RESUMEN Introducción En México, esta indagación hasta donde se tiene conocimiento representa el primer trabajo multicéntrico que estudia el grado de desarrollo de la aptitud clínica en cuatro Unidades de medicina familiar del Sector Salud. Por consiguiente, la interrogante de investigación es ¿Cuál es el grado de desarrollo de la aptitud clínica en tres instituciones de salud?. Este estudio proveerá conocimientos que permitirán emprender investigaciones en las cuales se ensayen estrategias educativas que propicien el desarrollo de esta aptitud. Objetivo Determinar el grado de desarrollo de la aptitud clínica en residentes de medicina familiar de cuatro sedes académicas. Método Diseño prospectivo, transversal, observacional y multicéntrico. Se estudió toda la matrícula del ciclo académico 2019-2020 con consentimiento informado. Se construyó un instrumento que evaluó la variable “aptitud clínica” mediante ocho indicadores y 182 ítems; la validez conceptual, de contenido y confiabilidad se valoró por cinco médicos familiares con experiencia docente y en investigación educativa. Resultados De las cuatro sedes, las calificaciones globales más altas en los indicadores fueron alcanzadas por los R1 de la Unidad de Medicina Familiar # 20 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (UMF20 IMSS), R2 y R3 del Hospital General de Zona # 1 (HGZMF1 IMSS). Los R1 de la UMF20 alcanzaron los más altos puntajes en 3/8 indicadores. Los R2 y R3 del HGZMF1 lograron las más altas puntuaciones en 2/8 indicadores. Se estimaron diferencias entre R1 (n=46), entre R2 (n=47) y entre R3 (n=40) de las cuatro sedes por indicador y no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas en ningún caso. Conclusiones El grado de desarrollo de la aptitud clínica se puede considerar de nivel medio en las cuatro sedes académicas. Esto en parte se puede explicar a que el instrumento exploró situaciones clínicas problematizadas, que exigieron del residente la reflexión crítica de su experiencia clínica antecedente.

ABSTRACT Introduction In Mexico, this inquiry to the best of our knowledge represents the first multicenter work that studies the degree of development of clinical aptitude in four Family Medicine Units of the Health Sector. Therefore, the research question is : What is the degree of development of clinical aptitude in three health institutions? This study will provide knowledge that will allow undertaking researches in which educational strategies that propitiate the development of this aptitude are tested. Objective To determine the degree of development of clinical aptitude in family medicine residents from four academic sites. Method Prospective, cross-sectional, observational and multicenter design. The entire enrollment of the 2019-2020 academic year was studied with informed consent. An instrument was constructed that assessed the variable "clinical aptitude" by means of eight indicators and 182 items; conceptual, content and reliability validity was assessed by five family physicians with teaching and educational research experience. Results Of the four sites, the highest overall scores on the indicators were achieved by the R1 of the Family Medicine Unit # 20 of the Mexican Social Security Institute (UMF20 IMSS), R2 and R3 of the General Zone Hospital # 1 (HGZMF1 IMSS). UMF20 R1s achieved the highest scores on 3/8 indicators. The R2s and R3s of HGZMF1 achieved the highest scores on 2/8 indicators. Differences were estimated between R1s (n=46), between R2s (n=47) and between R3s (n=40) of the four sites by indicator and no significant statistical differences were found in any case. Conclusions The degree of development of clinical aptitude can be considered medium level in the four academic sites. This can be partly explained by the fact that the instrument explored problematic clinical situations, which required the resident to reflect critically on his previous clinical experience.

