Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar el uso de preparaciones homeopáticas para reducir los efectos nocivos causados por los residuos de herbicidas de auxina en la germinación de semillas y el desarrollo temprano de plántulas de pepino. El diseño estadístico fue completamente al azar (DIC) en un esquema factorial 3x5+2, con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron la combinación de tres preparados homeopáticos (Nux vomica, Carbo vegetabilis y Arsenicum album), en cinco dinamizaciones centesimales (6CH; 12CH; 18CH; 24CH y 30CH), más dos testigos (T0= agua destilada y TH= herbicida (Artys™) sin tratamiento homeopático). Cada unidad experimental consistió en cajas de acrílico transparente (Gerbox™) con 25 semillas de pepino, distribuidas en dos hojas de papel para germinación y humedecidas con tratamientos homeopáticos. Las unidades experimentales se mantuvieron en cámara de germinación DBO (ambiente controlado a 25 ºC y 12 h luz). Al décimo día después de la instalación del experimento se evaluaron las siguientes variables: porcentaje de germinación, longitud de brotes, longitud de raíces, fitointoxicación, porcentaje de plántulas muertas y masa seca total. El tratamiento homeopático de semillas de pepino contaminadas con herbicida picloram + 2,4-D (Artys™) provoca cambios positivos, provocando efectos interesantes en la germinación de las semillas, pero no es eficiente para la neutralización total del efecto causado por el herbicida picloram + 2,4-D y desarrollo de plántulas tempranas de pepino. Sin embargo, para algunas variables los resultados no son concluyentes con los preparados (Nux vomica, Carbo vegetabilis y Arsenicum album) y sus ultradiluciones (6CH, 12CH, 18CH, 24CH y 30CH), requiriendo más investigación para evaluar y describir la complejidad de propiedades inherente al tratamiento homeopático.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the use of homeopathic preparations to reduce the harmful effects caused by auxin herbicide residues on seed germination and early development of cucumber seedlings. The statistical design was completely randomized (DIC) in a 3x5+2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments were the combination of three homeopathic preparations (Nux vomica, Carbo vegetabilis and Arsenicum album), in five centesimal dynamizations (6CH; 12CH; 18CH; 24CH and 30CH), plus two controls (T0= distilled water and TH = herbicide (Artys™) without homeopathic treatment). Each experimental unit consisted of transparent acrylic boxes (Gerbox™) with 25 cucumber seeds, distributed over two sheets of paper for germination and moistened with homeopathic treatments. The experimental units were kept in a BOD germination chamber (in a controlled environment at 25 ºC and 12 ho of light). On the tenth day after the installation of the experiment, the following variables were evaluated: percentage of germination, shoot length, root length, phytointoxication, percentage of dead seedlings and total dry mass. The homeopathic treatment of cucumber seeds contaminated with picloram + 2,4-D herbicide (Artys™) causes positive changes, causing interesting effects on seed germination, but it is not efficient for the total neutralization of the effect caused by the herbicide 2 picloram + 2,4-D and development of early cucumber seedlings. However, for some variables, the results are inconclusive with the preparations (Nux vomica, Carbo vegetabilis and Arsenicum album), and their ultradilutions (6CH, 12CH, 18CH, 24CH and 30CH), requiring more research to evaluate and describe the complexity of properties inherent to homeopathic treatment.

Resumo: Na Amazônia brasileira, os assentamentos rurais encontram-se cada vez mais isolados por grandes fazendas de produção em larga escala, comprometendo a sua sustentabilidade e o bem viver dos agricultores familiares assentados. Trabalhos foram realizados em assentamentos para mensurar a sustentabilidade. Porém, a maioria não leva em consideração a participação e a coletividade dos envolvidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender a concepção dos agricultores familiares sobre a sustentabilidade e o bem viver bem como avaliar a sustentabilidade no Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável - PDS São Paulo, na Amazônia norte mato-grossense. Utilizamos oficina e o sistema de semáforo para avaliar a sustentabilidade do PDS. A avaliação da sustentabilidade do assentamento nos permitiu compreender como a sustentabilidade e o bem viver vão se construindo no processo da história do assentamento. A sustentabilidade e o bem viver são processos dialéticos, estão em construção, em movimento.

