Resumen El término «consentimiento informado» (CI) se refiere al proceso comunicativo indispensable para el acto médico y de investigación, donde una persona aprueba la realización de acciones de diagnóstico y/o tratamiento, o su participación en un protocolo, con pleno conocimiento del objetivo, beneficios, limitaciones y potenciales complicaciones de su decisión. El CI implica elementos éticos indispensables: a) la información, suficiente y clara para facilitar su comprensión; b) la capacidad de la persona invitada para tomar decisiones, siendo competente física, mental y legalmente, y c) la voluntariedad del proceso, para una decisión libre de coerción. En el análisis genético de predisposición a cáncer se han documentado retos bioéticos específicos del CI como la explicación de información compleja, resultados de relevancia futura para la salud propia y familiar, la propiedad del resultado y la incertidumbre de resultados de significado incierto, entre otros. Existe una convergencia del CI con el proceso del asesoramiento genético, cuyo objetivo es educar acerca de las enfermedades hereditarias y sus implicaciones. Su aparente similitud ha restringido la óptima realización de uno u otro proceso, limitando sus respectivos beneficios. La presente revisión busca brindar un panorama del estado del CI en cáncer hereditario, como punto de referencia para acciones que permitan mejorar su aplicación.

Abstract The term Informed Consent (IC) refers to the indispensable communicative process for the medical and research act, where a person approves the performance of diagnostic and/or therapeutic actions, or involvement in a research with full comprehension of the objective, benefits, limitations and potential complications of the decision. The IC involves indispensable ethical elements: a) information, sufficient and clear to facilitate its understanding; b) the capacity of the person invited to make decisions, being physically, mentally and legally competent, and c) the voluntariness of the process, for a decision free of coercion. For cancer predisposition molecular testing, IC bioethical challenges have been documented, for example: clarification of complex information, results of future relevance for health and family, the ownership of the result, and the uncertainty value of certain results, among others. There is a convergence of IC with genetic counseling, which aims to educate about inherited diseases. Their apparent similarity has limited the optimal performance of one or the other processes, restraining their respective benefits. The present review seeks to provide an overview of the status of IC in hereditary cancer, as cardinal point for improve its application.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to perform content validity and verify the psychometric properties of the adapted version of an alcohol knowledge questionnaire and associated questions. Methods: a methodological study, in which a committee of judges analyzed the questionnaire item representativeness, clarity and relevance. Item response theory was used to assess the instrument psychometric properties applied to a sample of 240 health professionals. Results: the questions were adjusted according to judges’ assessment, obtaining a satisfactory Content Validity Index (0.98). High discrimination ability and adequate difficulty levels were observed in 75% of multiple-choice questions and in 25% of statements. Conclusions: the instrument presented content validity with satisfactory indices. However, it is recommended that the questionnaire adapted in this study be used in different samples of health professionals from other parts of Brazil, in order to provide greater robustness to its reliability.

RESUMEN Objetivos: realizar la validación de contenido y verificar las cualidades psicométricas de la versión adaptada del cuestionario de conocimientos sobre alcohol y preguntas asociadas. Métodos: estudio metodológico, en el que un comité de jueces analizó la representatividad, claridad y pertinencia de los ítems del cuestionario. Se utilizó la teoría de respuesta al ítem para evaluar las cualidades psicométricas del instrumento aplicado a una muestra de 240 profesionales de la salud. Resultados: las preguntas fueron ajustadas de acuerdo a la evaluación de los jueces, obteniendo un Índice de Validez de Contenido satisfactorio (0,98). Se observó una alta capacidad de discriminación y niveles de dificultad adecuados en el 75% de las preguntas de opción múltiple y en el 25% de las afirmativas. Conclusiones: el instrumento presentó validez de contenido con índices satisfactorios. Sin embargo, se recomienda que el cuestionario adaptado en este estudio sea utilizado en diferentes muestras de profesionales de la salud de otras partes del país, con el fin de darle mayor robustez a su confiabilidad.

