ABSTRACT The Crop-Livestock Integration system has sustainable potential. But pests such as the defoliating caterpillar Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) can reduce the productivity of this system. The objective was to report transgenic maize and Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich.) (Poaceae) plants attacked by S. frugiperda in the Crop-Livestock Integration system. Feroz VIP3 ® transgenic maize (SYN8A98 TLTG Viptera) and B. brizantha MG-5 Xaraés plants attacked by S. frugiperda were evaluated 20 days after planting, weekly and for 28 days. The transgenic maize plants were less attacked by S. frugiperda than those of B. brizantha. The negative impact of this pest on B. brizantha suggests the planning and adopting strategies for its control, such as the use of traps, resistant cultivars, and biological or chemical products, minimizing losses in animal production and, consequently, in human food.

ABSTRACT The study of arthropod communities foraging on monocultures of native plants (e.g. Caryocar brasiliense) in biodiversity hotspots (e.g. Brazilian Cerrado) is important to understand the processes driving their performance. This study evaluated the possible interactions between galling herbivores, free-feeding arthropods, and of their natural enemies on C. brasiliense trees, in an orchard (monoculture). The possible competition observed were: i) between galling insects with defoliators and phytophagous mites, ii) between sucking insects, iii) between phytophagous mites and, iv) between Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) with Histiostoma sp. (Acari: Histiostomidae) on C. brasiliense trees. Numbers of predators and prey, parasitoids and hosts, and predators and parasitoids were directly related among them. The competitive interactions between herbivorous predator and parasitoid may reduce Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) populations, a potential pest of C. brasiliense. The predator Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and the parasitoids Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and Ablerus magistretti (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are important to determine the numbers of Eurytoma sp. and of its galls. These natural enemies may be important to control this galling insect on C. brasiliense trees. The arthropod competition affected their guild associated to C. brasiliense trees.

ABSTRACT. The objective was to study the habitat complexity of mite populations on Caryocar brasiliense trees under natural and cultivated field conditions. The study was performed in the municipality of Montes Claros, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, over 3 years. Three types of areas were studied: 1) Cerrado, 2) pasture, and 3) a university Campus. Several chlorotic spots were detected on leaves with larger populations of Tetranychus sp. and Eutetranychus sp. (Tetranychidae). The greatest numbers of Agistemus sp. (Stigmaeidae) on leaves and Histiostoma sp. (Histiostomidae) and Proctolaelaps sp. (Ascidae) on fruits were observed in the pasture, and that of Histiostoma sp. on leaves in the pasture and on the university Campus. In general, the herbivorous mites (e.g., Tetranychus sp.) found on C. brasiliense plants were correlated with more clayey soils with a higher cationic exchange capacity; larger populations of mites (e.g., Agistemus sp. and Histiostoma sp.) were found on the C. brasiliense trees with the largest crown sizes; and associations between predator mites (e.g., Agistemus sp.) and phytophagous mites (e.g., Tetranychus sp.1) were observed. Greater habitat diversity and more complex plant architectures favored the mite populations. The positive effect of loamier soil on herbivorous mites indicates that these species are adapted to Cerrado conditions. Some recorded species of herbivorous mites can be pests in commercial plantations of C. brasiliense.

Resumen Los árboles de Caryocar brasiliense (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae), que representan la principal fuente económica para muchas comunidades, están protegidas por leyes federales brasileñas. La transformación de la sabana de El Cerrado en áreas de pastoreo o agrícolas da como resultado un escenario de árboles de esta especie aislados en un paisaje agro-urbano. La presente investigación tuvo como objeto estudiar los efectos de la diversidad ambiental sobre la abundancia de comunidades de agallas en árboles de C. brasiliense en tres diferentes ambientes: cerrado, pastoreo y área urbana. La frecuencia de adultos de Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) y sus agallas, del parasitoide Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) y del depredador Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) fue más frecuente en hojas de C. brasiliense en el área urbana. Se observó una correlación negativa entre porcentajes de hojas con presencia de las agallas (todos los tipos) y el número de árboles. El hábitat de los árboles favoreció la diversidad de especies de agallas y sus enemigos naturales.

