado” versus “COVID-19 severo” utilizando mediana con rango intercuartil (RIC), test U Mann-Whitney, Test Fisher de dos colas y análisis multivariado binario forward para ajuste de variables para “COVID-19 severo”. Significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: 219 pacientes, 55,3% hombres, mediana edad 86 meses (RIC: 13,5-156). Comorbilidades principales: obesidad, enfermedades respiratorias. Mortalidad global: 3,6%. “COVID-19 severo” (26,5%) mostró más leucopenia, linfopenia, más inflamación y alteración de órganos (p < 0,05). También desarrolló más Sepsis/shock, SDRA y disfunción de órganos, requirió más terapia hemodinámica, antiinflamatoria, anticoagulación, antibioterapia, con mayor estadía en UPCP/hospitalaria (p < 0,05) y mortalidad de 13,8%. Factores de riesgo asociados a “COVID-19 severo”: shock al ingreso (aOR 28,44 [IC95%: 10,45-77,4]), obesidad (aOR 3,55 [IC95%: 1,3-9,6]), condensación (aOR 3,1 [IC95%: 1,1-8,7]), atelectasia (aOR: 8.7 [IC95%: 1,17-64,3]), corticoides dosis de estrés (aOR 7,7 [IC95%: 1,9-30,6]), antibioterapia precoz (aOR: 12,02 [IC95%: 1,11-130,02]), inmunodeficiencia adquirida/ congénita (aOR: 19,2 [IC95%: 1,19-321]) y patología oncológica (aOR: 10,7 [IC95%: 2,14-47,8]). Conclusión: En esta cohorte pediátrica chilena, el perfil de paciente que ingresó a UPCP fue de sexo masculino en edad escolar con comorbilidad asociada. Factores de riesgo asociados a COVID-19 severo fueron: presencia de comorbilidades (inmunodeficiencia adquirida/congénita, patología oncológica y obesidad), shock al ingreso y condensaciones en las imágenes radiológicas.

Abstract: Objectives: To characterize the COVID-19 disease profile in Chilean children hospitalized in pediatric intensive care units (PICU) and to evaluate risk factors associated with severe COVID-19. Patients and Method: A multicenter prospective cohort study with patients 0-18 years of age with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized in PICU. Clinical, laboratory, imaging, and therapeutic variables were recorded. We compared ”mild/moderate COVID-19” with ’’severe COVID-19” using median with interquartile range (IQR), Mann-Whitney U test, two-tailed Fisher’s test, and forward binary multivariate analysis to adjust variables for “severe COVID-19”. A p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: From 16 PICUs, 219 patients were recruited, 55.3% were male, with a median age of 86 months (IQR: 13.5-156). The most frequent comorbidities were obesity and respiratory diseases. Overall mortality was 3.6%. “Severe COVID-19” (26.5%) showed more leukopenia, lymphopenia, increased inflammatory parameters, and altered organ function (p < 0.05). It also developed more sepsis/shock, ARDS, and organ dysfunction, requiring more hemodynamic, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulation, and antibiotic therapy, with a longer stay in the PICU/hospital (p < 0.05), and 13.8% of mortality. Risk factors associated with “severe COVID-19” were shock on admission to the PICU [aOR 28.44 (95%CI 10.45-77.4)], obesity [aOR 3.55 (95%CI 1.3-9.6)], consolidation [aOR 3.1 (95%CI 1.1 -8.7)], atelectasis [aOR: 8.7 (95%CI 1.17-64.3)], stress dose of corticosteroids [aOR 7.7 (95%CI 1.9-30.6)], early antibiotic therapy [aOR: 12.02 (95%CI 1.11-130.02)], acquired/congenital immunodeficiency [aOR: 19.2 (95%CI: 1.19-321)], and oncological pathology [aOR 10.7 (95%CI 2.14-47.8)]. Conclusion: In this Chilean pediatric cohort, most patients with COVID-19 admitted to de PICU were male, of school age, with associated comorbidity. Risk factors for developing severe COVID-19 were the presence of comorbidities such as acquired/congenital immunodeficiency, oncological pathology, and obesity, in addition to shock on admission and consolidations on X-rays.

