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Abstract: Introduction: Arterial hypertension is the great challenge of health policies in the world. Its high prevalence, the lack of control (linked to poor adherence to antihypertensive treatment) and its high "burden" (as a non-communicable disease) are responsible for the increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Objetive: To evaluate, as a pilot test, the benefit of real-time telemonitoring applied to blood pressure (BP) control. Metodology: Inclusion criteria: Diagnosed hypertensives, under pharmacological treatment, assisted in the Maciel Hospital polyclinic in the period June-October 2019. Exclusion criteria: pregnancy and upper arm circumference less than 22 cm or greater than 42 cm. Home blood pressure monitoring was implemented, using a validated electronic blood pressure monitor and a smart cell phone connected to a private web platform in real time. Analytical, experimental, prospective study. Qualitative variables were expressed in absolute frequency and percentage relative frequency. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. The normality of the distribution was verified using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Results: Of a total of 57 patients, the mean age was 59 ± 12.8 years, female sex 64.9%. Presenting 22.8% poor knowledge of the disease. Regarding the control of BP figures, 31.6% reported not checking regularly. Adherence to pharmacological treatment at the beginning of the monitoring was 33.3%. Figures lower than those described by RENATA-2, where half of the treated hypertensives complied with the treatment. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were analyzed at the beginning and end of the study. Pre-monitoring measurements were mean SBP: 138.6 ± 17.8 mmHg and mean DBP: 85.4 ± 14.8 mmHg. The records at the end of the immediate monitoring were 131.5 ± 19.9 mmHg and 81.5 ± 14.2 mmHg for PAS and PAD, respectively. Finding a significant difference between the means of the PAS (p 0.019), but not between the means of the DBP (p 0.06). Discussion: Although the percentage of patients achieving good BP control was significant, these results may be closely related to a subtype of observed performance bias, rather than the outcome of the intervention. The mean days of telemonitoring were 8, 85, number of shots was 34.12, and number of interventions performed by the observer (medication change) was 0.30. User satisfaction with the method used was 96.4%, and 100% considered it Easy or very easy to use. 87.5% would use it for long periods of time, including older adults. Conclusions: The studied method shows potential benefits for the control of BP figures, with a wide acceptance by users, facilitating access to the health system, and quality medical care.

Resumo: Introdução: A hipertensão arterial é o grande desafio das políticas de saúde no mundo. Sua alta prevalência, o descontrole (ligado à baixa adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo) e sua alta "carga" (como doença não transmissível) são responsáveis pelo aumento da morbimortalidade cardiovascular. Objetivo: foi avaliar como teste piloto, o benefício do telemonitoramento em tempo real, aplicado ao controle da pressão arterial (PA). Metodologia: Critérios de inclusão: Hipertensos diagnosticados, em tratamento farmacológico, atendidos na policlínica do Hospital Maciel no período de junho a outubro de 2019. Critérios de exclusão: gravidez e circunferência do braço menor que 22 cm ou maior que 42 cm. Foi implementado o monitoramento domiciliar da pressão arterial, utilizando um monitor eletrônico de pressão arterial validado e um telefone celular inteligente conectado a uma plataforma web privada em tempo real. Estudo analítico, experimental, prospectivo.As variáveis qualitativas foram expressas em frequência absoluta e frequência relativa percentual. As variáveis quantitativas foram expressas como média e desvio padrão. A normalidade da distribuição foi verificada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov Smirnov. Resultados: De um total de 57 pacientes, a média de idade foi de 59 ± 12,8 anos, sexo feminino 64,9%. Apresentando 22,8% conhecimento ruim sobre a doença. Em relação ao controle dos valores da PA, 31,6% relataram não verificar regularmente. A adesão ao tratamento farmacológico no início do acompanhamento foi de 33,3%, valores inferiores aos descritos pelo RENATA-2, onde metade dos hipertensos tratados aderiu ao tratamento. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) foram analisadas no início e no final do estudo. As medições de pré-monitoramento foram PAS média: 138,6 ± 17,8 mmHg e PAD média: 85,4 ± 14,8 mmHg. Os registros ao final do monitoramento imediato foram de 131,5 ± 19,9 mmHg e 81,5 ± 14,2 mmHg para PAS e PAD, respectivamente. Encontrando diferença significativa entre as médias do PAS (p 0,019), mas não entre as médias do DBP (p 0,06). Discussão: Embora a porcentagem de pacientes que alcançaram um bom controle da PA tenha sido significativa, esses resultados podem estar intimamente relacionados a um subtipo de viés de desempenho observado, e não ao resultado da intervenção. A média de dias de telemonitoramento foi 8, 85, o número de disparos foi 34,12, e o número de intervenções realizadas pelo observador (mudança de medicação) foi de 0,30. A satisfação dos usuários com o método utilizado foi de 96,4%, sendo que 100% consideraram fácil ou muito fácil de usar. 87,5% usariam por longos períodos de tempo, inclusive idosos adultos. Conclusões: O método estudado apresenta potenciais benefícios para o controle dos valores da PA, com ampla aceitação pelos usuários, facilitando o acesso ao sistema de saúde e assistência médica de qualidade.