Abstract Caryocar brasiliense (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) trees, protected by Brazilian federal laws, are the main income source in many communities. The transformation of the Cerrado (savanna biome) into grazing or agricultural areas has been isolating these trees species in an agro-urban landscape. We studied the effects of environmental diversity on the abundance of galling insect communities inhabiting C. brasiliense trees in three different environments: Cerrado, pasture, and an urban area. Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) adults and their galls, its parasitoid Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and the predator Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) were present in larger numbers on the C. brasiliense leaflets in the urban area. The percentages of totally galled leaflets (exhibiting all kinds of galls) and the number of trees were negatively correlated. Greater habitat diversity favored that of galling insect species and their natural enemies.

Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae), un árbol símbolo de el Cerrado, tiene una amplia distribución y puede alcanzar los 10 m de altura y 6 m de ancho de copa. El objetivo fue estudiar la distribución de insectos chupadores (Hemiptera) y sus enemigos naturales en la copa de C. brasiliense en El Cerrado brasileño. La agrupación de las especies encontrada en la copa de los árboles de C. brasiliense mostró 1 y 3 especies raras, 9 y 7 especies comunes y 1 y 4 especies constantes para los insectos chupadores y sus enemigos naturales, respectivamente. La diversidad, el número de individuos y la riqueza de especies de Hemiptera y sus enemigos naturales fueron similares en todas las ramas del árbol huésped, según el muestreo en los puntos cardinales. Los depredadores Crematogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) y Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) fueron más abundante en la ramas orientadas hacia el este y el norte, respectivamente. Crematogaster sp. fue dominante en los árboles de C. brasiliense con predominio de Dikrella caryocar n. sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) y Pseudoccocus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Los depredadores Trybonia sp. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) y Chrysoperla spp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) fueron mayores y disminuyeron el número de D. caryocar n. sp. y Aphis gossypii (Aphididae), respectivamente. El incremento de insectos chupadores aumentó la presencia de los enemigos naturales y la distribución diferencial de éstos influyó negativamente en los insectos chupadores. Se concluye que la velocidad y dirección de los vientos pueden afectar la distribución de insectos chupadores en la copa de los árboles de C. brasiliense, encontrándose las poblaciones más numerosas en la zona que no es afectada por el viento.

Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae), a tree characteristic of e Cerrado, is widely distributed and can reach a height of 10 meters with a six-meter-wide canopy. The objective of this study was to study the distribution of sucking insects (Hemiptera) and their natural enemies in the canopies of C. brasiliense trees in the Brazilian Cerrado. One rare, nine common, and one constant species of sucking insects and three rare, seven common, and four constant species of natural enemies were observed on C. brasiliense trees. The diversity, number of individuals, and species of Hemiptera and their natural enemies were similar in all four cardinal directions of branches of host trees. Abundance of the natural predators Crematogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) was highest on leaves of the east and north sides of the C. brasiliense trees, respectively. A large number of Crematogaster sp. was observed on C. brasiliense, with a predominance of Dikrella caryocar n. sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Pseudoccocus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) also being observed. The predators Trybonia sp. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) and Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) showed the highest numbers, while the number of D. caryocar n. sp. and Aphis gossypii (Aphididae) decreased, respectively, in comparison to the control. An increase in the number of sucking insects also increased the number of their natural enemies, and this differential distribution negatively influenced sucking insects. The speed and direction of wind may have affected the distribution of sucking insects on different sides of C. brasiliense trees, as higher populations were found on the sides without prevailing winds.

Los árboles de Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) tienen una amplia distribución en la sabana brasileña. Esta planta está protegida por las leyes federales y no se corta en las áreas deforestadas. Esta situación aumenta el daño a las hojas, flores y frutos por los insectos masticadores. Se estudiaron las poblaciones de herbívoros Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera y sus enemigos naturales en los árboles de Caryocar brasiliense durante tres años consecutivos. Los insectos fitófagos fueron más abundantes a principios del invierno. La mayor riqueza y diversidad se hallaron en el verano. Los enemigos naturales fueron más abundantes en primavera e invierno, con más especies y diversidad a fines de invierno. Frutos dañados por Carmenta sp. (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) y Naupactus sp.3 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) en las hojas fueron más numerosos en verano. En primavera y verano las frutas atacadas por Naupactus sp.l y sp.2 fueron más abundantes, el porcentaje de defoliación fue mayor en otoño. Apoptus sp. (Coleoptera: Elateridae) en las hojas en primavera y minadores de hoja (Lepidoptera) lo fueron más en invierno. En el caso de los enemigos naturales, Crematogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) presentó mayor abundancia en las hojas y las flores en invierno y primavera y en los frutos en primavera, cuando las nuevas hojas y flores se forman; Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), Holopothrips sp. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), y el complejo de las arañas fueron más numerosos en las hojas en invierno, y Trybonia sp. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) fue más abundante en las hojas en otoño.

Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) trees have a wide distribution in the Brazilian savanna. This plant is protected by federal laws and is untouched in deforested areas of the Brazilian savanna. This situation increases the damage to leaves, flowers, and fruits from chewing insects. We studied populations of herbivorous Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera and their natural enemies on C. brasiliense trees for three successive years during each season in the Brazilian savanna. Phytophagous insects were most abundant at the beginning of winter and with more species and diversity in the summer. Natural enemies were most abundant in the spring and in the winter and with highest species and diversity at end of the winter. Fruits bored by Carmenta sp. (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) and Naupactus sp.3 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on the leaves were highest in the summer. Fruits scraped by Naupactus sp.l and sp.2 were more numerous in the spring and summer, percentage of defoliation in the autumn. Apoptus sp. (Coleoptera: Elateridae) on the leaves in the spring, and leaf miners (Lepidoptera) in the winter. In the case of natural enemies, Crematogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were most abundant on the leaves and in the flowers in the winter and spring, and on the fruits in the spring when new leaves and flowers are formed. The number of Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), Holopothrips sp. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), and the complex of spiders were greater on the leaves in the winter; and Trybonia sp. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) was most abundant on the leaves in the autumn.

Pela primeira vez foi identificado o inseto herbívoro que induz uma das galhas foliares mais conspícuas em Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae), uma planta amplamente distribuída no Cerrado brasileiro e de relevante importância econômica. O galhador identificado, preliminarmente, como uma nova espécie ainda não descrita de Eurytoma (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae). Além disso, foi observado a distribuição espacial desse galhador na copa das árvores de C. brasiliense. O lado leste da planta apresentou maior abundância de galhas de Eurytoma sp. seguido pelos lados sudeste e nordeste. No interior da copa houve um maior número de galhas em relação à porção mais externa. Em relação às folhas, a maior abundância ocorreu na porção mediana comparada às regiões proximal e distal, provavelmente devido ao menor número de tricomas na porção mais central da folha. Após colonizar cerca de 50% das folhas marginais Eurytoma sp. inicia a colonização das folhas na porção central da folha.

For the first time, we identified the insect herbivore that induces one of the most conspicuous galls on the leaves of Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae), a widespread, typical cerrado woody plant of large economic importance. The gall inducing organism is a new and undescribed species of Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae). Furthermore, we recorded its spatial distribution within C. brasiliense trees. More Eurytoma galls were found on the eastern tree slope, followed the southern and northern slopes. More galls were found in the interior of the tree crown, i.e., on the proximal portion of the stems compared to the terminal portion. At the leaf level, more galls were found on the median region compared to the distal or proximal, perhaps due to the lower trichome density found in there. Leaf colonization by Eurytoma sp. may initiate at the leaf margin but after colonization reaches 50% the central portion starts to be colonized.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar artrópodes associados a cinco acessos ('NDS', 'COVB', 'NAT', 'ROST' e 'GSD1') de Pfaffia glomerata, bem como o efeito de clima, dossel, face foliar, tricomas e inimigos naturais sobre a entomofauna. Dos artrópodes observados, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Diabrotica speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) e Tetranychus ludeni (Acari: Tetranychidae) apresentaram maior densidade populacional. Dos inimigos naturais observados, ácaros predadores estiveram associados ao ácaro branco Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae), e um complexo de aranhas a besouros desfolhadores, pulgões e cicadelídeos. Observaram-se correlações significativas diretas múltiplas e lineares da população de A. gossypii com maior densidade de Crematogaster sp. (Hymenotera: Formicidae) (protocooperação) e correlação negativa com densidade de Cycloneda sanguinea (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) e a temperatura do ar. Foi observado maior ataque de ácaros T. ludeni, T. urticae (Tetranychidae) e P. latus, em períodos de menor umidade relativa. Observou-se maior densidade populacional de A. gossypii, nos acessos 'ROST' e 'NAT' e de T. ludeni ao acesso 'ROST'. O acesso 'GSD1' foi o mais danificado por besouros desfolhadores. Pulgões e ácaros preferiram alimentar-se na face abaxial das folhas apicais, enquanto D. speciosa apresentou preferência pela face adaxial do terço mediano do dossel. Tricomas (100% tectores) não afetaram os artrópodes.