The key step in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of apremilast was to produce the chiral alcohol (R)-1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethanol, (R)-3. Two enzymatic approaches were evaluated to obtain (R)-3, one using ketoreductases and the other lipases. Bioreduction of 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethanone (2), using ketoreductase KRED-P2-D12, led to (R)-3 with 48% conversion and 93% enantiomeric excess (ee). Kinetic resolution of rac-1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl acetate (rac-4), via hydrolysis reaction, with 20% of n-butanol, catalyzed by lipase from Aspergillus niger yielded (R)-3 with > 99% ee, 50% conversion and E-value (enantiomeric ratio) > 200. The reaction between enantiomerically pure (R)-3 and 4-acetylamino-isoindol-1,3-dione (8) afforded apremilast in 65% yield and 67% ee.

ABSTRACT The ability to adsorb zearalenone by five strain of lactic acid bacteria was evaluated: four strains of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from pig rectal swabs and one commercial strain (Lactobacillus rhamnosus). Several factors affecting the adsorption capacity were evaluated in order to improve the adsorption of the mycotoxin by bacteria. The stability of the zearalenone-bacteria complex was analyzed. In every case, bacterial adsorption capacity was higher than 40.0%. The strain showing the highest adsorption (68.2%) was selected for the following steps of this research. The adsorption percentages obtained after processing 6.5 and 7.5 mL MRS broth were 57.40% + 3.53 and 64.46% + 0.76, respectively. The stability of zearalenone-bacteria complex was evaluated by successively rinsing. In the first rinsing step 42.26% + 0.414 was still bound. In the second rinsing step 25.12% + 0.664 was still bound, whereas 15.82% + 0.675 remained in the pellet after the third rinse. Results obtained demonstrated that Lactic Acid Bacteria has capacity to adsorb zearalenone. Finally adsorption was increased using a higher volume of initial broth. These results could be used to design a new lyophilized powder for detoxification, using lactic acid bacteria as potential zearalenone adsorbents.

Among the applications for protic ionic liquids (PILs), lubrication is one of the newest and the most promising. In this work, ammonium-based protic ionic liquids were tested as lubricant fluids for aluminum-steel contacts. PILs were synthesized with 2-hydroxyethylamine (2HEA) and a carboxylic acid (formic and pentanoic), aiming to understand the effect of two different anion chain lengths on the lubricant behavior. The synthesized PILs were characterized by RMN, FTIR and TGA. Wear tests, conducted using a ball-on-plate configuration, showed that the increase of the anion carbon chain length in the PIL structure reduced significantly the coefficient of friction value. Besides, after the wear tests, the PILs structural integrity was not affected. In the same way, bending under tension (BUT) tests evidenced that the performance for stamping conditions of the PIL with the longest anion carbon chain was similar to that of the commercial lubricant. Since, both formed a uniform tribofilm, developed the same lubrication regime and the drawing forces values were close and constant. Hence, the ionic liquid obtained with 2HEA and pentanoic acid (2HEAPe) is as suitable as the commercial lubricant for metal forming processes.

Los materiales híbridos a base de siloxano y PMMA se constituyen por una red de silicona, a la que están enlazadas cadenas de polimetilmetacrilato. Su estabilidad y adherencia permiten su aplicación en láminas de estaño para aumentar la resistencia a la corrosión. En este trabajo se recubrió una lámina de estaño con una película híbrida a partir de un sol que consta de los precursores alcóxidos: 3-trimetoxisililpropilmetacrilato (TMSM) y polimetilmetacrilado (PMMA). Se evaluó la influencia de la adición de tetraetoxisilano (TEOS). Se evaluó la morfología de los filmes por SEM y ángulo de contacto. Se evaluó el comportamiento electroquímico con medidas de potencial a circuito abierto, polarización potenciodinámica e impedancia electroquímica. Los resultados muestran que la película con mayor adición de TEOS tuvo mayor espesor; sin embargo, el TEOS intensificó la densificación. Así, se formaron grietas que comprometieron la resistencia a la corrosión.

