Abstract Supernumerary, or B, chromosomes are present in several eukaryotes, including characid fish of the genus Psalidodon. Notably, Psalidodon paranae carries the most studied B chromosome variant, a macro-B chromosome. The origin of this element was determined to be an isochromosome; however, data regarding its inheritance remain unavailable due to methodological barriers such as the lack of an efficient, non-invasive, and rapid protocol for identifying B-carrying individuals that would enable the design of efficient crossing experiments. Thus, in this study, we primarily aimed was to develop two non-invasive and fast (approximately 2 h) methods to identify the presence of B chromosomes in live specimens of P. paranae based on satellite DNA (satDNA) sequences known to be present in this element. The methods include fluorescence in situ hybridization in interphase nuclei and relative gene quantification of satDNAs using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our results reveal the efficiency of quick-fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for identifying B-carrying individuals using the proposed satDNA sequences and open up new possibilities to study B chromosomes.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe a procedure for sampling, reproduction, and first feeding of the Neotropical catfish Pseudopimelodus mangurus, an endangered fish species. Wild adult P. mangurus specimens were collected in the Mogi Guassu River and subsequently induced to spawn in laboratory conditions. After hand-stripping, the females, the average weight of the oocytes was 143 ± 1.6 g, with a fecundity of 718 ± 49.8 oocytes g-1. The diameter of the oocytes non-hydrated was 1226.3 ± 47.7 μm to 1761.2 ± 26.4 μm after hydration. The fertilization rates were 98.00 ± 0.63%, and the hatching rate was 68.94 ± 11.83%. The first feeding was made three days post-hatching with six different treatments, in which the best results arose with sequential feeding with Artemia nauplii, Astyanax altiparanae and Prochilodus lineatus larvae. This condition resulted in a final length of 2,012.7 ± 44.8 μm by the 10th day of the experiment, higher survival (65 ± 0.9%) and lower cannibalism rate (14 ± 0.3%). The data obtained in this study is important for the establishment of reproductive biotechniques, mass production of P. mangurus, and future establishment of ex-situ GenBank.

Abstract Lafoensia pacari A. St. Hill has been used in traditional medicine as an anti-ulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory. Although there is an ethnopharmacological indication for cancer treatment, only a few studies have demonstrated its possible anticancer activity. Thus, the aims of this study were: (1) to evaluate the antineoplastic effect of L. pacari ethanolic extract (LPE) in lung carcinoma cells, (2) to determine the mode of action of LPE and (3) to identify the substances present in LPE. Human and murine lung cancer cell lines were grown in vitro and treated with different concentrations of LPE. Cell cycle and caspase-3 activity assays were performed in order to verify the mode of action. LC-ESI-MS screening was performed to detect the compounds present in LPE. LPE showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, where neoplastic cells were more sensitive than non-neoplastic. The LPE induced sub-G1 cell cycle arrest in cancer cells suggesting cell death, which was confirmed as apoptosis by the activation of caspase-3. The LC-ESI-MS analysis indicated a high level of procyanidins, which could be responsible for the antineoplastic effect of LPE. Thus, we concluded that a Lafoensia pacari extract, rich in procyanidins, is cytotoxic against lung cancer cells through activation of caspase-3-dependent apoptosis.

ABSTRACT In this experiment, the beneficial effects of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) on immunology and intestinal microbiology of Nile tilapia juveniles was demonstrated. Prior to this, three levels of MOS in Nile tilapia diets (1, 8, and 15 g.kg−1) were tested, and hematological parameters, serum lysozyme, and intestinal microbiology were analyzed. The fish blood was sampled at day zero (basal sample) and after 45 days of trial, and the intestinal microbiota was evaluated at the end of the experiment. After 45 days of trial, fish fed 8 and 15 g.kg−1 of MOS presented an increase in both aerobic and lactic acid bacteria numbers in their guts. The MOS feeding also increased the counts of total leukocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes of fish, but a decrease in neutrophils was also observed. Additionally, the serum lysozyme was higher in all fish fed MOS. The dietary MOS is able to modulate the intestinal microbiota, increasing the number of beneficial bacteria, and immunostimulates the Nile tilapia juvenile, giving rise to white blood cells and serum lysozyme.

México es un país biodiverso en varios grupos taxonómicos incluyendo a los reptiles, por ello en el país existen varias especies de tortugas dulceacuícolas y marinas. Las especies que integran dicho grupo se encuentran dentro del listado de especies sujetas a protección. El estado de Tabasco cuenta con nueve especies de tortugas de agua dulce, de las cuales Kinosternon leucostomum, Trachemys scripta y Staurotypus triporcatus son de las más importantes dentro de la tradición culinaria, hecho que las ha llevado a niveles críticos en sus poblaciones; aunado al poco conocimiento biológico que sobre dichas especies existe para conservarlas. Por lo anterior, el presente estudio de citogenética es el primero en tortugas de agua dulce en la región. El estudio se realizó, empleando el método convencional de citogenética. Los resultados muestran, el número modal diploide y haploide de K. leucostomum de 2n=56 (2n=56+3 microcromosomas “B”) y 1n=28 cromosomas 686 en mitosis y meiosis, respectivamente. En T. scripta de 2n=50 cromosomas (2n=50+2 microcromosomas “B”) y 1n=25 cromosomas. Mientras que en S. triporcatus solo se reporta el 2n=54 cromosomas (2n=54+2 microcromosomas “B”). La fórmula cromosómica en K. leucostomum, fue de 12 cromosomas metacéntricos submetacéntricos “msm”/“A”+22 cromosomas subtelocéntricos-telocéntricos “stt”/“B”+22 cromosomas telocéntricos “T”/“C”, con número fundamental (NF) de 90 brazos cromosómicos. En T. scripta fue de 32 cromosomas “msm”/“A”+10 cromosomas “stt”/“B”+8 cromosomas “T”/“C”, con NF de 92 y en S. triporcatus 20 cromosomas “msm”/“A”+34 cromosomas “T”/“C” con NF de 74. La variación en la clasificación cromosómica, el número fundamental y la presencia de microcromosomas “B” supernumerarios en las tres especies, son evidencia de citotipos cromosómicos particulares de las tortugas de Tabasco. Se argumenta que la presencia de los microcromosomas “B” tiene diferentes orígenes y de su importancia como pauta para la formación o separación de nuevas especies. En el estudio se descarta la presencia de cromosomas heterólogos entre las hembras y los machos de las especies estudiadas.