Summary Introduction: Brachial artery lesions are rare, even in high concentration trauma centers and despite having good technical success, they can have significant functional limitations due to being associated with nerve lesions, that is why we decided to describe our experience in the management of lesions of brachial artery. Material and methods: Review of clinical records of patients with brachial artery injury treated by the vascular surgery service at the General Hospital of Mexico from January 1, 2013 to May 30, 2022 was performed. Characteristics of the lesions, time elapsed from lesion to revascularization, type of surgical treatment, and postoperative results. Results: 16 lesions were treated. 100% with late referral (more than 6 hours after the injury). There were 9 (56.25%) complete sections, 4 (25%) partial section, 2 (12.5%) thrombosis, and 1 (6.25%) pseudoaneurysm. 100% of the lesions were distal to the deep brachial branch. 8 (50%) had associated venous injury, 6 (37.5%) nerve injury (median nerve in 100%). The treatment was 3 (18.75%) simple closure by partial section, 3 (18.75%) end-to-end anastomosis, 8 (50%) autologous bypass (5 with reverse vein of the ipsilateral arm and 3 with great saphenous vein) and 2 (12.5 %) thrombectomy. Technical success in 100% and 0% amputation. Conclusion: Due to the important collaterality of the brachial artery, the percentage of amputation is very low and, despite late care, revascularization should be offered to improve the functional prognosis of the limb.

ABSTRACT Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is associated with morbidity, hospitalizations, absenteeism, and mortality among healthcare workers (HCW). Aim: To evaluate the seroconversion rate in HCW exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in the early pandemic phase in 2020 at a regional reference hospital. Material and Methods: One hundred seventy-nine HCW working at a regional hospital were invited to a longitudinal study performed between April-July 2020. A serological analysis by ELISA IgG for viral nucleoprotein and protein S with a secondary analysis by ELISA IgG protein S1/S2 for samples with positive or doubtful result was carried out together with a complementary online survey to inquire about occupational or community exposures to SARS-CoV-2. Results: Two cases with baseline infection were detected (1.1%, one symptomatic and one asymptomatic) and no cases of seroconversion were detected. During the study period, there were 136 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, and regional weekly COVID-19 incidence ranged from 2.7 to 24.4 per 100,000 inhabitants. No SARS-CoV-2 cases were detected by PCR among 27 HCW who consulted for respiratory symptoms in the period. Online surveys confirmed direct care of COVID-19 patients and also detected a high degree of unprotected social interaction at work. Conclusions: There was no evidence of seroconversion in this group of HCW exposed to the risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2 during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Personal protective equipment and other measures used by the HCW were extremely useful for their protection in the initial phase of the pandemic.

Antecedentes: La pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 está asociada a morbilidad, hospitalizaciones, ausentismo y mortalidad entre el personal de salud (PS). Objetivo: Evaluar la tasa de seroconversión en el PS expuesto al SARS-CoV-2 en la fase pandémica inicial el 2020 en un hospital regional de referencia. Material y Métodos: Ciento setenta y nueve trabajadores de la salud fueron invitados a un estudio longitudinal realizado entre abril-julio de 2020. Se efectuó un análisis serológico por ELISA IgG para nucleoproteína viral y proteína S con un análisis secundario por ELISA IgG proteína S1 / S2 para muestras con resultado positivo o dudoso junto a encuestas complementarias en línea para preguntar sobre exposiciones ocupacionales o comunitarias al SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: Se detectaron dos casos con infección basal (1,1%, uno sintomático y uno asintomático) sin casos de seroconversión. Durante el período de estudio, hubo 136 pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19, y la incidencia semanal regional de COVID-19 osciló entre 2,7 y 24,4 por 100.000 habitantes. No se detectaron casos de SARS-CoV-2 por PCR entre los 27 funcionarios que consultaron por síntomas respiratorios en este período. Las encuestas en línea confirmaron la atención directa de los pacientes con COVID-19 y también detectaron un alto grado de interacción social desprotegida en el trabajo. Conclusiones: No hubo evidencia de seroconversión en un grupo de funcionarios expuestos al riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2 durante el inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19. Los equipos de protección personal y otras medidas utilizadas por el PS fueron de suma utilidad para su protección en la fase inicial de la pandemia.