RESUMO Objetivos: realizar a validação de conteúdo e verificar as qualidades psicométricas da versão adaptada do questionário de conhecimentos frente ao álcool e questões associadas. Métodos: estudo do tipo metodológico, em que um comitê de juízes analisou a representatividade, clareza e pertinência dos itens do questionário. Utilizou-se a teoria da resposta ao item para avaliar as qualidades psicométricas do instrumento aplicado em uma amostra de 240 profissionais de saúde. Resultados: as questões foram ajustadas conforme avaliação dos juízes, obtendo um Índice de Validade de Conteúdo satisfatório (0,98). Observou-se alta capacidade de discriminação e níveis de dificuldade adequados em 75% das questões de múltipla escolha e em 25% das afirmativas. Conclusões: o instrumento apresentou validade de conteúdo com índices satisfatórios. Entretanto, recomenda-se que o questionário adaptado neste estudo seja utilizado em amostras diversas de profissionais de saúde, de outros locais do país, com o intuito de oferecer maior robustez à sua confiabilidade.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) over a 10-year period at the Reference Service in Neonatal Screening of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RSNS-RS). Subjects and methods: Historical cohort study including all newborns screened for CH by the RSNS-RS from January 2008 until December 2017. Data of all newborns with neonatal TSH (neoTSH; heel prick test) values ≥ 9 mIU/L were collected. According to neoTSH values, the newborns were allocated into two groups: Group 1 (G1), comprising newborns with neoTSH ≥ 9 mIU/L and serum TSH (sTSH) < 10 mIU/L, and Group 2 (G2), comprising those with neoTSH ≥ 9 mIU/L and sTSH ≥ 10 mIU/L. Results: Of 1,043,565 newborns screened, 829 (0.08%) had neoTSH values ≥ 9 mIU/L. Of these, 284 (39.3%) had sTSH values < 10 mIU/L and were allocated to the G1 group, while 439 (60.7%) had sTSH ≥ 10 mIU/L and were allocated to the G2 group, and 106 (12.7%) were considered missing data. The overall incidence of CH was 42.1 per 100,000 newborns screened (95% confidence interval [CI] 38.5-45.7/100,000) or 1:2377 screened newborns. The sensibility and specificity of neoTSH ≥ 9 mIU/L were 97% and 11%; of neoTSH 12.6 mUI/L, 73% and 85% respectively. Conclusion: In this population, the incidence of permanent and transitory CH was 1:2377 screened newborns. The neoTSH cutoff value adopted during the study period showed excellent sensibility, which matters for a screening test.

RESUMEN La emergencia sanitaria por el COVID-19 ha generado cambios en diversos sectores de la sociedad, especialmente en el campo educativo. Esta situación representó un reto para millones de jóvenes universitarios que tuvieron la necesidad de adaptarse a un nuevo entorno educativo marcado por la virtualidad. En este sentido, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las experiencias que han construido el estudiantado de dos universidades públicas de México en referencia a las dificultades, retos, el papel del docente y las ventajas durante la pandemia por COVID-19. La investigación se realizó con base en la Teoría Fundamentada (TF). Los participantes fueron 31 estudiantes de dos universidades públicas de México, las edades de ambos grupos se encontraban en un rango entre 20 y 22 años. Los resultados se analizaron a partir de categorías genéricas y subcategorías que dieron cuenta de las experiencias familiares, emocionales, académicas y tecnológicas por las que ha transitado los estudiantes durante la pandemia por COVID-19. En conclusión, se identificó que el estudiantado universitario requiere apoyo para la adquisición y uso de los dispositivos tecnológicos, en especial, aquellos que se encuentran en comunidades en el interior de los estados de Yucatán y Oaxaca; por otra parte, es necesario fortalecer sus habilidades de aprendizaje autónomo y su competencia digital. Se observa como prioritario que la función docente debe propiciar experiencias de aprendizaje significativas, así como promover la motivación estudiantil. Finalmente, a pesar de la pandemia, los estudiantes han gestionado mejor sus tiempos, autocuidado, convivencia familiar y esparcimiento.

ABSTRACT The health emergency due to COVID-19 has generated changes in various sectors of society, especially in the educational field. This situation represented a challenge for millions of young university students’ who needed migrate to a new educational environment, mainly virtually. In this sense, the present study aimed to analyze the experiences of students from two public universities in Mexico in reference to the difficulties, challenges, the role of the teacher and the advantages during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was conducted based on grounded theory (GT). The participants were 31 students from two public universities in Mexico, between 20 and 22 years. The results were analyzed from generic categories and subcategories among them the family, emotional, academic, and technological experiences that students have gone through during the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, it was identified that university students require support for the acquisition and use of technological devices, especially those from small communities in states of Yucatan and Oaxaca. On the other hand, it is necessary to strengthen their autonomous learning skills and their digital competence. The role of teachers must be as meaningful learning experiences promoters, as well motivation as promoter. This must be a priority. Finally, despite the pandemic, students have better managed their time, self-care, family coexistence and recreation.

Resumen Las infecciones hospitalarias causadas por bacilos gram negativos resistentes a carbapenems (BGNCR) están asociadas al aumento de morbimortalidad y gasto sanitario. La identificación mediante cultivos de vigilancia y las medidas de control de infecciones permiten reducir su diseminación. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el impacto de un programa de vigilancia integrado a protocolos de control de infecciones sobre la incidencia de BGNCR y conocer su epidemiología molecular en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se realizaron auditorías seguidas de un programa de cultivo de vigilancia activa y caracterización molecular de BGNCR, antes y después de la implementación de programas de prevención y control de infecciones. El screening microbiológico se realizó en medios cromogénicos; la caracterización molecular de p-lactamasas (blaKPC, bla0XA-48-like, blaVIM, blaiMP, blaNDM, blaSHV y blaCTx-M) por PCR y la tipificación molecular por PFGE y MLST para Klebsiella pneumoniae. El protocolo desarrollado permitió reducir la colonización global de 16,92% al 9,67%. La diseminación de K. pneumoniae fue a expensas de diversos clones portadores de KPC-2 asociada a BLEE SHV-2 y CTX-M-15, y distribuidos en varios secuenciotipos (ST17, ST13, ST2256, ST353); no se observó persistencia de un clon particular y ningún aislamiento presentó factores de virulencia asociados a hipervi-rulencia. Los aislamientos de Acinetobacter baumannii fueron mayoritariamente productores de IMP-1. El análisis PFGE individualizó 3 clusters, asumiendo que la diseminación fue clonal.