Abstract The dispersal of juvenile spiders has been well documented in araneomorphs but is poorly known in mygalomorphs. In this work we registered for the first time the terrestrial dispersal in juvenile Grammostola rosea based on a field observation and seven records obtained through citizen science programs (Arañas de Chile, Comunidad Entomológica Chilena, Insectos de Chile-Oficial). These juveniles disperse in a single row of up to 160 individuals and between two and four meters long. In addition, we confirmed the use of silk threads during the dispersing process. These records occurred in summer (southern hemisphere), mainly at dusk and were recorded in the central zone of Chile, between the regions of Coquimbo and Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins. This study contributes to a better understanding of the dispersal mechanisms of the juveniles of this species.

Resumen La dispersión de arañas juveniles ha sido bien documentada en araneomorfas, pero es escasamente conocida en migalomorfas. En este trabajo registramos por primera vez la dispersión terrestre en juveniles de Grammostola rosea con base en una observación de terreno y a siete registros obtenidos a través de programas de ciencia ciudadana (Arañas de Chile, Comunidad Entomológica Chilena, Insectos de Chile-Oficial). Estos juveniles se dispersan formando una sola fila de hasta 160 individuos y de entre dos y cuatro metros de largo. Además, confirmamos el uso de hilos de seda durante el proceso de dispersión. Estos registros ocurrieron en verano (hemisferio sur), principalmente al atardecer y se registraron en la zona central de Chile, entre las regiones de Coquimbo y del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins. Este estudio contribuye a un mejor entendimiento de los mecanismos de dispersión de los juveniles de esta especie.

Abstract Currently, research on great apes has been phased out in practically all the world. In this context, the question arises as to whether it is time to ban or restrict research on all non-human primates. One way to address this question is to assess whether the reasons that were successfully put forward in favor of restricting research on great apes can be extended to other non-human primates. Based on a recent review of the debate on the restriction of research with great apes (Aguilera, Perez Gomez, y DeGrazia, 2021), the present article carries out this task, analyzing domains of reasons related to moral status, science, animal welfare, attitudes of experts and the public, conservation and retirement of primates, financial costs, and the attribution of respect and rights to non-human primates. This way, the aim is to shed light on the debate around the restriction of research with all types of non-human primates, offering strategic, persuasive, and philosophical tools for those who would like to move forward in this direction.