Abstract: Objectives: To characterize the COVID-19 disease profile in Chilean children hospitalized in pediatric intensive care units (PICU) and to evaluate risk factors associated with severe COVID-19. Patients and Method: A multicenter prospective cohort study with patients 0-18 years of age with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized in PICU. Clinical, laboratory, imaging, and therapeutic variables were recorded. We compared ”mild/moderate COVID-19” with ’’severe COVID-19” using median with interquartile range (IQR), Mann-Whitney U test, two-tailed Fisher’s test, and forward binary multivariate analysis to adjust variables for “severe COVID-19”. A p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: From 16 PICUs, 219 patients were recruited, 55.3% were male, with a median age of 86 months (IQR: 13.5-156). The most frequent comorbidities were obesity and respiratory diseases. Overall mortality was 3.6%. “Severe COVID-19” (26.5%) showed more leukopenia, lymphopenia, increased inflammatory parameters, and altered organ function (p < 0.05). It also developed more sepsis/shock, ARDS, and organ dysfunction, requiring more hemodynamic, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulation, and antibiotic therapy, with a longer stay in the PICU/hospital (p < 0.05), and 13.8% of mortality. Risk factors associated with “severe COVID-19” were shock on admission to the PICU [aOR 28.44 (95%CI 10.45-77.4)], obesity [aOR 3.55 (95%CI 1.3-9.6)], consolidation [aOR 3.1 (95%CI 1.1 -8.7)], atelectasis [aOR: 8.7 (95%CI 1.17-64.3)], stress dose of corticosteroids [aOR 7.7 (95%CI 1.9-30.6)], early antibiotic therapy [aOR: 12.02 (95%CI 1.11-130.02)], acquired/congenital immunodeficiency [aOR: 19.2 (95%CI: 1.19-321)], and oncological pathology [aOR 10.7 (95%CI 2.14-47.8)]. Conclusion: In this Chilean pediatric cohort, most patients with COVID-19 admitted to de PICU were male, of school age, with associated comorbidity. Risk factors for developing severe COVID-19 were the presence of comorbidities such as acquired/congenital immunodeficiency, oncological pathology, and obesity, in addition to shock on admission and consolidations on X-rays.

Resumen: Objetivo: Caracterizar el comportamiento de COVID-19 en niños chilenos hospitalizados en unidades de paciente crítico pediátrico (UPCP) y evaluar factores de riesgo para COVID-19 severo. Pacientes y Método: Estudio multicéntrico cohorte prospectivo, pacientes 0-18 años con SARS-CoV-2 confirmado hospitalizados en UPCP. Se registraron variables clínicas, laboratorio, imagenológicas y terapéuticas. Se comparó “COVID-19 leve/moderado” versus “COVID-19 severo” utilizando mediana con rango intercuartil (RIC), test U Mann-Whitney, Test Fisher de dos colas y análisis multivariado binario forward para ajuste de variables para “COVID-19 severo”. Significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: 219 pacientes, 55,3% hombres, mediana edad 86 meses (RIC: 13,5-156). Comorbilidades principales: obesidad, enfermedades respiratorias. Mortalidad global: 3,6%. “COVID-19 severo” (26,5%) mostró más leucopenia, linfopenia, más inflamación y alteración de órganos (p < 0,05). También desarrolló más Sepsis/shock, SDRA y disfunción de órganos, requirió más terapia hemodinámica, antiinflamatoria, anticoagulación, antibioterapia, con mayor estadía en UPCP/hospitalaria (p < 0,05) y mortalidad de 13,8%. Factores de riesgo asociados a “COVID-19 severo”: shock al ingreso (aOR 28,44 [IC95%: 10,45-77,4]), obesidad (aOR 3,55 [IC95%: 1,3-9,6]), condensación (aOR 3,1 [IC95%: 1,1-8,7]), atelectasia (aOR: 8.7 [IC95%: 1,17-64,3]), corticoides dosis de estrés (aOR 7,7 [IC95%: 1,9-30,6]), antibioterapia precoz (aOR: 12,02 [IC95%: 1,11-130,02]), inmunodeficiencia adquirida/ congénita (aOR: 19,2 [IC95%: 1,19-321]) y patología oncológica (aOR: 10,7 [IC95%: 2,14-47,8]). Conclusión: En esta cohorte pediátrica chilena, el perfil de paciente que ingresó a UPCP fue de sexo masculino en edad escolar con comorbilidad asociada. Factores de riesgo asociados a COVID-19 severo fueron: presencia de comorbilidades (inmunodeficiencia adquirida/congénita, patología oncológica y obesidad), shock al ingreso y condensaciones en las imágenes radiológicas.

Abstract Under the influence of fiscal federalism and government decentralization theories, a significant part of health systems around the world confronted the COVID-19 pandemic after being shaped or re-shaped by processes of devolution from central to local governments. Procurement of key supplies is one of the components that operate in a decentralized manner, forcing local governments to compete against each other. This was the origin of what has been called the “bidding wars” between subnational governments at the beginning of the pandemic response. These wars led to centralization policies in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union. Yet, less is known about cases from the Global South. By analyzing the procurement of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the 320 Chilean municipalities in charge of primary health, this research provides evidence of the impacts of horizontal government competition on the ability to procure key supplies. In Chile, during the 2020 response to the pandemic, richer municipalities were able to procure more face masks per population, while economies of scale rewarded bigger purchases with lower prices. The authors support the theoretical notion of “concurrency” as a concept that adds nuances to the centralization-decentralization debate. In Chile, for instance, while testing and tracking required decentralization, PPE purchases could have probably benefited from centralization in order to avoid reproducing territorial inequalities.