Abstract: In the Brazilian Amazon, rural settlements are increasingly isolated by large-scale production farms, compromising their sustainability and the well-being of settled family farmers. This work was carried out in settlements to measure sustainability. However, most do not take into account the participation and collectivity of those involved. In this way, we propose to evaluate, in a collective and participative way, the sustainability and well-being of the Sustainable Development Project - SDP São Paulo, Amazon in northern Mato Grosso state. We use the workshop and the traffic light system to assess the sustainability of the SDP. The assessment of the sustainability of the settlement allowed us to understand how sustainability and good living are being built in the process of the settlement's history. Sustainability and good living are dialectical processes, they are under construction, in movement.

RESUMO Os quintais agroflorestais são uma prática milenar em várias partes do mundo e desempenham importantes papéis econômicos, culturais e de conservação da agrobiodiversidade. Sendo assim, o principal objetivo deste estudo foi realizar o levantamento das espécies vegetais em quintais agroflorestais urbanos em Alta Floresta - MT, sul da Amazônia; bem como analisar se contribuem para a conservação da agrobiodiversidade. Para tanto, realizou-se levantamento florístico em 30 quintais agroflorestais urbanos em 17 bairros, usando a técnica de visita guiada. Essa visita consistiu em uma caminhada pelo quintal na companhia da mantenedora, reunindo informações sobre as espécies. Também foi realizada entrevista semiestruturada. Para identificação in situ das espécies vegetais, os indivíduos foram registrados pelo nome popular e feito registro fotográfico. Os dados foram analisados por meio do índice de Shannon-Wiener, equabilidade, frequência, densidades absoluta e relativa, índice de valor de importância e similaridade florística realizada através da análise de agrupamentos. Para isso, foi utilizado o coeficiente de similaridade de Bray-Curtis e o método UPGMA. Os cálculos das variáveis e dos índices foram realizados pelo programa FITOPAC 2.1. A análise estatística utilizada foi a descritiva. Foram encontradas 72 famílias botânicas, 7.106 indivíduos e 243 espécies. Os quintais têm uma densidade de 947,47 e um índice de Shannon-Wiener de 4,06. Os quintais apresentaram baixa similaridade. A área média dos quintais é de 0,25 ha. Encontrou-se alta diversidade de famílias botânicas, indivíduos e espécies por quintal agrupadas em oito categorias de uso: frutíferas, olerícolas, condimentares, grãos, madeireira, medicinal, ornamental e sombreamento. A categoria de uso de maior importância é a medicinal. A composição florística dos 30 quintais é heterogênea. Em Alta Floresta, onde a monocultura de pastagem e da soja é predominante, os quintais agroflorestais urbanos são uma maneira de conservação da agrobiodiversidade e contribuição também para a fauna local.

ABSTRACT Agroforestry home gardens are an ancient practice in various parts of the world and play important economic, cultural and conservation roles for native agrobiodiversity. Thus, the main objective of this study was to carry out a survey of plant species in urban agroforestry homegardens in Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso state, in southern Amazon, as well as analyze whether they contribute to the conservation of agrobiodiversity. For this purpose, a floristic survey was carried out in 30 urban agroforestry home gardens in 17 neighborhoods, using the guided tour technique. This visit consisted of a walk in the home garden in the company of the maintainer, gathering information about the species. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted. For the in situ identification of plant species, individuals were registered by their popular names and a photographic record was made. The data were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener index, equability, frequency, absolute and relative densities, importance value index and floristic similarity carried out through cluster analysis. For this, the Bray-Curtis similarity coefficient and the UPGMA methods were used. The calculations of variables and indexes were performed using the FITOPAC 2.1 program. The statistical analysis used was descriptive. Seventy-two (72) botanical families, 7,106 individuals and 243 species were found. The home garden has a density of 947.47 and a Shannon-Wiener index of 4.06. The home gardens showed low similarity. The average home garden area is 0.25 ha. There was a high diversity of botanical families, individuals and species per home garden, grouped into eight categories of use: fruit, vegetables, spices, grains, timber, medicinal, ornamental and shading. The most important use category is medicinal. The floristic composition of the 30 home gardens is heterogeneous. In Alta Floresta, where grazing and soy monoculture is prevalent, urban agroforestry home gardens are a way of conserving agrobiodiversity and also contribute to the local fauna.