Mexico is a biodiverse country in several taxa as reptiles, that include several species of freshwater and marine turtles. Eventhough most of this group species are under protection, Tabasco State has nine native freshwater turtles, like Kinosternon leucostomum, Trachemys scripta and Staurotypus triporcatus that are very important in traditional dishes. This has resulted in a critical level of their populations, together with little biological knowledge for their conservation. Therefore, this study was dedicated to turtle cytogenetics. The study was conducted using the conventional methods for cytogenetics. The results showed the modal diploid and haploid number for K. leucostomum of 2n=56 (2n=56+3 microchromosomes “B”) and 1n=28 chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis, respectively. In T. scripta 2n=50 chromosomes (2n=50+2 microchromosomes “B”) and 1n=25 chromosomes were also characterized. Whereas in S. triporcatus we only report the 2=54 chromosomes (2n=54+2 microchromosomes “B”). The karyological formula for K. leucostomum was integrated by 12 metacentric-submetacentric chromosomes “msm”/”A”+22 subtelocentrictelocentric chromosomes “stt”/”B”+22 telocentric chromosomes “T”/”C” with fundamental number (FN) of 90 chromosome arms. While T. scripta karyotype was integrated by 32 “msm/”A”+10 “stt”/”B”+8”T/”C” chromosomes, with FN of 92 arms. S. triporcatus karyotype formula was built up by 20 chromosomes “msm”/”A”+34 chromosomes “T”/”C” with FN of 74. The variation in chromosome classification, the fundamental number and the presence of supernumerary microchromosomes “B” in the studied species, were evidence of a particular chromosome cytotypes in Tabasco. We considered that the presence of microchromosomes “B” probably has different origins, and they may be very important as a pattern for the formation or separation of new species. This study also showed the absence of heterologous chromosomes between the females and males karyotypes from the studied species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (2): 671-688. Epub 2014 June 01.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the masculinization of post-fry in three strains of Nile tilapia: thai strain 1 (TS-1), thai strain 2 (TS-2), and local strain (LS). Fishes were fed using a ration containing 60 mg of 17-á-methyiltestosterone/kg for 28 days, and biometric parameters were obtained at 7-days intervals. Later, it was observed the percentage of males and mortality. There was no significant differences on growth and male percentage (97.1±1.4%, 98.10±2.1%, 99.05±0.8% for TS-1, TS-2, and LS, respectively), although the mortality was higher for LS (52.8±7,5%) when compared to LT-1 (20.8±2.6%) and LS-2 (20.8±3.6%). These data suggest the utilization of LT-1 e LT-2.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a masculinização de pós-larvas de três linhagens de tilápias do Nilo tailandesa 1 (LT-1), tailandesa 2 (LT-2) e linhagem local (LL). Os peixes foram alimentados com uma ração contendo 60 mg de 17-á-metiltestosterona/kg por um período de 28 dias, e parâmetros biométricos foram obtidos em intervalos de sete dias. Posteriormente, foram obtidos os percentuais de machos e mortalidades. Não houve diferença significativa nos dados de crescimento e masculinização (97,1±1,4%, 98,10±2,1% e 99,1±0,8% de machos para LT-1, LT-2 e LL, respectivamente), embora o índice de mortalidade tenha sido superior para LL (52,8±7,5%) quando comparados com LT-1 (20,8±2,6%) e LT-2 (20,8±3,6%). Esses dados sugerem a utilização das linhagens LT-1 e LT-2

The aim of this article was to evaluate the effects of 17-alpha -methyl-testosterone on some morphometric indexes in bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). For that purpose, 120 animals with an initial weigth of 42.052 ± 0.528 g were distributed in four 1,54m² confinements, and fed "ad libitum" with rations containing 44% of crude protein and incorporated with different concentration of the androgen: 0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg, respectively. The hepato-somatic index was calculated using the relation HSI = Wf/WT, where Wf was liver weight and Wt was total weight, and the lipo-somatic index was calculated by the expression LSI = WL/Wt, where Wl was visceral fat. It was observed that the hormone did not have an effect in the hepatossomátic and lipossomátic indexes.

Objetivou-se por meio deste trabalho avaliar o efeito do andrógeno 17-alfa -testosterona nos índices morfométricos de rãs-touro. Foram utilizados 120 animais com biomassa final de 42,05 ± 0,528 g e estes foram alimentados ad libitum com ração comercial contendo 44 % de PB o qual foi incorporado o andrógeno em diferentes concentrações T1-0mg/kg, T2-20mg/kg, T3- 40mg/kg, T4-60mg/kg. O índice hepatossomático foi calculado pela fórmula IHS = Wf/WT, onde Wf= peso do fígado e Wt = peso total e o índice lipo-somáticos ILS=WL/Wt, onde Wl= gordura celomática. Observou que não houve efeito do hormônio nos índices hepatossomático e lipossomático.