Resumen Bajo la influencia del federalismo fiscal y las teorías de la descentralización gubernamental, una parte importante de los sistemas de salud de todo el mundo enfrentaron la pandemia de COVID-19 después de haber sido moldeados o reformados por procesos de transferencia de poderes de los gobiernos centrales a los locales. La adquisición de suministros clave es uno de los componentes que opera de manera descentralizada, lo que obliga a los gobiernos locales a competir entre sí. Este fue el origen de lo que se ha llamado las “guerras de licitaciones” entre gobiernos subnacionales al comienzo de la respuesta a la pandemia. Estas guerras llevaron a políticas de centralización en Estados Unidos, Reino Unido y la Unión Europea. Sin embargo, se sabe menos sobre los casos del sur global. Al analizar la adquisición de Equipos de Protección Personal (EPP) en 320 municipios chilenos encargados de la atención primaria de salud, esta investigación proporciona evidencia de los impactos de la competencia gubernamental horizontal en la capacidad de adquirir suministros clave. En Chile, durante la respuesta a la pandemia de 2020, los municipios más ricos pudieron adquirir más mascarillas por habitante, generándose con ello economías de escala que les permitieron acceder a precios más bajos, a diferencia de aquellos municipios con menores recursos. Los autores apoyan la noción teórica de “concurrencia” como un concepto que añade matices al debate sobre centralización-descentralización. En Chile, por ejemplo, si bien el testeo y la trazabilidad de casos SARS-CoV-2 requerían la descentralización de dichas funciones, las compras de EPP probablemente podrían haberse beneficiado de la centralización de los procesos de adquisición para evitar la reproducción de desigualdades territoriales.

Resumo Sob a influência do federalismo fiscal e das teorias de descentralização governamental, uma parte significativa dos sistemas de saúde em todo o mundo enfrentou a pandemia da COVID-19 depois de terem sido moldados ou remodelados por processos de transferência dos governos centrais para os governos locais. A aquisição de suprimentos essenciais é um dos componentes que operam de forma descentralizada, forçando os governos locais a competir entre si. Esta foi a origem do que foi chamado de “guerras de licitações” entre governos subnacionais no início da resposta à pandemia. Essas guerras levaram a políticas de centralização nos Estados Unidos, no Reino Unido e na União Europeia. No entanto, sabe-se menos sobre os casos do Sul Global. Ao analisar a aquisição de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI) nos 320 municípios chilenos responsáveis pela saúde primária, esta pesquisa fornece evidências dos impactos da competição governamental horizontal na capacidade de adquirir suprimentos essenciais. No Chile, durante a resposta à pandemia de 2020, os municípios mais ricos conseguiram adquirir mais máscaras faciais por população, enquanto as economias de escala recompensaram compras maiores com preços mais baixos. Os autores apoiam a noção teórica de simultaneidade como um conceito que acrescenta nuances ao debate centralização-descentralização. No Chile, por exemplo, embora os testes e o acompanhamento exigissem a descentralização, as compras de EPI poderiam provavelmente ter beneficiado da centralização, a fim de evitar a reprodução de desigualdades territoriais.

Abstract Knowledge about the prevalence of concussion in combat sports is important information to keep athletes’ and practitioners’ physical integrity in different modalities such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ). Therefore, this study aimed to compare concussions incidence in BJJ between men and women practitioners. A randomized sample of 779 (689 men and 90 women) BJJ practitioners (age: 32.4± 9.8 years, training-time: 57.3± 54.4 months, training frequency: 3.4± 1.3 times/week). The injury analysis was done using a questionnaire with demographic data and a survey about concussions. The main results showed that women had a significantly higher frequency of concussions in training than men [38 (41%) women vs 147 men (20,5%); p ≤ 0.001]. Furthermore, women had a significantly higher frequency of loss of consciousness than men [13 (8.8%) men vs 4 (11%) women; p = 0.009], among the symptoms resulting from a concussion, headache, dizziness, and loss of balance, represented the most common symptoms in those affected by concussion, regardless of gender. The results of this study may be helpful to athletes, coaches, and federations to prevent this type of injury, mainly in women.