Abstract Hospital-acquired infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) have been increasingly reported worldwide and are associated with high rates of mortality especially in intensive care units(ICUs). Early identification through rectal surveillance cultures and implementation of infection control measures(ICM) including contact precautions, staff education on cleaning and hand hygiene may reduce the spread of these microorganisms. The aim of this work was to assess the impact of enhanced ICM on CRGNB colonization and to describe the molecular epidemiology of these bacteria in a polyvalent ICU in a tertiary level hospital. A prospective study including audits and active surveillance culture program, with molecular characterization, was conducted before and after the implementation of prevention programs and infection control measures. Microbiological screening was performed in chromogenic media; PCR targeting p-lactamases genes (ó/qkpc, óíQndm, blaviM and blaoxA-48, blasHv and ó/qctx-m), molecular typing by PFGE; and MLST in K. pneumoniae were performed. CRGNB colonization was reduced from 16.92% to 9.67% upon implementing the infection control measures. In K. pneumoniae the most frequent carbapenemase type was KPC-2 associated with SHV-2 and CTX-M-15, and was disseminated in various STs (ST17, ST13, ST2256, ST353); there was no persistence of particular clones and virulence factors showed no association with hypervirulence. IMP-1 carbapenemase predominated in A. baumannii and the PFGE analysis individualized 3 clusters, assuming that the dissemination in the ICU was clonal. The early detection of patients colo-nized with CRBGN by using epidemiological surveillance cultures and the implementation of prophylactic measures are key to reducing the incidence of these microorganisms.

RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar o risco de letalidade conferido por doenças crônicas degenerativas em pacientes com COVID-19. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte em prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes com RT-PCR positivo para COVID-19 em atendimento ambulatorial ou hospitalar em uma instituição de previdência social, no período de março de 2020 a março de 2021. Foram constituídos dois grupos de estudo. O grupo exposto foi dividido em quatro subgrupos, cada um com diagnóstico único e exclusivo de uma doença crônica (diabetes, hipertensão, obesidade ou doença renal crônica). O grupo não exposto foi constituído por prontuários de pacientes sem comorbidades. Foram revisados 1.114 prontuários no total, utilizando técnica de amostragem aleatória simples. Uma vez obtido o tamanho mínimo da amostra, foi calculado o risco relativo para cada doença crônica. Foram realizadas combinações de 2, 3 e 4, tendo sido feita a análise com cada uma delas. Resultados. Na ausência de doença crônica degenerativa, a prevalência de letalidade na COVID-19 é de 3,8%; na presença de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, a letalidade é de 15,8%; na presença de hipertensão arterial, 15,6%; e na presença de obesidade, 15%. Quando tanto diabetes como hipertensão estão presentes, a letalidade é de 54,1%; com diabetes e obesidade, 36,8%; e obesidade com hipertensão, 28,1%. Conclusões. Em pacientes com COVID-19, o risco relativo de letalidade é de 4,17 naqueles com diabetes; 4,13 naqueles com hipertensão; e 3,96 naqueles com obesidade. Quando duas doenças crônicas são combinadas, o risco relativo dobra ou triplica. Para diabetes e hipertensão, o risco relativo de letalidade é 14,27; para diabetes e obesidade, 9,73; e para obesidade e hipertensão, 7,43. As doenças crônicas não ocorrem sozinhas (geralmente estão associadas), e nessa perspectiva os riscos relativos de letalidade apresentados neste artigo tornam-se relevantes.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the relative risk of a lethal outcome associated with chronic degenerative conditions in patients with COVID-19. Methods. A cohort study was conducted using electronic medical records belonging to patients who tested positive for COVID-19 on RT-PCR while receiving care as outpatients or inpatients in a social security system facility between March 2020 and March 2021. Two study groups were formed. The exposed group was divided into four subgroups, each of which was diagnosed with one and only one chronic condition (diabetes, hypertension, obesity, or chronic kidney disease); the unexposed group was obtained from the medical records of patients without comorbidities. A total of 1 114 medical records were examined using simple random sampling. Once the minimum sample size was reached, the relative risk was calculated for each chronic condition. Combinations of two, three, and four conditions were created, and each of them was included in the analysis. Results. In the absence of a chronic degenerative condition, the prevalence of a lethal outcome from COVID-19 is 3.8%; in the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 15.8%; in the presence of arterial hypertension, 15.6%; and in the presence of obesity, 15.0%. For diabetes and hypertension combined, the prevalence of a lethal outcome is 54.1%; for diabetes and obesity combined, 36.8%, and for obesity and hypertension combined, 28.1%. Conclusion. In patients with COVID-19, the relative risk of a lethal outcome is 4.17 for those with diabetes, 4.13 for those with hypertension, and 3.96 for those with obesity. For two chronic conditions combined, the relative risk doubles or triples. The relative risk of a lethal outcome is 14.27 for diabetes plus hypertension; 9.73 for diabetes plus obesity, and 7.43 for obesity plus hypertension. Chronic conditions do not present alone; they generally occur together, hence the significance of the relative risks for lethal outcomes presented in this paper.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar el riesgo de letalidad de las enfermedades crónicas degenerativas en pacientes con COVID-19. Métodos. Se realizo un estudio de cohorte, en expedientes clínicos electrónicos de pacientes con RT-PCR positiva para COVID-19 en atención ambulatoria o intrahospitalaria en una Institución de Seguridad Social de marzo 2020 a marzo 2021. Se integraron 2 grupos de estudio, el grupo expuesto se dividió en cuatro subgrupos, cada uno con diagnóstico único y exclusivo de una patología crónica (diabetes, hipertensión, obesidad o enfermedad renal crónica); el grupo no expuesto lo integraron expedientes de pacientes sin comorbilidades. Se revisaron 1 114 expedientes en total utilizando técnica muestral aleatoria simple, una vez obtenido el tamaño mínimo de muestra se calculó el riesgo relativo para cada enfermedad crónica, se realizaron combinaciones de 2, 3 y 4, con cada uno de ellos se realizó el análisis. Resultados. En ausencia de enfermedad crónica degenerativa la prevalencia de letalidad en COVID-19 es 3,8%; en presencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 la letalidad es 15,8; en hipertensión arterial de 15,6%; y en obesidad 15,0%. Cuando se combinan diabetes e hipertensión la letalidad es 54,1%; en diabetes y obesidad 36,8%; y en obesidad e hipertensión 28,1%. Conclusiones. En pacientes con COVID-19 el riesgo relativo para letalidad de letalidad en diabetes es 4,17; en hipertensión 4,13; y en obesidad 3,96. Cuando se combinan dos enfermedades crónicas el riesgo relativo se duplica o triplica, para diabetes e hipertensión el riesgo relativo para letalidad es 14,2; para diabetes y obesidad 9,73; y para obesidad e hipertensión 7,43. Es verdad que las enfermedades crónicas no se presentan solas, generalmente se encuentra asociadas, y desde esa perspectiva los riesgos relativos para letalidad ofrecidos en este artículo adquieren relevancia.