Siloxane - poly (methylmethacrylate)-based materials are systems formed by a silicon network, to which chains of poly (methylmethacrylate) are linked by covalent bonds or by physical interactions. Their stability and adherence allow their application on substrates like tin plate in order to increase the corrosion resistance. The aim of this work is to coat tin plate with a hybrid film obtained from a sol consisting of alkoxide precursors: 3 - (trimethoxysilylpropyl) methacrylate (TMSM) and poly (methyl methacrylate) PMMA. Effect of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) addition was evaluated. Morphology was evaluated by SEM and contact angle. Electrochemical behavior was evaluated by open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results showed that siloxane-PMMA film obtained with a higher addition of TEOS had higher thickness. However, intense densification caused by TEOS addition promoted crack formation, thereby compromising the corrosion resistance.

Com o intuito de monitorar a concentração de ácido fólico (vitamina B9) em amostras de farinha de trigo, um método analítico simples e rápido foi desenvolvido e validado, utilizando a técnica de Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência com detecção por Espectrometria de Massas do tipo triplo quadrupolo (CLAE-EM/EM). O analito foi ionizado com fonte de ionização por electrospray no modo positivo e o espectrômetro de massas foi operado em modo de aquisição por Monitoramento Múltiplo de Reação (Multiple Reaction Monitoring - MRM), com o propósito de detectar duas trannsições de m/z, uma para quantificação e outra para confirmação. Um total de 83 amostras foram processadas para a validação do método de acordo como guia de procedimentos da Comissão Européia, referência 2002/657/EC, para análise de resíduos em alimentos. A performance do método foi avaliada através da linearidade, exatidão, precisão, sensibilidade e incerteza. O resultado das curvas analíticas na faixa de concentração de 1,0 a 50 µg L-1 apresentaram coeficientes de correlação (r²) de 1,000. A reprodutibilidade do método foi obtida através do cálculo da somatória dos desvios padrão dos resultados de análises "intra-dias" e "inter-dias" e apresentou o valor de 5,6%, para o nível de fortificação de 1,50 µg g-1. Além disso, dez amostras no nível de fortificação de 1,50 µg g-1 foram extraídas e analisadas com exatidão de 85% e precisão de 3% (coeficiente de variação). A sensibilidade do método foi expressa em limite de decisão (CCα) de 0,06 µg g-1 e capacidade de detecção (CCβ) de 0,11 µg g-1. A incerteza total calculada do método foi de + 0,11 µg g-1. Diferentes marcas de farinha de trigo brasileiras foram avaliadas e reportadas.

In order to monitor the fortification level of folic acid (vitamin B9) in wheat flour samples, we developed and validated a simple and fast analytical method using the liquid chromatography with tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique. The compound was ionized by an electrospray source in positive mode. The tandem MS/MS instrument was set in MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) mode to detect two m/z transitions used for quantitation and confirmation purposes. A total of 83 samples were prepared to validate the method according to the regulatory guidelines from the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC for food residues analysis. The method performance was evaluated in regards to linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and uncertainty. The statistical analysis of the results showed a correlation coefficient (r²) of 1.000 within the concentration range of 1.0 to 50 µg L-1. The method reproducibility of 5.6% was obtained by calculating the standard deviation sum of the intra-day and inter-day analysis at a fortification level limit of 1.50 µg g-1 of folic acid. In addition, ten blank spiked samples at the fortification level limit were extracted and analyzed with an accuracy of 85% and a precision of 3% (coefficient of variation). The method sensitivity was expressed in decision limit (CCα) of 0.06 µg g-1 and detection capability (CCβ) of 0.11 µg g-1. The total measurement uncertainty method calculated was + 0.11 µg g-1. Different brands of Brazilian wheat flour were evaluated and reported.

Abstract The El Arco section, located on the southeast margin of the Sabinas Basin (Adjuntas Sub-basin), includes a succession consisting of Upper Cretaceous formations typical for this unit, as well as Paleogene strata similar to those previously reported from the La Popa Basin, adjacent to the Sabinas Basin. The El Arco carbonate lentil includes microfossils and nautiloids that indicate a middle Eocene age, which is consistent with previous stratigraphic inferences for the La Popa Basin. The presence of the nautiloid Hercoglossa sp. cf. H. peruviana in the El Arco Lentil and in the upper portion of the Rancho Nuevo Formation of Parras Basin, suggests a new correlation scheme for the Tertiary stratigraphic units of the three basins (Parras, La Popa and Sabinas basins). All three units had sediment input as late as middle Eocene time.