Abstract In Mexico, information on the bovine fecal microbiota (Bos taurus) is scarce. The present study describes the diversity and abundance of bacteria in fecal samples from rangeland bovines, collected in the Mapimi Biosphere Reserve in the central part of the Chihuahuan desert. Fecal samples were analysed using high-throughput next generation massive sequencing using V3-V4 16S rRNA on Illumina Miseq. A total of 17 phyla, 24 classes, 33 orders, 50 families, 281 genera, and 297 species were identified. Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia were the most abundant phyla. The most abundant genera were Sporobacter, PAC000748_g (genera into the Ruminococcaceae family) and Eubacterium_g23. Three genera (Clostridium, Corynebacterium and Fusobacterium) and one species (Campylobacter fetus) potentially pathogenic bovine bacteria were registered. This information represents a bacteriological baseline for monitoring the grazing bovine intestinal health status, and to trace possible interactions with the fecal microbiota of native roaming wildlife in the area.

Resumen En México la información sobre la microbiota fecal bovina (Bos taurus) es escasa. El presente estudio describe la diversidad y abundancia de bacterias en muestras fecales de bovinos en pastizales, recolectadas en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Mapimí en la parte central del desierto chihuahuense. Las muestras fecales se analizaron mediante secuenciación masiva de siguiente generación de alto rendimiento utilizando la V3-V4 del ARNr 16S en Miseq de Illumina. Se identificaron un total de 17 filos, 24 clases, 33 órdenes, 50 familias, 281 géneros y 297 especies. Firmicutes y Verrucomicrobia fueron los filos más abundantes. Los géneros más abundantes fueron Sporobacter, PAC000748_g (géneros de la familia Ruminococcaceae) y Eubacterium_g23. Se registraron tres géneros (Clostridium, Corynebacterium y Fusobacterium) y una especie (Campylobacter fetus) de bacterias bovinas potencialmente patógenas. Esta información representa una línea base bacteriológica para monitorear el estado de salud intestinal de bovinos en pastoreo y para rastrear posibles interacciones con la microbiota fecal de la fauna nativa itinerante del área.

Resumen El uso de abonos orgánicos en sistemas de fertilización integrada es una alternativa para la recuperación de la fertilidad de los suelos y elevar la productividad de los cultivos. El objetivo fue determinar la contribución de fertilizantes sintéticos y orgánicos, así como del CO2 producido durante el compostaje, en el crecimiento de las plantas y el rendimiento de chile jalapeño cultivado en mini-túnel. Se usó un diseño de bloques al azar con ocho tratamientos y tres repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron: concentración de CO2 en el aire interno del mini-túnel; altura de planta; diámetro de tallo; verdor foliar; peso seco de raíces, tallos, hojas y total por planta; rendimiento de frutos, total y de calibres comerciales. Los tratamientos con fertilizantes sintéticos + lombricomposta + CO2 de compostaje (T1), lombricomposta + CO2 de compostaje (T5), fertilizantes sintéticos + CO2 de compostaje (T3), y CO2 de compostaje (T7), incrementaron la concentración de dióxido de carbono dentro de los mini-túneles en 142, 113.8, 78.9 y 66.6%, respectivamente, comparados con el testigo positivo (T4), en el cual solo se usó fertilizantes sintéticos (378.6 ppm). T1, T2 (fertilizantes sintéticos + lombricomposta) y T3, aumentaron el peso seco de planta en 51.2, 31.1 y 8.4%, y en 50, 24 y 12.1%el rendimiento total, en comparación con las mismas variables obtenidas en T4: 104.4 g planta−1 y 41.2 t ha-1, respectivamente. La producción de chile jalapeño mejoró significativamente con la adición de lombricomposta y/o CO2 de compostaje a la fertilización convencional sintética.