Resum En l'actualitat, la recerca en grans simis ha deixat de realitzar-se en pràcticament tothom. En aquest context, cal preguntar-se si és que ha arribat el temps de prohibir o restringir severament la recerca amb tota mena de primats no humans. Una manera d'abordar aquesta pregunta és avaluant si és que les raons que van ser esgrimides-amb èxit-en favor de restringir la recerca amb grans simis, poden ser esteses al cas dels altres primats no humans. Tenint com a base una recent revisió del debat sobre la restricció de la recerca amb grans simis (Aguilera, Perez Gomez, i DeGrazia, 2021), el present article duu a terme aquesta tasca, analitzant dominis de raons relacionats amb l'estatus moral, la ciència, el benestar animal, les actituds dels experts i el públic, la conservació i el retir dels primats, els costos financers, i l'atribució de respecte i drets als primats no humans. D'aquesta manera, es pretén il·luminar el debat entorn de la restricció de la recerca amb tota classe de primats no humans, aportant eines estratègiques, persuasives i filosòfiques per qui desitgi avançar en aquesta direcció.

Resumen En la actualidad, la investigación en grandes simios ha dejado de realizarse en prácticamente todo el mundo. En este contexto, cabe preguntarse si es que ha llegado el tiempo de prohibir o restringir severamente la investigación con toda clase de primates no humanos. Una manera de abordar esta pregunta es evaluando si es que las razones que fueron esgrimidas-con éxito-en favor de restringir la investigación con grandes simios, pueden ser extendidas al caso de los demás primates no humanos. Teniendo como base una reciente revisión del debate sobre la restricción de la investigación con grandes simios (Aguilera, Perez Gomez, y DeGrazia, 2021), el presente artículo lleva a cabo esta tarea, analizando dominios de razones relacionados con el estatus moral, la ciencia, el bienestar animal, las actitudes de los expertos y el público, la conservación y el retiro de los primates, los costos financieros, y la atribución de respeto y derechos a los primates no humanos. De esta manera, se pretende iluminar el debate en torno a la restricción de la investigación con toda clase de primates no humanos, aportando herramientas estratégicas, persuasivas y filosóficas para quienes deseen avanzar en esta dirección.

Abstract Currently, research on great apes has been phased out in practically all the world. In this context, the question arises as to whether it is time to ban or restrict research on all non-human primates. One way to address this question is to assess whether the reasons that were successfully put forward in favor of restricting research on great apes can be extended to other non-human primates. Based on a recent review of the debate on the restriction of research with great apes (Aguilera, Perez Gomez, y DeGrazia, 2021), the present article carries out this task, analyzing domains of reasons related to moral status, science, animal welfare, attitudes of experts and the public, conservation and retirement of primates, financial costs, and the attribution of respect and rights to non-human primates. This way, the aim is to shed light on the debate around the restriction of research with all types of non-human primates, offering strategic, persuasive, and philosophical tools for those who would like to move forward in this direction.

Resumen En la actualidad, la investigación en grandes simios ha dejado de realizarse en prácticamente todo el mundo. En este contexto, cabe preguntarse si es que ha llegado el tiempo de prohibir o restringir severamente la investigación con toda clase de primates no humanos. Una manera de abordar esta pregunta es evaluando si es que las razones que fueron esgrimidas-con éxito-en favor de restringir la investigación con grandes simios, pueden ser extendidas al caso de los demás primates no humanos. Teniendo como base una reciente revisión del debate sobre la restricción de la investigación con grandes simios (Aguilera, Perez Gomez, y DeGrazia, 2021), el presente artículo lleva a cabo esta tarea, analizando dominios de razones relacionados con el estatus moral, la ciencia, el bienestar animal, las actitudes de los expertos y el público, la conservación y el retiro de los primates, los costos financieros, y la atribución de respeto y derechos a los primates no humanos. De esta manera, se pretende iluminar el debate en torno a la restricción de la investigación con toda clase de primates no humanos, aportando herramientas estratégicas, persuasivas y filosóficas para quienes deseen avanzar en esta dirección.

