In this work, a search for antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria was undertaken. It involved two natural diterpenes of different basic skeletons, named ent-kaurenoic acid and ent-pimaradienoic acid, that were used as precursors to access 28 semi-synthetic derivatives that were also submitted to biological assays. All 30 substances were assayed against a set of seven clinically isolated MDR bacteria, including three Staphylococcus aureus strains. Results classified both natural compounds as promising bactericidal antimicrobial agents against these MDR bacteria, especially for their performance in time-kill curve assay, improving on the positive control vancomycin. Moreover, di-hydro ent-pimaradienoic acid, obtained as one of the derivatives, also displayed promising minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against the microorganism set, proving optimum activity against S. aureus strains. Thereby, this work also yielded a promising semi-synthetic bacteriostatic antimicrobial agent against MDR S. aureus. Furthermore, the study was carried out with 30 structures in order to verify the veracity and scope of Urzúa’s hypothesis about the structure-activity relationship between diterpenes and antimicrobial action. Our results are 93% in agreement with this hypothesis.

Oleoresins from Copaifera species are extensively used in folk medicine in Brazil, which are employed mainly in the production of cosmetic formulations in Brazil, North America and Europe. Considering the lack of validated analytical methods for the analyses of diterpenes in Copaifera oleoresins, it was developed a validated and reliable reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (RP-HPLC-PDA) method for the analysis of six diterpenes, including: (-)-polyalthic acid; (13E)-ent-labda-7,13-dien-15-oic acid; ent-8(17)-labden-15,18-dioic acid; (-)-copalic acid; (-)-3β-acetoxycopalic acid and (-)-3β-hydroxycopalic acid. These compounds were isolated from C. duckei, C. reticulata and C. multijuga oleoresins by chromatographic means. The analytical curves were linear with regression coefficients (r2) between 0.9903 and 0.9999. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) values were 0.35 to 3.09 µg mL-1 and 1.05 to 9.36 µg mL-1, respectively. The method also displayed good precision and accuracy. The developed analytical method is reliable and a useful tool for the analysis of Copaifera oleoresin and its products.

Vochysia divergens (Vochysiaceae) is considered an invasive species in the wetlands of the Brazilian Pantanal, which hinders the cultivation of agricultural species. In this study, we evaluated the chemical profile by HPLC-DAD (high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector) of leaves extracts from V. divergens seedlings inoculated with endophytic fungi isolated from V. divergens roots. These fungi were collected on dry (D) and wet (W) seasons in the Pantanal. The presence of tannin hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP)-galloyl-glucose and flavone 3',5'-dimethoxy-luteolin were predominant in the seedlings inoculated with endophytic fungi W experiments at 100 and 80%, respectively. Likewise, flavone 3',5-dimethoxy-luteolin-7-O-β-glucoside showed a similar representation in the two evaluated periods, compared with 5-methoxy-luteolin, which was detected only in seedlings inoculated with W endophytic fungi. This approach is new to V. divergens, which has no scientific data on its in vitro elicitation, in the search for a better understanding of the ecological relationships of this species.