Resumo O texto analisa a forma como Mises, Hayek e Rothbard discutem abrangência que dão à privatização da educação utilizando como lente os seus conceitos de Estado, Mercado e Indivíduo. Os autores dão bases para o questionamento do ensino obrigatório e público, bem como do uso de impostos para financiá-lo. Tratam a educação pública como doutrinação, identificando o ensino formal como uma deliberação privativa da família ou, no máximo, um serviço a ela provido pelo mercado, recusando a educação como direito.

Abstract The paper addresses the scope of privatization in education on Mises, Hayek and Rothbard views, considering its concepts of State, market and individual. The authors providing grounds for questioning compulsory and public education as well as the use of taxes to finance it. They treat public education as indoctrination, identifying formal education as a private decision of the family or, at most, a service provided by the market, refusing education as a right.

Resumen El texto analiza la forma en que Mises, Hayek y Rothbard discuten la educación, el alcance que le dan a la privatización en este campo utilizando sus conceptos de Estado, mercado e individuo. Los autores dan motivos para discutir la educación pública y obligatoria, así como el uso de impuestos para financiarla. Tratan la educación pública como un adoctrinamiento, identificando la educación formal como una decisión privada de la familia o, como mucho, como un servicio brindado por el mercado, rechazando la educación como un derecho.

This article aims to identify the activities of the von Mises Brasil Institute and the Rothbard Institute in the conformation of neoliberal rationality in Brazilian education. Its most general hypothesis is the notion that liberal think tanks are specific mechanisms for the spread of neoliberal rationality around the world. It is a bibliographic and documentary study that inserts these think tanks in a historical processes and also is based on the concept of neoliberal governmentality by Brown (2019) and Dardot and Laval (2016). Its main conclusions indicate that the activities of these organizations and their conception of education are part of a more global movement of ideological reaction to the financial crisis of 2008. In education, it concludes that such rationality involves the centrality of families in decisions about education, with legitimization of extreme privatization strategies, disqualification of public and compulsory education with arguments both from the Austrian School as well as the “cultural Marxism” ideology.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar la influencia del Instituto Mises Brasil y el Instituto Rothbard en la estructura de la racionalidad neoliberal de la educación brasileña. Su hipótesis más general es la noción de que los think tanks liberales son mecanismos específicos para la difusión de la racionalidad neoliberal en todo el mundo. Es un estudio bibliográfico&nbsp; y documental que toma como base el concepto de gubernamentalidad neoliberal de Brown (2019) y Dardot y Laval (2016). Sus principales conclusiones indican que las actividades de estas organizaciones y su concepción de la educación son parte de un movimiento más global de reacción ideológica a la crisis financiera de 2008. En educación, sus conclusiones indican que esta racionalidad implica la centralidad de las familias en las decisiones sobre la educación, con legitimación de estrategias extremas de privatización, la descalificación de la enseñanza pública y obligatoria tanto con argumentos de la Escuela Austriaca como de la ideología del “marxismo cultural”.