Resum En l'actualitat, la recerca en grans simis ha deixat de realitzar-se en pràcticament tothom. En aquest context, cal preguntar-se si és que ha arribat el temps de prohibir o restringir severament la recerca amb tota mena de primats no humans. Una manera d'abordar aquesta pregunta és avaluant si és que les raons que van ser esgrimides-amb èxit-en favor de restringir la recerca amb grans simis, poden ser esteses al cas dels altres primats no humans. Tenint com a base una recent revisió del debat sobre la restricció de la recerca amb grans simis (Aguilera, Perez Gomez, i DeGrazia, 2021), el present article duu a terme aquesta tasca, analitzant dominis de raons relacionats amb l'estatus moral, la ciència, el benestar animal, les actituds dels experts i el públic, la conservació i el retir dels primats, els costos financers, i l'atribució de respecte i drets als primats no humans. D'aquesta manera, es pretén il·luminar el debat entorn de la restricció de la recerca amb tota classe de primats no humans, aportant eines estratègiques, persuasives i filosòfiques per qui desitgi avançar en aquesta direcció.

Abstract: The main traditional festivities that took place in Libertador General Bernardo O’Higgins Region, Chile, are presented and detailed, approaching them as expressions of the intangible cultural heritage of the communities that give them life. The traditional festivities were extracted from the written press of the region (1849-2016) and selected under the criteria of validity at present. These festivals have at least one of the following themes as their central axis: traditional activities in the area, typical gastronomy, and expressions of religiosity. These are analyzed within the historical context in which they emerged, since it seeks to demonstrate its symbiotic relationship with the local culture of origin. Finally, it offers a critical look at traditional festivities and the challenges they face today.

Resumen: El artículo presenta y detalla las principales fiestas costumbristas realizadas en la Región del Libertador General Bernardo O’Higgins, Chile, abordándolas como expresiones del patrimonio cultural inmaterial de las comunidades que les dan vida. Las fiestas costumbristas estudiadas fueron extraídas de la prensa escrita de la región (1849-2016) y seleccionadas bajo el criterio de vigencia en la actualidad. Tales fiestas tienen como eje central, al menos, una de las siguientes temáticas: actividades tradicionales de la zona, gastronomía típica y expresiones de religiosidad. Son analizadas dentro del contexto histórico en que surgieron, con lo cual se busca demostrar su relación simbiótica con la cultura local de origen. Finalmente, se ofrece una mirada crítica a las fiestas costumbristas y los retos a los cuales se enfrentan en la actualidad.

ABSTRACT Background: An increasingly large proportion of clinical trials is being conducted at non-traditional geographic regions such as Latin America. However, concerns have been raised that hosting countries may lack adequate research regulations and that clinical trials may not address local health needs. In this context, Chile has been hosting a relatively large proportion of clinical trials and has introduced new regulatory protections. Aim: To study trends and characteristics of clinical trials in Chile, including the effects of regulatory protections and whether clinical trials are aligned with the local burden of diseases. Material and Methods: Data from clinical trials on pharmaceutical products registered over the last decade in Chile’s Institute of Public Health was reviewed. Clinical trials were analyzed according to sponsorship, phase, disease studied, and whether distribution of trials according to diseases was aligned with the local burden of diseases measured in disability-adjusted life years. Results: Most of the 876 clinical trials analyzed were funded by external pharmaceutical companies and corresponded to late-phase trials. The most commonly studied disease groups were neoplasms, musculoskeletal disorders, other noncommunicable diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes and kidney diseases, neurological disorders, and circulatory diseases. The distribution of clinical trials was partially aligned with the distribution of major causes of disease burden. The introduction of new regulatory protections was followed by changes in the number of trials studying certain disease groups associated with a high burden. Conclusions: Clinical trials conducted in Chile over the last decade are largely funded by external pharmaceutical companies. Their distribution is partially aligned with local disease burden. The introduction of regulatory protections was followed by changes in the distribution of diseases studied.