Abstract Plywood panel has a promising market in Wood Frame Construction System. Like any wood-based product, it can suffer deterioration, and preservative treatment is imperative. The preservative treatment can be done directly on a pressed panel - a conventional method that supposedly causes a decrease in physical-mechanical performance - or incorporated into the production process, by the previous treatment of veneers to develop panels with durability and quality. We compared the performance of these two processes. Panels were produced with Pinus taeda L., using 360 g m-2 of phenolic adhesive in a double line, a pre-pressing and hot pressing for 20 minutes under 1.2 MPa pressure and 130°C and treatement on veneers and panels with CCA-C. Tests followed Brazilian standards. Panels with previous treatment had lower water absorption and swelling. Preservation of the veneers also promoted higher retention levels and better penetration of preservatives. Both treatments did not affect the mechanical performance.

RESUMO Cloreto de polialumínio (PAC) é um coagulante polimérico inorgânico pré-hidrolisado que tem se destacado no tratamento de água de abastecimento e residuária por formar um precipitado de Al(OH)3* rígido e pesado, além de ter baixo efeito no pH. A literatura, porém, ainda é escassa na correlação da química e da física do coagulante com otimizações de processo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi empregar o PAC em estudos de tratabilidade de água de abastecimento via coagulação, floculação e sedimentação. Para isso, inicialmente foi feito um modelamento matemático para ajuste de turbidez e pH e construídos diagramas de coagulação de turbidez e de cor aparente remanescentes com pH de 4,0 a 9,0 e dosagem de 10 a 120 mg.L-1 de PAC (0,6 a 6,9 mg.L-1 de Al3+). Também foram estudados diferentes gradientes de velocidade e tempos de mistura para a coagulação e a floculação. Os diagramas de coagulação apresentaram resultados satisfatórios na faixa de pH entre 7 e 9 com dosagem superior a 30 mg.L-1 de PAC (1,7 mg.L-1 de Al3+), e está relacionado com a solubilidade mínima do Al(OH)3*. Otimizações da coagulação e da floculação obtiveram melhora de até 79% da turbidez remanescente, redução de até 83% da área do sedimentador ou redução de até 67% na dosagem de PAC, em razão de um aumento do tamanho do floco produzido. Um conhecimento aprofundado da química e da física do processo relacionado ao uso do PAC pode, portanto, trazer benefícios ao seu uso.

ABSTRACT Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) is a pre-hydrolyzed inorganic polymeric coagulant that is being used widely in the treatment of water supply and wastewater by forming a hard and heavy Al(OH)3* precipitate, in addition to having a smaller effect on pH. The literature, however, is still scarce in correlating the chemistry and physics of the coagulant with process optimizations. The objective of this paper is to use PAC in studies of water supply treatability through coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation. For this purpose, a mathematical modeling was initially performed to adjust turbidity and pH, and then remaining turbidity and apparent color coagulation diagrams were constructed with a pH of 4.0 to 9.0 and a dosage of 10 to 120 mg.L-1 of PAC (0.6 to 6.9 mg.L-1 of Al3+). Different gradients of velocity and mixing times for coagulation and flocculation were also studied. The coagulation diagrams indicated satisfactory results in the pH range between 7 and 9 with a dosage higher than 30 mg.L-1 of PAC (1.7 mg.L-1 of Al3+), and it is related to the minimum solubility of Al(OH)3*. Coagulation and flocculation optimizations achieved an improvement of up to 79% in the remaining turbidity, a reduction of up to 83% in the settler area or a reduction of up to 67% in PAC dosage, due to an increase in the size of the floc produced. An in-depth knowledge of the chemistry and physics of the process related to the use of PAC can, therefore, bring benefits to its use.