Este artigo visa identificar a atuação do Instituto Mises Brasil e do Instituto Rothbard como mecanismos de conformação da racionalidade neoliberal no campo da educação no Brasil. Tem como hipótese mais geral a noção de que think tanks liberais são mecanismos específicos de propagação da racionalidade neoliberal pelo mundo. Trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico e documental que insere os think tanks em foco nos processos históricos mundiais e nacionais de sua evolução. Toma como filtro de análise das concepções de educação dessas organizações o conceito de governamentalidade neoliberal de Dardot e Laval (2016) e sua extensão efetuada por Brown (2019). As principais conclusões indicam que a atuação dessas organizações e sua concepção de educação são parte de um movimento mais global de reação ideológica à crise financeira de 2008. Na educação, essa concepção envolve a desqualificação do ensino público e obrigatório com argumentos da Escola Austríaca e da ideologia do “marxismo cultural”, propondo uma educação centrada nas famílias e implantada mediante estratégias de privatização extrema.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the intraoral distribution of untreated caries and tooth loss and estimate the impact of different socioeconomic factors on the occurrence of these outcomes. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 652 18-year-old male adolescents from the city of Sapucaia do Sul, Brazil, who conscripted for military service. The participants answered a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic variables. Two trained and calibrated examiners performed the clinical examinations for the diagnosis of dental caries using the criteria of the World Health Organization. Tooth group and adolescent were the units of analysis for the primary outcomes of the study. Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was performed, with the calculation of crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The prevalence of caries experience and untreated caries was 70.2% and 39.3%, respectively, and 9.4% of the adolescents had missing teeth. Sixty-seven percent of the untreated caries and 98.8% of missing teeth were in first molars. The probability of dental caries and tooth loss was significantly higher among adolescents with less schooling (PR = 2.56; 95%CI: 1.97–3.32 and PR = 3.28; 95%CI: 1.61–6.65, respectively) and those whose mothers had less schooling (PR = 1.31; 95%CI: 1.03–1.67 and PR = 2.30; 95%CI: 1.18–4.50, respectively). In conclusion, the occurrence of untreated dental caries and tooth loss was concentrated in the first molars of adolescents. Moreover, the prevalence of both conditions was higher among adolescents with low schooling and whose mothers had low schooling, reflecting the strong intraoral and socioeconomic polarization of these outcomes.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is an inflammatory disease that affects up to 15-44% of fertile women, however its location at the level of the abdominal wall is a rare entity. The different lesions that can settle at this level make preoperative diagnosis difficult OBJECTIVES: To report the case of an umbilical basal cell carcinoma in a patient with suspected endometriosis of the abdominal wall and to review the literature, especially on the importance of differential diagnosis. CLINICAL CASE: A 45-year-old woman who presented a basal cell carcinoma at the umbilical level. The anatomical situation and the painful and bleeding induration at the umbilical level, led to an initial misdiagnosis of umbilical endometriosis. This tumor of a high-risk histological subtype requires optimal management, based on an aggressive surgical technique with control of the affected margins. In postoperative check-ups, the patient remains asymptomatic, with no apparent lesions of recurrence. A bibliographic search was carried out and 14 articles were included on case reports and literature reviews of abdominal wall endometriosis and basal cell carcinoma. The surgical approach using Mohs micrographic surgery has been established as the most recommended method at present. CONCLUSIONS: The suspicion of abdominal wall is usually based on the appearance of a lesion with cyclical variations on the bed of a surgical incision. The different lesions that can settle at the level of the abdominal wall make preoperative diagnosis difficult, with the histological study finally being the one that yields the definitive result.