Abstract The use of organic fertilizers in integrated fertilization systems is an alternative to recover soil fertility and increase crop productivity. The objective was to determine the contribution of synthetic and organic fertilizers, as well as theCO2 produced during composting, on plant growth and yield of jalapeño peppersgrown in mini-tunnels. A randomized block design with eight treatments and three replications was used. The variables evaluated were: CO2 concentration in the internal air of the mini-tunnel; plant height; stem diameter; leaf greenness; dry weight of roots, stems, leaves and total per plant; fruit yield, total and comercial sizes. Treatments with synthetic fertilizers + vermicompost + CO2 from composting (T1), vermicompost + CO2 from composting (T5), synthetic fertilizers + CO2 from composting (T3), and CO2 from composting (T7), increased the concentration of carbon dioxide within of the mini-tunnels in 142, 113.8, 78.9 and 66.6%, respectively, compared to the positive control (T4), in which only synthetic fertilizers (378.6 ppm) were used. The variables evaluated were: CO2 concentration in the internal air of the mini-tunnel; plant height; stem diameter; leaf greenness; dry weight of roots, stems, leaves and total per plant; fruit yield, total and comercial sizes. Treatments with synthetic fertilizers + vermicompost + CO2 from composting (T1), vermicompost + CO2 from composting (T5), synthetic fertilizers + CO2 from composting (T3), and CO2 from composting (T7), increased the concentration of carbon dioxide within of the mini-tunnels in 142, 113.8, 78.9 and 66.6%, respectively compared to the positive control (T4), in which only synthetic fertilizers (378.6 ppm) were used. T1, T2 (synthetic fertilizers + vermicompost) and T3 increased the dry weight of the plant by 51.2, 31.1 and 8.4%, and the total yield by 50, 24 and 12.1%, compared to the same variables obtained in T4: 104.4 g plant -1 and 41.2 t ha-1 , respectively. Jalapeño pepper production was significantly improved withthe addition of vermicompost and/or CO2 from composting to conventional synthetic fertilization.

Abstract The criteria and indicators that define rurality are currently under wide debate, uncovering the insufficiencies behind the urban-rural dichotomy. Phenomena such as globalization, migration, and the economic production reorientation seen in rural territories to sectors other than agriculture are of high interest for Social Sciences. In order to contribute elements for reflection during the design of rural development public policy, the qualitative study presented here will attempt to comprehend the relationship between rural community dwellers’ views and that of policy makers and executors with territory and sector influence in that same locale. Experience with rurality, relationship with nature, social support, and perspectives from the community organization in the territory appear as analytical axes for the identification of differences between the involved social actors regarding the needs related to social and environmental well-being. Community psychological processes are a feature of rural communities’ social dynamics, standing as a critical space for dialog between territory and public policy.

Resumen Los criterios e indicadores que definen la ruralidad son actualmente objeto de un amplio debate que pone de manifiesto las insuficiencias de la dicotomía urbano-rural. Fenómenos como la globalización, la migración y la reorientación económica productiva que se observa en los territorios rurales hacia sectores distintos al agrícola son de alto interés para las ciencias sociales. Con el fin de aportar elementos de reflexión en el diseño de políticas públicas de desarrollo rural, este estudio cualitativo busca comprender la relación entre la visión de los habitantes de las comunidades rurales y aquella de los responsables y ejecutores de políticas con influencia en el territorio y en el sector en esa misma localidad. La experiencia con la ruralidad, la relación con la naturaleza, el apoyo social y las perspectivas de la organización comunitaria en el territorio aparecen como ejes analíticos para la identificación de las diferencias entre los actores sociales involucrados respecto a las necesidades relacionadas con el bienestar social y ambiental. Los procesos psicológicos comunitarios son una característica de la dinámica social de las comunidades rurales, erigiéndose como un espacio crítico de diálogo entre el territorio y las políticas públicas.

Resumen Este artículo analiza las opiniones de estudiantes de la Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile, sobre las acciones aplicadas para asegurar la continuidad del proceso formativo durante el año académico 2020, en las dimensiones despliegue tecnológico y experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Lo anterior, como respuesta a la pandemia, que obligó a las Instituciones de Educación Superior a tomar decisiones emergentes y así obtener una retroalimentación que apoye la implementación de mejoras y la creación de programas permanentes para mantener una formación académica de calidad. La metodología de investigación aplicada fue mixta. Para el componente cuantitativo, se recolectaron datos, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario en línea a 1.492 estudiantes. Para el componente cualitativo, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales a 25 informantes claves. Los resultados evidenciaron acciones oportunas y dinámicas que permitieron la pronta disponibilidad de la plataforma Moodle, ULAGOS Virtual, para la continuidad del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Asimismo, reflejaron el despliegue regional para la entrega de dispositivos móviles y kits de conexión a Internet que posibilitaron la conectividad y continuidad de los estudios en línea. De igual forma dejaron a la vista brechas en el acceso a las tecnologías, desafíos relacionados con el estrés del contexto y desigualdades sociales y económicas.

Abstract This article analyzes the opinions of students of the Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile, on the actions implemented to ensure the continuity of the formative process during the academic year 2020, in the dimensions of technological deployment and teaching-learning experience. The above, as a response to the pandemic, which forced the Higher Education Institutions to make emerging decisions and thus obtain feedback to support the implementation of improvements and the creation of permanent programs to maintain quality academic training. The research methodology applied was mixed. For the quantitative component, data were collected through the application of an online questionnaire to 1,492 students. For the qualitative component, semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with 25 key informants. The results showed timely and dynamic actions that allowed the prompt availability of the Moodle platform, ULAGOS Virtual, for the continuity of the teaching-learning process. They also reflected the regional deployment for the delivery of mobile devices and Internet connection kits that enabled the connectivity and continuity of online studies. They also revealed gaps in access to technologies, challenges related to the stress of the context and social and economic inequalities.