Antecedentes: Una proporción cada vez mayor de ensayos clínicos se realiza en regiones geográficas no tradicionales, como América Latina. Sin embargo, existe preocupación de que los países anfitriones no cuenten con una adecuada regulación para la investigación y que los ensayos clínicos no aborden las necesidades de salud locales. En este contexto, Chile ha albergado una proporción relativamente grande de ensayos clínicos y ha introducido nuevas protecciones regulatorias. Objetivo: Estudiar las tendencias y características de ensayos clínicos realizados en Chile. Conocer el efecto de protecciones regulatorias y saber si los ensayos clínicos están alineados con la carga de enfermedad del país. Material y Métodos: Se revisó la información acerca de ensayos clínicos registrados en Chile en el Instituto de Salud Pública. Estos se analizaron según patrocinio, fase, enfermedad estudiada y si la distribución de los ensayos tenía relación con la carga de enfermedad del país, medida como años de vida ajustados por discapacidad. Resultados: Se revisaron 876 ensayos clínicos. La mayoría estaban financiados por compañías farmacéuticas extranjeras y correspondían a ensayos de fases tardías. Las principales enfermedades estudiadas fueron tumores, enfermedades músculo esqueléticas, otras enfermedades no comunicables, enfermedades respiratorias crónicas, diabetes y enfermedades renales, problemas neurológicos y enfermedades cardiovasculares. La distribución de ensayos clínicos estaba parcialmente alineada con la carga de enfermedad. A las nuevas protecciones regulatorias les siguieron cambios en el número de ensayos que estudian enfermedades con alta carga. Conclusiones: Los ensayos clínicos efectuados en Chile son mayoritariamente financiados por compañías farmacéuticas extranjeras. Su distribución está parcialmente alienada con la carga de enfermedad del país. La introducción de protecciones regulatorias se asoció a un cambio en la distribución de las enfermedades estudiadas.

Abstract Background: Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are the natural enemies of insect pests. Nevertheless, research on the use of EPF for simultaneous prevention of pest and disease agents on the same crop is limited. In this study, we explored the potential dual effects of three strains of the EPF Metarhizium anisopliae on the control of detrimental agents of Vitis vinifera L., including different developmental stages (larvae, pupae, and adult) of the insect pest Lobesia botrana and the phytopathogenic fungus Eutypella microtheca. Methods: Laboratory pathogenicity trials were performed to examine the effects of the three M. anisopliae strains on the mortality rate of L. botrana. In addition, field trials were conducted to assess the biocontrol potential of one selected M. anisopliae strain on the larval stage of L. botrana. Moreover, inhibitory effects of the three EPF strains on E. microtheca growth were examined in vitro. Results: All the M. anisopliae strains were highly effective, killing all stages of L. botrana as well as inhibiting the growth of E. microtheca. The in vitro mortality of larvae treated with the strains was over 75%, whereas that of treated pupae and adults was over 85%. The three EPF strains showed similar efficacy against larvae and adult stages; never-theless, pupal mortality was observed to be strain dependent. Mortality of L. botrana larvae ranged from 64 to 91% at field conditions. Inhibition of E. microtheca growth reached 50% in comparison to the control. Conclusions: Our study showed that M. anisopliae strains were highly effective in ensuring control of two different detrimental agents of V. vinifera L., providing new evidence to support the dual effects of entomopathogenic fungi.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os resultados funcionais de pacientes diagnosticados com impacto femoroacetabular (IFA) e com mais de 60 anos de idade em comparação aos resultados de pacientes com até 40 anos de idade. Métodos Esta é uma revisão retrospectiva de pacientes com IFA submetidos à artroscopia do quadril entre 2010 e 2015. Os pacientes eram adultos com mais de 60 anos de idade e Tönnis ≤ 1, alocados na proporção de 1:1 com adultos de até 40 anos de idade, de acordo com o tipo de deformidade (came, pincer, ou misto), sexo e data de realização da cirurgia. Resultados Trinta e quatro pacientes foram incluídos em cada grupo. A idade média foi de 30,6 ± 6,9 anos e 65,6 ± 4,6 anos nos grupos controle e de casos, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos no acompanhamento de 1 ano (p > 0.05). No primeiro ano após a cirurgia, a pontuação Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) passou de 46,3 para 22,0 no grupo de pacientes mais velhos (casos) e de 38,1 para 7,2 no grupo controle em comparação ao estágio pré-operatório. Conclusão O grupo de pacientes com até 40 anos de idade apresentou uma mudança considerável na pontuação WOMAC, mas sem significado estatístico em comparação ao grupo de pacientes acima de 60 anos. Essa observação sugere que a artroscopia do quadril é benéfica quando a seleção de pacientes com IFA é apropriada, independentemente da idade dos indivíduos.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the functional outcomes of patients diagnosed with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) older than 60 years, compared with those of patients of age 40 years or younger. Methods This was a retrospective review of patients with FAI who underwent hip arthroscopy between 2010 and 2015. The patients were adults aged over 60 years with Tönnis ≤ 1 matched in a 1:1 ratio with adults aged 40 years or younger, according to the type of deformity (cam, pincer, or mixed), sex, and the date when the surgery was performed. Results Thirty-four patients were included in each group. The mean age was 30.6 ± 6.9 years and 65.6 ± 4.6 years in the control and case groups, respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups at 1-year follow-up (p > 0.05). In the group with older patients (case group), we observed a change in the total Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score from 46.3 to 22.0 in the 1st postoperative year, while the control cases improved in the WOMAC score from 38.1 to 7.2 in relation to the preoperative stage. Conclusion In the group of patients ≤ 40 years old, a considerable change was observed in the WOMAC score without a statistical significance compared with the > 60 years group. This observation suggests that hip arthroscopy is beneficial when there is an appropriate selection of patients with FAI, regardless the age of the patient.