The labdane diterpenes copalic acid, 3β-acetoxy-copalic acid, 3β-hydroxy-copalic acid and ent-agathic acid were isolated from Copaifera langsdorffii oleoresin. These four compounds were submitted to structural modifications by reduction with hydrogen/palladium, esterification with diazomethane, esterification with methanol/sulfuric acid and conversion into sodium salt, furnishing 15 compounds. All compounds were assayed in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv, ATCC 27294). The four compounds displayed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 125 µg mL-1, and were not considered active. A methylated derivative of compound 3β-hydroxy-copalic acid, and a sodium salt of copalic acid displayed MIC values of 25 µg mL-1 (71.7 µM) and 6.25 µg mL-1 (19.2 µM), respectively. The sodium salt of copalic acid stood out by displaying similar activity in comparison with streptomycin (MIC 6.25 µg mL-1) and a better activity compared to µM value of pyrazinamide (MIC 3.12 µg mL-1; 25.34 µM). Therefore, the methylated derivative of compound 3β-hydroxy-copalic acid and the sodium salt of copalic acid should be considered for further studies.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho analisar a existência de infra-estrutura para processamento de mel, em Unidades de Produção Agrícola-UPAs na região do Vale do Paraíba-SP. Para a realização desse trabalho utilizou-se o método de levantamento dos dados primários através de questionário. No período de janeiro de 2005 a março de 2006 realizou-se o trabalho com a amostra de 116 UPAs, que representam 33,7% do total de unidades onde há atividade apícola. Para avaliar-se a associação e a relação de dependência entre as variáveis equipamentos, casa do mel, escolaridade, tempo na atividade e número de colméias na UPA, utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado X² . Os resultados revelaram que a centrífuga está presente em 58,6% das UPAs e a casa do mel em 29,3% das UPAs das unidades da região. O nível de escolaridade, tempo de permanência do apicultor na atividade e o número de colméias são variáveis que estabelecem relações significativas com a existência de centrífuga e de casa do mel na UPA.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the infrastructure for honey process in Agricultural Production Units (UPAs) located in the Paraíba Valley (São Paulo state, Brazil). For this study to be carried out, the search of primary data method using a questionnaire was applied. From January 2005 to March 2006, 116 UPAs samples, representing 33.7% of all bee-related UPAs were used. For the association and relation of dependence among the equipment variables, "casa do mel", staff education level, time in the activity and number of bee-hives in the UPA, the chi-square (X²) statistical tests were applied. The results revealed that centrifuges were present in 58.6% of UPAs, while the type of "casa do mel" occured in 29.3% of UPAs in the region. The staff education level, time in the activity and number of bee-hives are variables which are important when considering the existence of centrifuges and "casa do mel" in the UPA.

Este artigo apresenta a caracterização geológica e tectono-estrutural de uma região da Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, através da interpretação do produto integrado TM-Landsat 5 e de dados aerogamaespectrométricos (contagem total). O produto integrado TM-contagem total possui características importantes para a interpretação geológica: apresenta num único produto, feições estruturais fornecidas pela imagem TM, representadas pelos elementos de relevo e drenagem e os valores radiométricos (RGB) que contribuem de forma bastante satisfatória na discriminação das unidades litoestruturais. A geração do mapa geológico foi baseada na interpretação dos valores radiométricos de contagem total (levando-se em consideração quais fatores, tais como topografia e atividade antrópica, poderiam influenciar a reposta radiométrica), nas feições de relevo e drenagem (que auxiliam na caracterização tectono-estrutural) fornecidas pela imagem TM e também nos dados de campo. Como a área apresenta intensa atividade antrópica e relevo muito arrasado, o que prejudica a interpretação geológica das imagens de sensoriamento remoto, a geração do produto integrado TM-contagem total foi decisiva para a obtenção de dados necessários ao mapeamento. Como resultado final foi elaborado o mapa geológico da área, em escala 1:250.000, sendo delimitadas 10 unidades litoestruturais relacionadas diretamente às unidades radiométricas e às feições estruturais. Um importante trend de direção N60-70W e altos mergulhos relacionados às zonas de cisalhamento transcorrentes sinistrais dúcteis a dúcteis rúpteis foi caracterizado através da interpretação visual de produtos integrados e dados de campo.

This paper deals about the geological, tectonic and structural characterization in the Alta Floresta Gold Province region, MT, through the digital integration of TM-Landsat and gamma ray spectrometry data (total count). The total count - TM integrated product has the essential features for geological interpretation. This product shows structural features from the drainage pattern and relief elements (TM image) and shows the radiometric values (RGB) that contribute to the differentiate lithostructural units. The geological map was composed based on the total count radiometric values interpretation (considering the topography and anthropogenic interference on the radiometric response), in the relief and drainage patterns features (TM image) and field data. Considering the intense anthropogenic activities in the area and almost flat terrain (that prejudice the geological interpretation of remote sensing image), the integrated products generation (TM-gamma) was decisive to the obtention of indispensable data to the mapping. The final product was the geological map of area, in the 1:250.000 scale, with delimited 10 lithostructural units, directly related to radiometric units and structural features. In addition, remarkable N60-70W trend strike-slip systems (ductile and ductile brittle shear zones) were detected and characterized through visual interpretation of the integrated products and field verification.