This study evaluated the effects of organic and inorganic sources of minerals in diets for mid-lactation dairy cows on milk yield and composition, intake and total apparent digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, blood parameters, microbial protein synthesis, and energy and protein balances. Twenty Holstein cows averaging 146.83±67.34 days in milk and weighing 625.30±80.37 kg were used. The experimental design was a crossover. Diets were composed of corn silage (50%), ground grain corn, and soybean meal, differing with regard to the sources of trace minerals, plus an organic and inorganic mix. The organic mineral source increased milk fat and fat-corrected milk yield without changing milk yield, intake, or total apparent digestibility. Blood parameters, microbial protein synthesis, and energy and protein balances were not affected by the sources of minerals. Organic sources of minerals improve milk fat yield without affecting other parameters.

Avaliaram-se o desempenho produtivo e as características nutricionais em tourinhos Nelore em fase de recria, não-castrados, recebendo diferentes ofertas de suplementos em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens, de julho a setembro de 2006. A área foi dividida em cinco piquetes de 2,0 ha, com disponibilidade média de matéria seca (MS) e matéria seca potencialmente digestível (MSpd) de 3,88 e 2,22 t/ha, respectivamente. Foram utilizados 30 bezerros com peso e idade iniciais médios de 230,0 ± 6,14 kg e 8,5 ± 0,18 meses, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado contendo cinco tratamentos: quatro ofertas de suplementos em comparação a mistura mineral (MM). Foram avaliados a MM (60 g/animal) e suplementos múltiplos, fornecidos diariamente nas quantidades de 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 kg/animal para suprir 300 g/dia de PB. Os animais responderam ao uso de suplementos múltiplos, ganhando mais peso (88,72%) e apresentaram maiores níveis séricos de N-ureia (19,95 vs. 9,66) em comparação àqueles que receberam mistura mineral. Os animais sob suplementação apresentaram maiores consumos de MS, MO, EE, FDN, CNF e NDT e esses consumos aumentaram com os níveis de oferta de suplemento. A suplementação aumentou o coeficiente de digestão da maioria das variáveis avaliadas, independentemente do nível de suplemento fornecido. Os níveis mais moderados (0,5 kg) de suplementos múltiplos podem ser fornecidos aos tourinhos em fase de recria durante o período da seca para estimular o consumo de pasto, porém a máxima produção microbiana é obtida com oferta de 1,34 kg de suplemento. As melhores respostas de desempenho e características nutricionais podem ser obtidas com o fornecimento diário de suplemento em níveis de 0,5 a 1,34 kg/animal.

Productive performance and nutritional characteristics of crossbreds Nellore young bulls, in the growing stage, receiving different supplement offers, from July to September 2006, grazing on Brachiaria decumbens pasture were evaluated. The area was divided in five paddocks of 2.0 ha, with availability of dry matter and potentially digestible dry matter of 3.88 and 2.22 t/ha, respectively. Thirty animals of 230.0 ± 6.14 kg initial weight and 8.5 ± 0.18 months of age were assigned in a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments, and four supplementation levels. Mineral mix (60 g/day) and multiple supplements, formulated to supply different supplementation levels in the amounts of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg/animal to supply 300 g/day of crude protein were evaluated. Animals responded to the use of multiples supplements, gaining more weight (88.72%), in addition to showing higher seric N-urea levels (19.95 vs. 9.66), when compared with animals fed diets supplied with mineral mix. Animals under supplementation showed higher intake of DM, OM, EE, NDF, NFC and TDN in relation to animals without supplementation, and this intake increased with the levels of supplement offer. Supplementation increased the coefficient of digestion of the majority of variables, regardless of the supplementation level. More moderate levels (0.5 kg) of multiple supplement may be provided to young bulls in the growing stage, during the dry season, to stimulate intake of pasture; however the maximum microbial yield is achieved with 1.34 kg of supplement. The best responses of performance and nutritional characteristics can be obtained with dairy supply of supplement in levels of 0.5 to 1.34 kg/animal.