Abstract Wood is comparatively more conservative than other parts of trees, such as leaves, which present greater phenotypic plasticity. We studied the effect of seed origin on annual increment, physical-mechanical properties and anatomical characteristics of Balfourodendron riedelianum wood in a homogeneous plantation (Luiz Antônio Experimental Station (LAES)) from three natural provenances (Gália and Bauru in São Paulo State and Alvorada do Sul in Paraná State, Brazil). Because genotypic information is a determinant of wood formation, trees were expected to develop wood structure based on their provenances. Our results demostrate that variations in volume, properties and wood anatomy were influenced by provenance. Alvorada do Sul trees showed lower growth in volume and higher strength and homogeneity, compared to Gália and Bauru. Typical radial pattern was not observed for most characteristics, except modulus of elasticity and fiber length in Gália and compression parallel to the grain in Bauru that increased towards the bark. Based on the latter characteristc, B. riedelianum wood in a homogeneous planting has class C40 mechanical strength, as indicated for use in medium-sized structures, light civil construction and the manufacture of furniture.

Resumen La madera es comparativamente más conservadora que otras partes de los árboles, como las hojas, que presentan una mayor plasticidad fenotípica. Se estudió el efecto del origen de la semilla sobre el incremento anual, las propiedades físico-mecánicas y las características anatómicas de la madera de Balfourodendron riedelianum en una plantación homogénea (LAES) de tres procedencias (Gália y Bauru en Estado de São Paulo y Alvorada do Sul en Estado de Paraná, Brasil). Debido a que la información genotípica es un determinante de la formación de la madera, se esperaba que los árboles desarrollaran una estructura de madera basada en sus genética de las procedencias. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que las variaciones en volumen, propiedades y anatomía de la madera fueron influenciadas por la procedencia. Los árboles de Alvorada do Sul mostraron menor crecimiento en volumen y, por lo tanto, mayor resistencia y homogeneidad, en comparación con Gália y Bauru. El patrón radial típico no fue observado para la mayoría de las características, excepto el módulo de la elasticidad y la longitud de la fibra en Gália y la compresión paralela al grano en Bauru que aumentó en dirección a la corteza. Con base en esta última característica, la madera de B. riedelianum en plantación homogénea tiene una resistencia mecánica de clase C40, tal como se indica para su uso en estructuras medianas, construcción civil ligera y fabricación de muebles.

Abstract Many different types of honey are available in the Brazilian market. They vary in color, flavor, smell, thereby increasing interest in honey characterization relating to botanical origin. A total of 155 honey samples belonging to Brazilian flora were examined on the pollen analysis; sampling is made in a span of one year. The preparation followed melisso palynological analysis based on the specific botanical variety. The pollen spectra revealed 60 pollen types belonging to 27 plant families and Myrtaceae, Fabaceae and Asteraceae were the dominant plant families. Few pollen types were found in most samples of honey. The families that showed major richness of pollen types were Fabaceae and Asteraceae. Only six floral sources of pollen plants and three floral sources of nectar plants appeared in the category of predominant pollen. The unifloral honeys were slightly more frequent than polyfloral, and wild floral species dominated most of the honey samples. These floral sources, even in minor parts in the honeys samples, are also part of the biological feature of theses honeys. The honeys from natural fields cannot be completely accounted by the term unifloral honeys.

Resumo Esta pesquisa é estabelecida no contexto da inovação aberta. Nesse contexto, a abertura do processo de inovação acarreta fatores específicos que podem comprometer seu desempenho. Assim, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa consistiu em evidenciar a influência de dois fatores na taxa de comercialização de produtos ao longo do tempo: (i) a geração de conhecimento externo e (ii) a entrada de novos concorrentes. Esta pesquisa descritiva utiliza a Dinâmica de Sistemas resultando no diagrama de causalidade e no diagrama de fluxo e estoque no tratamento qualitativo e quantitativo. É evidenciado que a geração de conhecimento externo pode influenciar a abertura de novos mercados conduzindo ao aumento de consumidores potenciais e efetivos. A entrada de novos concorrentes influência o sistema pelo valor no mercado e seu reflexo na percepção do consumidor. Isto se expressa em uma taxa de comercialização alongada e um crescimento abreviado de unidades comercializadas.