Resumen ANTECEDENTE: La endometriosis es una enfermedad inflamatoria que llega a afectar incluso a 15 a 44% de las mujeres fértiles; sin embargo, su localización en la pared abdominal es excepcional. Las diferentes lesiones que pueden encontrarse ahí dificultan el diagnóstico preoperatorio. OBJETIVOS: Reportar el caso de una paciente con carcinoma basocelular umbilical en quien se sospechó endometriosis en la pared abdominal y revisar la bibliografía al respecto, en particular la importancia del diagnóstico diferencial. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 45 años con un carcinoma basocelular en torno de la zona umbilical. La situación anatómica y la induración dolorosa y sangrante en el área umbilical favorecieron un diagnóstico erróneo inicial de endometriosis umbilical. Esta tumoración, de un subtipo histológico de alto riesgo, requiere una técnica quirúrgica agresiva, con control de los márgenes afectados. En las revisiones posoperatorias la paciente permaneció asintomática, sin lesiones aparentes de recidiva. De la búsqueda bibliográfica se incluyeron 14 artículos de reportes de casos y revisiones de endometriosis en la pared abdominal y carcinoma basocelular. El acceso quirúrgico mediante la cirugía micrográfica de Mohs se estableció como el método más recomendado en la actualidad. CONCLUSIONES: La sospecha de endometriosis en la pared abdominal suele estar fundamentada en la aparición de una lesión con variaciones cíclicas sobre el lecho de una incisión quirúrgica. Las diferentes lesiones que pueden encontrarse en la pared abdominal dificultan el diagnóstico preoperatorio y solo el estudio histológico es el que finalmente lo establece.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To know the prevalence of high-grade intraepithelial lesions in women aged 15 to 25 years, with a cytology report of changes in the epithelium attributable to human papillomavirus infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, tranversal and descriptive study performed at the Dysplasia Clinic of the Regional General Hospital 1 of Querétaro, Mexico, from January 2015 to December 2020. Inclusion criteria: files of women aged 15 to 25 years with report of changes in the epithelium attributable to HPV infection reported on cytology. Exclusion criteria: incomplete records. The statistical analysis plan included: averages, confidence intervals for averages, percentages, and confidence interval for percentages. RESULTS: We reviewed 823 files with cytology reports of epithelial changes attributable to HPV infection. The mean age of the women was 23.28 years (95%CI: 23.24-23.52), the mean age at sexual debut was 16.01 years (95%CI: 15.92-16.10). 7.0% (95%CI: 5.3-8.7) had high-grade intraepithelial lesions on cytology and colposcopy. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of high-grade intraepithelial lesions in women aged 15-25 years with reported epithelial changes attributable to HPV infection is 7.0% for cytology and for colposcopy.

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de lesiones intraepiteliales de alto grado en mujeres de 15 a 25 años, con un reporte de citología de cambios en el epitelio atribuibles a la infección por el virus del papiloma humano. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal y descriptivo efectuado con base en la información de los expedientes de mujeres de 15 a 25 años atendidas entre los meses de enero del 2015 a diciembre del 2020 en la Clínica de Displasias del Hospital General Regional 1 de Querétaro, México, con reporte de citología con cambios en el epitelio atribuibles a la infección por el virus de papiloma humano.Criterios de inclusión: Expedientes de mujeres de 15 a 25 años con reporte de cambios en el epitelio atribuibles a la infección por el VPH reportados en la citología. Criterio de exclusión: Expediente incompleto. El plan de análisis estadístico incluyó: promedios, intervalos de confianza para promedios, porcentajes e intervalo de confianza para porcentajes. RESULTADOS: Se revisaron 823 expedientes con reporte de citología con cambios en el epitelio atribuibles a la infección por VPH. La edad promedio de las mujeres fue de 23.28 años (IC95%: 23.24-23.52), la edad media al inicio de la vida sexual fue de 16.01 años (IC95%: 15.92-16.10). El 7.0% (IC95%: 5.3-8.7) tuvieron lesiones intraepiteliales de alto grado en la citología y en la colposcopia. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de lesiones intraepiteliales de alto grado en mujeres de 15 a 25 años con reporte de cambios en el epitelio atribuibles a la infección por el VPH es del 7.0% tanto para la citología como para la colposcopia.

RESUMO Introdução O linfoma do TGI pode ser dividido entre primário e secundário, com importância diagnóstica e terapêutica. O linfoma primário de reto é patologia rara, pouco relatada em literatura médica. Sua incidência tem aumentado e possivelmente esse fenômeno esteja associado ao aumento no numero de pacientes com imunossupressão (seja por SIDA ou drogas imunossupressoras). Metodologia Foram revisados 19 artigos nas bases de dados Scielo e PubMed, com o objetivo de aumentar o número de relatos dessa patologia e consequentemente expandir o conhecimento disponível, visando melhorar a terapêutica e, principalmente, o diagnóstico desse tipo de linfoma. Discussão Quando o linfoma tem seu sítio primário no reto, as principais manifestações são sangramento, dor retal, tenesmo e mudança nos hábitos intestinais (diarreia ou constipação). O exame de investigação de escolha é o PET/CT, porém a TC e RNM fornecem as informações necessárias e são mais disponíveis na prática clínica. O linfoma plasmablástico é um subtipo bastante agressivo e associado aos pacientes com SIDA. Não existem ainda protocolos definidos para o tratamento do linfoma primário de reto, sendo optado por seguir a mesma terapêutica dos linfomas de cólon com esquemas EPOCH e CHOP. Conclusão Por se tratar de patologia rara e pouco descrita na literatura, espera-se que este relato contribua na formação de protocolos de tratamento específicos.