Resumo Este trabalho analisa a relação entre ética e direito na regulamentação da pesquisa biomédica no Chile. Para isso, realizou-se estudo comparativo entre o marco legal chileno e as principais regulamentações éticas internacionais ( Declaração de Helsinki e Diretrizes do Conselho de Organizações Internacionais de Ciências Médicas), tendo como referência os requisitos éticos propostos por Emanuel, Wendler e Grady para avaliar pesquisas biomédicas. São analisadas e comentadas tensões e inconsistências entre essas áreas regulatórias, particularmente aquelas em que a legislação chilena apresenta lacunas, deficiências ou é mais exigente do que o padrão ético internacional. Concluímos com sugestões para aprimorar a regulamentação legal chilena, incluindo o fortalecimento do papel deliberativo dos comitês de ética em pesquisa e a sistematização do arcabouço normativo relacionado à pesquisa, a fim de alcançar legislação mais estruturada e completa.

Abstract This article analyzes the relationship between ethics and law in the regulation of biomedical research in Chile. To this end, a comparative study was carried out on the main international ethical regulations ( Declaration of Helsinki and Guidelines of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences), having as a reference the ethical requirements for assessing biomedical research proposed by Emanuel, Wendler and Grady. The tensions and inconsistencies found between the two regulatory areas are evaluated and commented, especially those in which the Chilean legislation presents legal gaps, deficiencies or is more demanding than the international ethical standard. We make some suggestions for improving the Chilean legal regulation of biomedical research, including strengthening the deliberative role of ethics committees and systematizing the legal framework related to research to achieve a more structured and complete legal body.

Resumen El presente trabajo analiza la relación entre ética y derecho en la regulación de la investigación biomédica en Chile. Para ello, se lleva a cabo un estudio comparativo entre el marco legal chileno y las principales normativas éticas internacionales ( Declaración de Helsinki y Pautas del Consejo de Organizaciones Internacionales de las Ciencias Médicas), teniendo como referente los requisitos para evaluar una investigación biomédica propuestos por Emanuel, Wendler y Grady. Se examinan y comentan tensiones e inconsistencias entre estos ámbitos regulatorios, en particular aquellas donde la legislación chilena tiene vacíos, falencias o es más exigente que el estándar ético internacional. Se concluye con sugerencias para mejorar la regulación jurídica chilena, entre las que se incluyen fortalecer el rol deliberativo de los comités ético-científicos y sistematizar el marco relacionado con investigación con el fin de lograr un cuerpo legal más orgánico y completo.