Abstract We explored the construction of subjectivities in the research field of mathematics in Chile. This study is based on 11 focus groups -seven mixed and four with women- with mathematicians from different regions of the country. The results illuminate two intertwined dimensions of this phenomenon. On the one hand, we distinguish three senses of the notion of strangeness that articulate the construction of subjectivities of women mathematicians: disciplinary, statistical, and normative. On the other hand, we contribute to understanding how these forms of strangeness are linked to the reproduction of sexist discourses that make them invisible as occupants of prestigious positions, while they make them visible according to stereotyped forms of femininity. Using the theory of ambivalent sexism, we suggest that these discourses are articulated in benevolent and hostile ways around three stereotypical figures: helplessness, motherhood, and object of male desire. We propose that ambiguous forms of expression contribute to perpetuating the sexist structures of the field. These findings contribute to the analysis of the research field of mathematics from a gender perspective.

Resumen Exploramos los procesos de construcción de subjetividades generizadas en el campo de investigación en matemáticas en Chile. Este estudio se basa en 11 grupos focales -siete mixtos y cuatro de mujeres- con matemáticas y matemáticos de distintas regiones del país. Los resultados iluminan dos dimensiones entrelazadas de este fenómeno. Por una parte, distinguimos tres sentidos de la noción de extrañeza que articulan la construcción de subjetividades de mujeres matemáticas: disciplinar, estadística y normativa. Por otra parte, profundizamos en la comprensión de cómo estas formas de extrañeza se vinculan con la reproducción de discursos sexistas que las invisibilizan como ocupantes de posiciones de prestigio, al mismo tiempo que las visibilizan según formas estereotipadas de feminidad. Aplicando la teoría del sexismo ambivalente, sugerimos que estos discursos se articulan de maneras benevolentes y hostiles en torno a tres figuras estereotipadas: indefensión, maternidad, y objeto de deseo masculino. Proponemos que modalidades ambiguas de expresión colaboran a perpetuar las estructuras sexistas del campo. Estos hallazgos contribuyen al análisis del campo de la investigación en matemáticas desde una perspectiva de género.

Introduction: The clinical presentation of COVID-19 pneumonia has been well documented; however, its long-term repercussions are still a matter of investigation. Objective: to evaluate the occupational, clinical and functional respiratory recovery, 3 months after the discharge of patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, in relation to the ventilatory therapy received. Patients and Methods: A prospective cohort of 116 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia from Hospital Naval Almirante Nef (Viña del Mar, Chile) was analyzed, with clinical and functional respiratory follow-up at 3 months after being discharged. Results: Median follow-up: 100 days. Composition of the cohort: 75 men, median age 60 years-old, 50% obese, 34.5% smokers and 13.8% with respiratory comorbidity. 16% received rehabilitation. Dyspnea was reported in 48.3% and fatigue in 33.6%. Only 54.8% returned to work. 65.2% who used oxygen therapy (O2) returned to work compared to 44% who used high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and 33.3% with invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Mostly the O2 group returned to normal life compared to HFNC and VMI (71.4 versus 17.5% and 11.1% respectively). Lung function was normal in 39 patients (33.6%). The series that returned to normal life had higher percentage of normal DLCO and six-minute walk test. Compared to the O2 series, the CNAF series had a higher frequency of DLCO alteration (OR = 5) followed by the VMI series (OR = 3.6). Conclusion: At 3 months of follow-up, absenteeism from work, persistence of symptoms and respiratory functional alteration (DLCO) were evident, especially in those who received ventilatory support in addition to oxygen therapy.