ABSTRACT Introduction The gastrointestinal lymphoma can be classified in primary or secondary, and this is important regarding diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma of the rectum is rare and therefore lacks data in medical literature. Its incidence has been increasing and that fact may be related to a higher incidence in immunosuppressive therapy and immunosuppressive diseases (such as AIDS). Metodology 19 articles have been reviewed, searched online on the Scielo and PubMed databases. The goal was to increase data available regarding this pathology and improve its therapy. Discussion Primary GI lymphoma of the rectum presents as hematochezia, rectal pain, change in bowel habits. PET/CT is the first choice exam to pursue investigation; however abdominal CT and MRI reveal sufficient information and are much more available in daily practice. Plasmablastyc lymphoma is an aggressive subtype and is usually associated with AIDS patients. There are no available treatment protocols for this specific type of lymphoma and colonic lymphoma’s therapy is usually used for this patient (such as ECHOP and CHOP). Conclusion As rare as this pathology is, this article aims to improve the available data and provide useful information regarding diagnosis and therapy.

Resumo: O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência do uso de adoçantes pela população adulta brasileira e características dos usuários. Análise de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM, 2014), um inquérito nacional de base populacional. O desfecho de interesse foi o uso autorreferido de adoçantes entre brasileiros com 20 anos ou mais. As variáveis analisadas foram sexo, idade em anos completos, região do Brasil, escolaridade em anos completos e classificação econômica segundo o Critério Classificação Econômica Brasil da Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP). Os indicadores das condições de saúde foram: relato de doença crônica não transmissíveis (DCNT), número de DCNT e índice de massa corporal (IMC). A prevalência do uso de adoçantes na população adulta brasileira foi de 13,4% (IC95%: 12,5-14,3), sendo maior entre as pessoas do sexo feminino e no grupo com 60 anos ou mais, nas regiões Nordeste e Sudeste, entre pessoas da classe econômica A/B e entre indivíduos obesos. As pessoas com doenças crônicas (em especial diabetes) foram as que mostraram maior prevalência de uso de adoçantes, sendo o uso maior quanto maior o número de comorbidades relatadas. A prevalência de uso de adoçantes foi de 13,4% e mostrou-se associada a características sociodemográficas e de saúde.

Abstract: The objective was to estimate the prevalence of artificial sweetener use by the adult Brazilian population and users’ characteristics. Analysis of data from the Brazilian National Survey on Access, Utilization, and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines (PNAUM, 2014), a nationwide population-based survey. The target outcome was self-reported use of sweeteners by Brazilians 20 years and older. The independent variables were sex, age, major geographic region of Brazil, schooling in complete years, and economic status according to the Brazilian Economic Classification Criterion of the Brazilian Association of Research Companies (ABEP). The health condition indicators were: self-reported noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), number of NCDs, and body mass index (BMI). Prevalence of sweetener use in the Brazilian adult population was 13.4% (95%CI: 12.5-14.3), and it was higher in females and in persons 60 years or older, in the Northeast and Southeast, among individuals from economic classes A and B, and among obese individuals. Persons with chronic diseases (especially diabetes) showed the highest prevalence of use of sweeteners, and their use increased with the number of reported comorbidities. Prevalence of use of artificial sweeteners was 13.4% and was associated with sociodemographic and health characteristics.

Resumen: El objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia del uso de edulcorantes por parte de la población adulta brasileña y las características de los usuarios. Análisis de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Acceso, Utilización y Promoción del Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM, 2014), una encuesta nacional de base poblacional. El resultado de interés fue el uso autoinformado de edulcorantes entre brasileños con 20 años o más. Las variables analizadas fueron: sexo, edad (años completados), región de Brasil, escolaridad (años completados), así como la clasificación económica según el Criterio Clasificación Económica Brasil de la Asociación Brasileña de Empresas de Investigación (ABEP). Los indicadores de las condiciones de salud fueron: informe de enfermedades crónicas (DCNT), número de DCNT e índice de masa corporal (IMC). La prevalencia del uso de edulcorantes en la población adulta brasileña fue de un 13,4% (IC95%: 12,5-14,3), siendo mayor entre las personas de sexo femenino y en el grupo con 60 años o más, en las regiones Nordeste y Sudeste, entre personas de clase económica A/B y entre individuos obesos. Las personas con enfermedades crónicas (en especial diabetes) fueron las que mostraron una mayor prevalencia de uso de edulcorantes, siendo el uso mayor, cuanto mayor fuera el número de comorbilidades informadas. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de uso de edulcorantes fue de un 13,4% y se mostró asociada a características sociodemográficas y de salud.