ABSTRACT. The local knowledge of the wild species that goats consume in the areas surrounding the natural reserves contributes to the establishment of options for livestock production systems associated to the semiarid zones, with a focus on the preservation of the species, the economy of the farmers and the safeguarding of the environment. The objective was to develop a quantitative method to evaluate the forage importance index of these species (based on empirical knowledge), defined as the primary function played by a species of goat plant in the goat farmers culture in an area of buffering of the Sierra La Laguna Biosphere Reserve in Baja California Sur. Seventeen random surveys were carried out to develop the method and calculate the Forage Importance Index (FII) of the species, using eight indices (Abundance Perception Index, Frequency of Use Index, Consumed Organs Index, Consumption Season Index, Category Food and Index of Climatological Conditions) as well as the Salience Index and the Mention of Frequency. There were 37 species of plants associated with the area, the most abundant by family are 10 Fabaceaes, 4 Cactacea, 4 Euphorbiaceaes and 3 Asteraceaes. The most mentioned species include vinorama (Acacia farnesiana), palo zorrillo (Cassia emarginata), palo verde (Cercidium floridum) and ironwood (Pithecollobium confine).The five species with the highest value of FII include vinorama (Acacia farnesiana), palo zorrillo (Cassia emarginata), palo verde (Cercidium floridum), ironwood (Pithecollobium confine) and palo eva (Pithecellobium undulatum). This study collected the knowledge of the farmers about the value and the use of species and the species with the highest forage importance were determined.

RESUMEN. El conocimiento de las especies silvestres que consume el ganado caprino en las zonas aledañas a las reservas naturales ayuda al establecimiento de opciones para los sistemas de producción pecuarios de las zonas semiáridas, para un enfoque de preservación de las especies, la economía de los ganaderos y la salvaguarda del medio ambiente. El objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar un método cuantitativo para evaluar la importancia forrajera de estas especies, con base en la función primordial que desempeña una especie de planta para el ganado caprino en la cultura de los rancheros caprinocultores de la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra La Laguna en Baja California Sur. Se realizaron encuestas al azar para desarrollar el método y calcular el Índice de Importancia Forrajera (IIF) de las especies, por medio del Índice de Percepción de Abundancia, Índice de Frecuencia de Uso, Índice de Órganos Consumidos, Índice de Época de Consumo, Categoría Alimentaria, Índice de Condiciones Climatológicas e Índice de Saliencia y la Frecuencia de Mención. Se encontraron 37 especies de plantas asociadas a la zona, las más abundantes por familia son 10 Fabaceaes, 4 Cactaceaes, 4 Euphorbiaceaes y 3 Asteraceaes. Las cinco especies con el valor mayor IIF son vinorama (Acacia farnesiana), palo zorrillo (Cassia emarginata), palo verde (Cercidium floridum), palo fierro (Pithecollobium confine) y palo eva (Pithecellobium undulatum). Se recopiló el conocimiento de los productores pecuarios sobre el valor y uso de las especies y se determinaron las especies con mayor importancia forrajera.

Abstract: This paper defends the relevance of philosophy in the contemporary study of concepts. With the advent of cognitive science, naturalistic and interdisciplinary the orizing about concepts has gained momentum. In this context, it has been recently argued that philosophers’ theories of concepts are not aimed at answering the issues that psychologists are interested in, thus dismissing the mentioned philosophical contribution as scientifically otiose. We present and discuss two cases in point suggesting otherwise, as an attempt to vindicate the crucial role of philosophy in the development of empirical theories of concepts.