Abstract This research is set in the context of open innovation. In this context, the opening of the innovation process entails specific factors that can compromise its performance. Thus the main objective of this research was to demonstrate the influence of two factors on the rate of commercialization of products over time: (i) the generation of external knowledge and (ii) the entry of new competitors. This descriptive study uses the System Dynamics resulting in the causal diagram and the flow and stock diagram in qualitative and quantitative treatment. It is shown that the generation of external knowledge can influence the opening of new markets leading to increased actual and potential consumers. The entrance of new competitors in the system influences the market value and its impact on consumer perception. This is expressed as a rate of elongated marketing and short growth of units sold.

ABSTRACT Our objective was to evaluate performance and fatty acid contents of the meat of Holstein veal fed in feedlots and slaughtered at four different pre-determined live weights (140, 180, 220, and 260 kg). Twenty-three non-castrated calves with initial average ages of 58 days and 57 kg live weight were used in this study. Average daily gain, dry matter intake, nutrient intake, cold carcass weight, cold carcass yield, scraps, and fat thickness improved with increasing slaughter weight. However, C18:0, C22:0, C18:2Trans10Cis12, C18:1n9Cis acids, sum of unsaturated fatty acids, and lipid content decreased with the increase in slaughter weight. Raising the slaughter weight of Holstein calves from 144 to 260 kg improves the performance of animals, mainly due to the increase in their intake capacity. However, this increase in slaughter weight does not result in significant changes in the fatty acid composition of the meat.

ABSTRACT Guapuruvu is one of the fastest growing Atlantic Forest species. It is also considered one of most important species in forest recovery areas, starting to compete with other individuals during the second stage of succession, as well as showing a capacity to be harvested and processed at this stage, after fulfilling its function as a pioneer. There are no conclusive studies about the technological potential of the wood from the young guapuruvu trees characteristic of this context. The present study evaluated the physical-mechanical properties and quality of guapuruvu wood from young trees (15 years old) from forest recovery areas in accordance with NBR 7190. The presence of tension wood did not influence the homogeneity of the wood, which is classified as strength class C20 – hardwood, with characteristic strength of 21.47 MPa in compression parallel to the grain, characteristic tension strength of 23.12 MPa parallel to grain and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 5,925 MPa. Basic and apparent densities were 290 kg/m3 and 336 kg/m3 respectively. However, its low density did not lead to low mechanical strength. The high ratio between the values of its mechanical properties and apparent density, added to its high homogeneity – despite the presence of tension wood – demonstrated the good quality of its wood.

RESUMO O estudo teve como objetivo analisar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas do carvão de clones de eucalipto por análise de componentes principais e demonstrar as correlações entre essas propriedades, a fim de avaliar qual propriedade de carvão deve ser almejada no processo para obter um produto de alta qualidade. Desta forma, foram cortados oito clones de Eucalyptus e dois de Corymbia, coletando três árvores por clone e cinco discos em diferentes alturas. Os discos foram transformados em amostras para ensaio, totalizando uma média de 75 amostras por clones, que foram carbonizados sob condições específicas para a análise da densidade aparente, compressão paralela às fibras e degradação linear e volumétrica devido à alta temperatura. Vale ressaltar que os dados foram ponderados pelo disco e por árvore, para a uma média mais próxima da realidade. Para as correlações, foi utilizada a análise multivariada de componentes principais. Nisto, verificou-se a ação da densidade aparente do carvão como o ponto focal das outras propriedades estudadas e observou-se que quanto maior a densidade, maior será a força de compressão paralela à grã, o módulo de elasticidade e o rendimento gravimétrico.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of charcoal from eucalypt clones by principal component analysis and demonstrate the relationships between these properties, in order to assess which charcoal property should aimed in the process to obtain a higher quality product. In this way, was cut eight clones of Eucalyptus and two of Corymbia, collecting three trees per clone and five disk in different heights. The disks were transformed into test samples, totaling an average of 75 samples per clones, which were carbonized under specific conditions for analysis of apparent density, compressive strength parallel to grain and linear and volumetric degradation due to high temperature. It is noteworthy that the data were weighted by disk and per tree, to an average closer to reality. For correlations, was used multivariate analysis of principal components. Herein, it is found that the apparent density of charcoal acts as the focal point of the other properties studied, and observed that as the higher the density, higher will be the compressive strength parallel to grain, the elastic modulus and the gravimetric yield.

Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar a distribuição dos componentes do balanço de água e da reciclagem de precipitação na bacia amazônica, abordando os mecanismos físicos associados ao processo de reciclagem. De forma geral, a bacia amazônica se comporta como um sumidouro de umidade da atmosfera, recebendo vapor d'água tanto do transporte de origem oceânica quanto da evaportranspiração da floresta por meio do processo de reciclagem de precipitação. Em escala regional, a Amazônia representa uma importante fonte de umidade para outras regiões da América do Sul, contribuindo para o regime da precipitação em outras áreas do continente. Na média, a reciclagem de precipitação é da ordem de 20% na bacia amazônica, com valores variando entre 15% na porção norte e 40% na porção sul. Dessa forma, do total da precipitação na bacia, aproximadamente, 20% é decorrente do processo de evapotranspiração local; indicando que, a contribuição local para a precipitação total representa um percentual significativo no balanço de água regional e desempenha um importante papel no ciclo hidrológico amazônico. Entretanto, as variabilidades e mudanças no sistema climático devido tanto às variações naturais quanto antropogênicas (aumento na emissão de gases estufa e desflorestamento) podem afetar a reciclagem e o ciclo hdrológico regional.

Abstract The objective of this study is to evaluate the distribution of water budget components and precipitation recycling in the Amazon basin addressing the physical mechanisms involved in the recycling process. In general, the Amazon basin acts as a sink for atmospheric moisture, receiving water vapor transported from the ocean and from precipitation recycled from evapotranspiration by the forest. At the regional scale, the Amazon basin is an important source of water vapor, contributing to precipitation in other remote locations of South America. Here we show, on average, 20% of precipitation in the Amazon basin is recycled, varying between 15% in the northern portion and 40% in the southern portion. Thus, approximately 20% of the total rainfall in the basin is derived from local evapotranspiration processes indicating that the local contribution to the total precipitation represents a significant contribution to the regional water budget and plays an important role in the Amazon hydrological cycle. However, the variability and changes in the climate system due to both natural and anthropogenic forcings (such as the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and changes in land use and land cover – deforestation) can affect the precipitation recycling and regional hydrologic cycle.

RESUMO O avanço da produção científica trouxe consigo o crescimento de estudos que procuram inventariar as pesquisas publicadas, convertendo-se em importantes termômetros do grau de profundidade e de amplitude dessas. Ademais, essa estratégia de pesquisa aponta tendências, lacunas, espaços de saturação, métodos mais recorrentes, obras de referência, dentre outros tantos aspectos relativos às pesquisas e à produção científica oriunda dessas. Assim, esta pesquisa objetivou analisar características demográficas e metodológicas das teses e dissertações produzidas no Brasil acerca do Programa Um Computador por Aluno (PROUCA). Metodologicamente o estudo teve caráter descritivo e recorreu ao procedimento documental, com análise de conteúdo de 43 teses e dissertações publicadas no período 2008 a 2014. Os resultados apontaram: (a) ápice da produção científica sobre o PROUCA entre 2012 e 2013; (b) forte concentração de pesquisas nas regiões sul e sudeste; (c) prevalência de estudos de caso e (d) emprego majoritário de referências bibliográficas nacionais.

ABSTRACT The advancement of scientific production brought with it the growth of studies to take stock of published research, becoming important thermometers on the depth and breadth degree of these. Furthermore, this research strategy points trends, gaps, saturation spaces, the most recursive methods, reference works, among many other aspects of the research and scientific production from that. Thus, this study aimed to analyze demographic and methodological characteristics of theses and dissertations produced in Brazil about the program One Laptop per Student (PROUCA). Methodologically the study was descriptive and used the documentary procedure, with the content analysis of 43 theses and dissertations published in the period 2008-2014. The results showed: (a) apex of scientific work on the PROUCA between 2012 and 2013; (b) high concentration of researches in the southern and southeastern regions; (c) prevalence of case studies and (d) the majority employment of national bibliographic references.