Resumen Introducción: La presentación clínica de neumonía por COVID-19 ha sido bien documentada; sin embargo, sus repercusiones a largo plazo son aún motivo de investigación. Objetivo: Evaluar la recuperación laboral, clínica y funcional respiratoria, a 3 meses del egreso de pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía por SARS-CoV-2, en relación con la terapia ventilatoria recibida. Pacientes y Métodos: Se analizó una cohorte prospectiva de 116 pacientes con neumonía por COVID-19 del Hospital Naval Almirante Nef de Viña del Mar, con seguimiento clínico y funcional respiratorio 3 meses después de su alta. Resultados: Mediana del seguimiento: 100 días. Constitución de la cohorte: 75 hombres, mediana de edad 60 años, 50% obesos, 34,5% fumadores y 13,8% con comorbilidad respiratoria. 16% recibió rehabilitación. Se reportó disnea en 48,3% y fatigabilidad en 33,6%. Solo 54,8% retornó al trabajo. El 65,2% que utilizó oxigenoterapia (O2) volvió a trabajar comparado con 44% que utilizó cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) y 33,3% con ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI). Mayoritariamente el grupo de O2 volvió a la vida normal en comparación con CNAF y VMI (71,4 versus 17,5% y 11,1% respectivamente). La función pulmonar fue normal en 39 pacientes (33,6%). La serie que volvió a vida normal tuvo mayor porcentaje de DLCO y test de caminata de 6 minutos normales. En comparación con la serie O2, la serie CNAF tuvo mayor frecuencia de alteración de DLCO (OR = 5) seguido por la serie VMI (OR = 3,6). Conclusión: A 3 meses de seguimiento, se evidenció ausentismo laboral, persistencia de síntomas y alteración funcional respiratoria (DLCO), especialmente en quienes recibieron soporte ventilatorio adicional a oxigenoterapia.

Resumen La pava caucana (Penelope perspicax) es un ave endémica de las laderas del valle geográfico del río Cauca en Colombia, considerada en peligro de extinción. La pérdida de hábitat y la cacería han sido sus principales amenazas, lo que ha generado la reducción y aislamiento de sus poblaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la densidad poblacional en una localidad en los Farallones de Cali y desarrollar modelos de ocupación, para evaluar factores que expliquen el uso de hábitat de la especie. Obtuvimos una densidad de 9 ind.km-2, el valor más bajo de los estimados disponibles para la especie; además, encontramos una relación estrecha entre el área de cobertura boscosa y el uso del hábitat de la especie. Los resultados indican la necesidad de conservar los remanentes de bosque y mantener la conectividad, ya que a pesar de que la especie puede utilizar gran variedad de hábitats, la probabilidad de uso aumenta en relación a las áreas disponibles de bosque. Recomendamos que se aumenten los esfuerzos de muestreo en este núcleo poblacional, asegurando variabilidad temporal y espacial, con el fin de contar con mejor información para su manejo en este núcleo.

Abstract The Cauca Guan (Penelope perspicax) is an endemic and threatened bird from the foothills of the Cauca River valley in Colombia. Its main threats are habitat loss and hunting, which have generated the decrease and isolation of its populations. The aim of this study was to determine the population density in a locality at the Farallones de Cali and to develop occupancy models to evaluate factors that explain the habitat use by this species. Through transects of varying lengths, we collected data to make the first estimates of population density. We obtained a density of 9 ind.km-2, the lowest estimated values available for the species; in addition, we found a close relationship between forest cover area and habitat of this species. These results indicate the need to conserve forest remnants and maintain connectivity, because despite the fact that the species can use a wide variety of habitats, the probability of use increases in relation to the forest areas available. We recommend that increasing the sampling efforts is necessary in this core population, to ensure temporal and spatial variability, in order to have better information for its management.

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is a devastating complication, with great impact on neurological status and high morbidity and mortality. Intracranial hypertension (ICH) has multiple etiologies. The natural history of this condition can lead to brain death. The successful management of patients with elevated ICP (> 20-25 mmHg) requires fast and timely recognition, judicious use of invasive monitoring and therapies aimed to reversing its underlying cause. Therefore, it must be managed as a neurological emergency. The objective of this review is to present in a friendly way the diagnostic approach and the management of ICH, focused on general practitioners.

Abstract: The document presented here corresponds to an album of poetry and memories owned by Hilda Sáez Jofré (1903-1995), whose writing is dated between 1926 and 1934. The central themes that are reflected in this album, preserved by one of the authors as a family memory, are love, friendship, loyalty and the pursuit of future happiness. In this text different voices intersect, the main ones being Hilda’s friends, who express their good wishes to her through thoughts and poetry.

Resumen: El documento que aquí se presenta corresponde a un álbum de poesía y recuerdos de propiedad de Hilda Sáez Jofré (1903-1995), cuya escritura se encuentra fechada entre 1926 y 1934. Los temas centrales que se plasman en este álbum, conservado por uno de los autores como un recuerdo familiar, son el amor, la amistad, la lealtad y la búsqueda de la felicidad futura. En este texto se cruzan diferentes voces, siendo las principales las de amigas y amigos de Hilda, quienes le expresan a través de pensamientos y poesías sus buenos deseos.