The study assessed performance, microbial protein synthesis, intake and digestibility of nutrients by beef heifers receiving levels of multiple supplements or nitrogen salt, in a self-controlled intake, on pasture, during the dry season. Thirty-five beef heifers, from 6 to 9 months of age and average initial body weight of 203.4 + 4.5 kg, were used. Study factors were: control - mineral mixture; nitrogen salt - 50% of urea + mineral mixture, at proportion of 1:1, and 50% of corn (75% of crude protein); levels of multiple supplementation - multiple supplements with different percentages of intake controller mixture (urea + mineral mixture, at the proportion of 1:1), corn and soybean meal (45% of crude protein). Supplement consumptions observed were: 115, 173, 572 and 1214 g/animal/day for animals fed on nitrogen salt, low, medium and high levels of multiple supplement, respectively. Supplemented animals had greater average daily gain, evidencing the positive linear effect of the levels of multiple supplementation on average daily gain. Overall, there were no significant differences between average daily gain of animals fed on multiple supplements or nitrogen salt. Supplementation increased the intake and digestibility of nutrients, except for digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, although the intake of digested neutral detergent fiber increased. Supplementation increased the production of microbial nitrogen as well as nitrogen losses in urine, although the quantity of nitrogen assimilated by bacteria, proportionally to intake, was higher. Supplementation improves nutritional parameters and weight gain.

Estudaram-se os efeitos de níveis de energia em suplementos múltiplos sobre o desempenho produtivo e os parâmetros nutricionais de bovinos em fase de terminação mantidos em pastagem de capim-braquiária (B. brizantha cv. Marandu) durante o período de transição águas-seca. Para avaliação do desempenho produtivo, utilizaram-se 24 novilhos mestiços, não-castrados, com 18 meses de idade e peso corporal médio inicial de 330 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em quatro piquetes de 1,5 ha. Avaliaram-se quatro tratamentos: mistura mineral (MM) e suplementos formulados à base de milho e grão de soja em três níveis de fornecimento (1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 kg/dia) para permitir consumo de NDT de 0,832; 1,163 e 1,496 kg/dia, respectivamente. Houve efeito linear positivo dos níveis de energia sobre o ganho médio diário e o peso vivo final. Os parâmetros nutricionais foram avaliados em quatro novilhos mestiços não-castrados com peso médio inicial de 300 kg, fistulados no esôfago, rúmen e abomaso, alimentados com dietas semelhantes às dos animais utilizados no experimento de desempenho. Não houve efeito da suplementação sobre o consumo de matéria seca total, mas houve redução linear no consumo de forragem da pastagem (MSP). Os consumos de matéria orgânica proveniente do pasto, de FDN da dieta total e de FDN da pastagem foram afetados linear e negativamente pelos níveis de energia. Não foram encontrados efeitos dos níveis de suplementação sobre a digestibilidade total dos nutrientes, com exceção da PB, que foi influenciada de forma quadrática pelos níveis de suplementação. Ganhos de peso adicionais de 20 a 30% podem ser obtidos com quantidades crescentes de energia na fase de terminação, contudo, esses ganhos dependem da substituição do consumo de forragem pelo suplemento.

The effects of energy levels in multiple supplements on productive performance and nutritional parameters were evaluated of finishing beef cattle grazing palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), during the rainy to dry transition season. For the performance evaluation, 24 crossbred bulls, 18 month old and 330 kg of initial body weight (BW), were distributed to a completely randomized design, in four paddocks of 1.5 ha each. Four treatments were evaluated: mineral mix (MM) and corn and whole soybean grain based supplements offered in three levels: 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 kg/d, allowing TDN intake of, respectively, 0.832; 1.163 and 1.496 kg/d. There was a positive linear effect of the energy levels on the average daily gain and on the final body weight. The nutritional parameters were assessed in four crossbred bulls , with average initial 300 kg BW, fitted with esophageal, ruminal and abomasal cannula, and fed similar diets of those animals used in the performance. There was no ffect of supplementation on dry matter intake (DMI), although it was observed a linear reduction in forage intake. The intakes organic matter from pasture, of the NDF from the total diet and of the pasture was negative linearly affected by the energy levels. There were not observed effects of supplementation levels on the total apparent digestibility of the nutrients, except for CP, which showed a quadratic effect by the level of supplementation. Additional weight gain, ranging from 20 to 30%, can be obtained in beef cattle supplemented with increasing amounts of energy during the finishing phase; however, those gains depend of the substitution of forage intake by the supplement.