RESUMO O uso de florestas de Eucalyptus tem se tornado cada vez mais expressivo no Brasil, sobretudo por conta da excelente produção em termos volumétricos por elas alcançadas e pelas boas características da madeira obtida. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar os melhores espaçamentos de plantio para florestas clonais de um híbrido interespecífico de Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus urophylla, de forma a maximizar a produção de biomassa do fuste por hectare buscando a área vital por árvore em um intervalo que favorecesse o crescimento em diâmetro e a formação de madeira de maior densidade básica. Os dados foram disponibilizados pela empresa Duratex Florestal e são provenientes de um teste clonal exploratório de 72 meses de idade. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o sistemático com fator quantitativo contínuo, com 16 tratamentos e 40 repetições, considerando que a variação entre os tratamentos foi o espaçamento entre as árvores e a entrelinha possuía um espaçamento constante de três metros. Com este arranjo, o experimento possuiu área vital por árvore variando de 1,50 m2 (6.667 árvores por hectare) até 15,75 m2 (635 árvores por hectare). A maior produção em volume e biomassa do fuste por hectare ocorreu nos tratamentos com espaçamento de plantio adensado - 3 x 0,50 m; nos espaçamentos amplos, a partir de 9,00 m² de área vital por planta, a produção de volume e biomassa do fuste por árvore foi maior. Foi observado um aumento na densidade básica ponderada da madeira até a área vital de 4,95 m² por árvore, a partir desta área vital, a densidade básica se manteve praticamente inalterada.

ABSTRACT The use of forests of Eucalyptus has become more expressive in Brazil, mostly because of the excellent production in volumetric terms reached by them and the good characteristics of the obtained wood. The present work was developed to search the best plantations spacings for clonal forests of a interspecific hybrid of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla, to maximize the production of the stem biomass per hectare. The data were made available by the company 'Duratex Florestal' and are proceeding from a clonal test at the age of 72 months. The used statistician delineation was the systematic one with continuous quantitative factor, 16 treatments and 40 repetitions, considering that the variation between the treatments was the spacing between the trees and the space between rows was constant with three meters. Along with this arrangement, the vital area per tree was 1,50m2 (6.667 trees per hectare) to 15,75m2 (635 trees per hectare). The highest production volume and stem biomass per hectare occurred in spacing treatments with dense planting - 3x0, 50m, in large spacings (from 9.00 m² per plant life), it was on volume and biomass per tree stem. In this study, it was observed an increase in the weighted basic density of timber to the vital area of 4.95 m² per tree. From this vital area, the basic density remained virtually unchanged.

Abstract Cyanobacteria is a remarkable group of prokaryotic photosynthetic microorganisms, with several genera capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen (N2) and presenting a wide range of morphologies. Although the nitrogenase complex is not present in all cyanobacterial taxa, it is spread across several cyanobacterial strains. The nitrogenase complex has also a high theoretical potential for biofuel production, since H2 is a by-product produced during N2 fixation. In this review we discuss the significance of a relatively wide variety of cell morphologies and metabolic strategies that allow spatial and temporal separation of N2 fixation from photosynthesis in cyanobacteria. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on 16S rRNA and nifD gene sequences shed light on the evolutionary history of the two genes. Our results demonstrated that (i) sequences of genes involved in nitrogen fixation (nifD) from several morphologically distinct strains of cyanobacteria are grouped in similarity with their morphology classification and phylogeny, and (ii) nifD genes from heterocytous strains share a common ancestor. By using this data we also discuss the evolutionary importance of processes such as horizontal gene transfer and genetic duplication for nitrogenase evolution and diversification. Finally, we discuss the importance of H2 synthesis in cyanobacteria, as well as strategies and challenges to improve cyanobacterial H2 production.