The objective of this study was to identify arthropods associated with five accessions ('NDS', 'COVB', 'NAT', 'ROST' and 'GSD1') of Pfaffia glomerata and the effect of weather, canopy height, foliar face, trichomes, and naturals enemies over the entomofauna. The arthropods Aphis gossypii, Diabrotica speciosa, and Tetranychus ludeni had the highest population densities. Among naturals enemies, there were predator mites associated with the broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus, and the spiders associated with defoliator beetles, aphids and leafhoppers. Significant positive multiple and linear correlations were observed between the population of A. gossypii and the density of Crematogaster sp., and negative correlation was observed with the density of Cycloneda sanguinea and air temperature. Higher population density of mites T. ludeni, T. urticae and P. latus was observed in the period of low relative humidity. Higher density of A. gossypii was observed in accessions 'ROST' and 'NAT', while higher density of T. ludeni was observed in the accession 'ROST'. Accession 'GSD1' was the most damaged by defoliator beetles. Aphids and mites preferred to feed on the abaxial face of apical leaves, while D. speciosa preferred the adaxial face of the medium third of the canopy. Trichomes (100% non-glandular) did not affect the arthropods.

O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a influência de quatro concentrações do hormônio vegetal ácido indolbutírico (AIB) (0, 500, 1.000 e 2.000 ppm) na obtenção de alporques de Caryocar brasiliense Camb (Caryocaraceae) fitossanitariamente adequados. Avaliou-se o efeito direto desse hormônio na indução de galha por Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) nas folhas dos alporques, bem como o seu efeito indireto sobre os parasitóides de Eurytoma sp. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, cada parcela experimental com dois alporques, e cinco tratamentos: 1) sem anelamento; 2) anelado + 0 ppm de AIB; 3) anelado + 500 ppm de AIB; 4) anelado + 1.000 ppm de AIB; e 5) anelado + 2.000 ppm de AIB. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) nas taxas de enraizamento dos alporques, de raízes/alporque, de comprimento da maior raiz/alporque, de taxas de calejamento e de sobrevivência dos ramos anelados. Também, não se verificou diferença estatística entre os tratamentos quanto ao número do parasitóide Quadrastichus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) e das características morfológicas externas das galhas induzidas por Eurytoma sp. Entretanto, observaram-se efeito positivo entre as concentrações de AIB e o número de galhas e maior número de adultos de Eurytoma sp. e de seu principal parasitóide Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) na concentração de 2.000 ppm de AIB. Esses dados indicam que esse galhador pode selecionar partes da planta ou plantas com maior concentração de hormônio. Devido à baixa efetividade desse hormônio na produção de estacas para a propagação assexuada de C. brasiliense, mais estudos são necessários devido ao fato de esta ser uma das mais importantes espécies no bioma Cerrado. Estudos futuros também são necessários para elucidar o envolvimento do AIB na formação de galhas e o seu impacto indireto na comunidade de parasitóides associados.

The aim of this study was to test the influence of indol butiric acid (IBA) at four levels (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm) to obtain healthy air layering of Caryocar brasiliense Camb (Caryocaraceae). In addition, we also observed the direct effect of this hormone on the success of leaf gall induction by Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), and its indirect effect on galling insect parasitoids. A complete randomized design was used, with three replicates of each plot containing two air layering, and five treatments: 1) no girdling, 2) girdled + 0ppm IBA; 3) girdled + 500ppm IBA; 4) girdled + 1000ppm IBA, 5) girdled + 2000ppm IBA. The rates of air layering rooting, root/air layering, largest root length/air layering, callus formation and girdled shoots survival were not influenced by the different concentrations of IBA (p> 0.05). Furthermore, the number of the parasitoid Quadrastichus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and external morphological traits of the gall induced by Eurytoma sp. were not influenced by the different treatments. However, a positive relationship was found between IBA concentration and galls successfully induced, and between the number of adults of the galling Eurytoma sp. and its major parasitoid, Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) with 2.000ppm of IBA. These data indicate that the galling insect may select plant modules or plants with higher hormone concentration and that IBA may play a role in gall induction. Due to the low success of this hormone in the asexual propagation of C. brasiliense more studies are needed as this plant is one of the most important species in the Brazilian woodland savanna biome. Further studies are also needed to address hormone role in gall formation and its indirect effect on the community of associated parasitoids.