Resumo: O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência do uso de adoçantes pela população adulta brasileira e características dos usuários. Análise de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM, 2014), um inquérito nacional de base populacional. O desfecho de interesse foi o uso autorreferido de adoçantes entre brasileiros com 20 anos ou mais. As variáveis analisadas foram sexo, idade em anos completos, região do Brasil, escolaridade em anos completos e classificação econômica segundo o Critério Classificação Econômica Brasil da Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP). Os indicadores das condições de saúde foram: relato de doença crônica não transmissíveis (DCNT), número de DCNT e índice de massa corporal (IMC). A prevalência do uso de adoçantes na população adulta brasileira foi de 13,4% (IC95%: 12,5-14,3), sendo maior entre as pessoas do sexo feminino e no grupo com 60 anos ou mais, nas regiões Nordeste e Sudeste, entre pessoas da classe econômica A/B e entre indivíduos obesos. As pessoas com doenças crônicas (em especial diabetes) foram as que mostraram maior prevalência de uso de adoçantes, sendo o uso maior quanto maior o número de comorbidades relatadas. A prevalência de uso de adoçantes foi de 13,4% e mostrou-se associada a características sociodemográficas e de saúde.

Abstract: The objective was to estimate the prevalence of artificial sweetener use by the adult Brazilian population and users’ characteristics. Analysis of data from the Brazilian National Survey on Access, Utilization, and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines (PNAUM, 2014), a nationwide population-based survey. The target outcome was self-reported use of sweeteners by Brazilians 20 years and older. The independent variables were sex, age, major geographic region of Brazil, schooling in complete years, and economic status according to the Brazilian Economic Classification Criterion of the Brazilian Association of Research Companies (ABEP). The health condition indicators were: self-reported noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), number of NCDs, and body mass index (BMI). Prevalence of sweetener use in the Brazilian adult population was 13.4% (95%CI: 12.5-14.3), and it was higher in females and in persons 60 years or older, in the Northeast and Southeast, among individuals from economic classes A and B, and among obese individuals. Persons with chronic diseases (especially diabetes) showed the highest prevalence of use of sweeteners, and their use increased with the number of reported comorbidities. Prevalence of use of artificial sweeteners was 13.4% and was associated with sociodemographic and health characteristics.

Resumen: El objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia del uso de edulcorantes por parte de la población adulta brasileña y las características de los usuarios. Análisis de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Acceso, Utilización y Promoción del Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM, 2014), una encuesta nacional de base poblacional. El resultado de interés fue el uso autoinformado de edulcorantes entre brasileños con 20 años o más. Las variables analizadas fueron: sexo, edad (años completados), región de Brasil, escolaridad (años completados), así como la clasificación económica según el Criterio Clasificación Económica Brasil de la Asociación Brasileña de Empresas de Investigación (ABEP). Los indicadores de las condiciones de salud fueron: informe de enfermedades crónicas (DCNT), número de DCNT e índice de masa corporal (IMC). La prevalencia del uso de edulcorantes en la población adulta brasileña fue de un 13,4% (IC95%: 12,5-14,3), siendo mayor entre las personas de sexo femenino y en el grupo con 60 años o más, en las regiones Nordeste y Sudeste, entre personas de clase económica A/B y entre individuos obesos. Las personas con enfermedades crónicas (en especial diabetes) fueron las que mostraron una mayor prevalencia de uso de edulcorantes, siendo el uso mayor, cuanto mayor fuera el número de comorbilidades informadas. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de uso de edulcorantes fue de un 13,4% y se mostró asociada a características sociodemográficas y de salud.

ABSTRACT Vermicomposted vegetal and animal residues are rich in nutrients and humic substances and thus can be applied to the soil as a source of functionalized organic matter (OM) and as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. In Southern Brazil, many animal and vegetal residues are easily accessible. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate alterations in soil chemical properties and OM chemical composition in response to the application of local vermicomposted residues. The vermicomposts of: cattle manure (CM), sheep manure (SM), rice parboiling sludge (PS), CM+PS; SM+PS; CM+food waste (FW); SM+FW; CM+fruit waste (FRW); and SM+FRW were mixed with Acrisol (Argissolo) samples collected at 0.00-0.20 m layer, and the samples were incubated in plastic bags for 182 days. Soil samples without vermicomposts were also incubated (control). Overall, vermicomposts increased soil pH(H2O), exchangeable Ca and available P and K contents. The treatments with CM or SM with FW promoted carbon accumulation in the soil compared to the control, especially as humin. The humic acids of SM and PS were more oxygenated than the others, and oxygenation was apparently associated with aromatic structures. Fulvic acids of CM+PS showed the greatest oxygenation and aliphatic character. The relationship between vermicompost origin (animal or vegetal) and soil properties or OM composition was not clear. Aromaticity degree (H/C) and C/N ratio were similar in fulvic and humic acids, and oxygenation degree (O/C) as well as polarity index [(O+N)/C] were more efficient parameters to distinguish these humic fractions. We concluded that vermicomposts derived from cheap and easily available vegetal and animal residues in Southern Brazil have great potential as alternative fertilizers as well as sources of functionalized OM when applied to the soil, especially vermicomposts of rice parboiling sludge and cattle or sheep manure mixed with food waste.