Resumen La sección El Arco, en el margen sureste de la Cuenca de Sabinas (Subcuenca de Adjuntas), incluye una secuencia que abarca formaciones del Cretácico Superior, características de esa unidad, así como estratos del Paleógeno, similares a los previamente reportados para la Cuenca de La Popa, adyacente a la Cuenca de Sabinas. La lente de carbonato El Arco incluye microfósiles y nautiloideos que indican una edad Eoceno medio, lo cual es congruente con inferencias estratigráficas previas para la Cuenca de La Popa. La presencia del nautiloideo Hercoglossa sp. cf. H. peruviana en la Lente El Arco y en la parte superior de la Formación Rancho Nuevo de la Cuenca de Parras, sugiere un nuevo esquema de correlación entre las unidades terciarias de las tres cuencas (Parras, La Popa y Sabinas), las cuales recibieron aporte sedimentario hasta el Eoceno medio.

The feeding habits of Floridichthys polyommus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) were determined and compared spatially and seasonally between two coastal lagoon systems in Yucatan Peninsula. A total of 445 and 561 stomach contents were analyzed from the lagoons of Puerto Viejo (Quintana Roo) and Chelem (Yucatan), respectively. This specie presents a wide trophic generalization, including 126 alimentary items in Puerto Viejo and 80 in Chelem. It consumes basically microcrustaceans, phytoplankton, and macrophytes. However, trophic preferences were different spatially and seasonally between both systems. In Puerto Viejo F. polyommus feeds on microcrustaceans, whereas in Chelem it consumes phytoplankton. Considering its trophic ontogenetic variation, smaller individuals preyed on microcrustaceans and the larger ones on phytoplankton or macrophytes. In Puerto Viejo, microcrustaceans were the principal and more abundant food during the dry season (35.1%), while during the rainy and cold seasons phytoplankton was the most representative item. Phytoplankton was always the most abundant food in Chelem all year long, with an increase in the dry season (51.6%). Spatial and seasonal trophic variation between both lagoons can be related to the food components availability in each system and to hydrological variability for each season of the year.

Se determinaron y compararon espacial y estacionalmente los hábitos alimenticios de Floridichthys polyommus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) en dos sistemas lagunares de la península de Yucatán. Se analizaron los contenidos estomacales de 445 y 561 ejemplares correspondientes a las lagunas de Puerto Viejo (Quintana Roo) y Chelem (Yucatán), respectivamente. Esta especie presenta una amplia generalización trófica, incluyendo en su dieta 126 componentes alimenticios en Puerto Viejo y 80 en Chelem. Consume principalmente microcrustáceos, fitoplancton y macrófitas. Sin embargo, las preferencias alimenticias fueron diferentes entre ambos sistemas, tanto espacial como estacionalmente. En Puerto Viejo F. polyommus es un consumidor de microcrustáceos, mientras que en Chelem es fitoplanctófago. Considerando su variación trófica ontogenética, los ejemplares de menor talla se alimentaron principalmente de microcrustáceos y los más grandes de fitoplancton o macrófitas. En Puerto Viejo, esta especie consume principalmente microcrustáceos (35.1%) durante la época de secas, mientras que en lluvias y nortes, el fitoplancton es el más representativo. Este último grupo trófico fue en Chelem el de mayor abundancia durante las tres épocas del año y su valor se incrementó en la época de secas (51.6%). La variación trófica espacial y estacional entre ambas lagunas puede relacionarse con la disponibilidad de los recursos alimenticios en cada sistema, así como con los cambios hidrológicos en cada época climática.