Resumen: Este artículo defiende la relevancia de la filosofía en el estudio contemporáneo de conceptos. Con el desarrollo de la ciencia cognitiva, la teorización naturalista e interdisciplinaria acerca de los conceptos ha cobrado impulso. En este contexto, se ha argumentado recientemente que las teorías filosóficas de conceptos no son acerca del tipo de cosas que interesan a los psicólogos, descartando así la pertinencia científica de la contribución filosófica mencionada. Presentamos y discutimos dos casos que sugieren lo contrario, como un intento de reivindicar el papel crucial que tiene la filosofía en el desarrollo de teorías empíricas de conceptos.

When prescribing a treatment, the physician should give truthful information about the likely benefits and the potential adverse effects, allowing the patient to make an autonomous decision about whether to take the treatment. However, the mere expectation of adverse effects may precipitate the corresponding symptoms. This is called “nocebo effect”, which in contrast to the placebo effect, can lead to harm to the patient due to psychological factors. Nocebo effects are common and clinically significant, although often unnoticed. This situation generates conflicts in medical ethics guiding principles, namely the moral obligation to disclose all possible effects of the prescribed drug as opposed to the duty of avoiding the harm of side effects that are likely to occur in a case. In other words, the physician faces a dilemma between the due respect for autonomy and the duty of non-maleficence. This article reflects about this conflict, by exploring the limits of the principle of autonomy and how to balance it with the principle of non-maleficence. We suggest an interpretation of the principle of autonomy from a patient-centered perspective, suggesting that it is ethically sound to give a prudential, partial disclosure of information to the patient, for the sake of avoiding potential nocebo effects. The article concludes with some cautionary considerations to be considered about this decision.

Currently only monosporic strains from several entomopathogenic fungi have been selected and used for mass production and bioinsecticide manufacturing worldwide. The main reasons for the use of single spore instead of multispore strains are the attenuated virulence and the contaminants of the same species. In this study, different polisporic isolates and their monosporic combinations were tested against Tenebrio molitor (L.) larvae as an insect model. Isolates were obtained from arid soils. Four Metarhizium sp. (Metschn.) multisporic isolates (CEP413, CEP589, CEP590 and CEP591) were selected for bioassays. Trials were performed to evaluate mortality on three treatments, Full Polisporic (FP), Partial Polisporic (PP) and Pure Monosporic (PM). Cumulative mortality was measured at day 4 post infection. Sporulation percentage was assessed at day 6 post infection. The highest mortality was found at FP treatment (94%), the lowest mortality at day 4 was found at PM-CEP413 (32%). At day 6 the sporulation percentage was higher on FP (94%) and it was different from the rest of the treatments. To elucidate different polisporic and monosporic combinations to improve their effectiveness, may help to expand the use of bioinsecticides based on entomopathogenic fungi.

Actualmente existen varias cepas de hongos entomopatógenos utilizadas para la fabricación de bio-insecticidas comerciales. Sin embargo, la selección de éstas sigue algunas pautas como la obtención y evaluación de cepas monospóricas (cultivo en masa de microorganismos que provienen de una sola espora) Las principales razones para el uso de cultivos monospóricos en lugar de cultivos polispóricos son: la virulencia atenuada y los posibles “contaminantes” de la misma especie. En este estudio, diferentes aislamientos polispóricos y sus combinaciones monospóricas se pusieron a prueba para evaluar su eficacia respecto a larvas de Tenebrio molitor (L.) como insecto modelo. Los aislamientos polispóricos de hongos entomopatógenos fueron obtenidos de muestras de suelo de regiones agrícolas áridas. Se seleccionaron cuatro aislamientos polispóricos de Metarhizium sp. (Metschn.) (CEP413, CEP589, CEP590 y CEP591) para los bioensayos. Se realizaron pruebas de patogenicidad para evaluar la mortalidad en tres tratamientos, Polispórico completo (FP), Polispórico parcial (PP) y Monospórico puro (PM). La mortalidad acumulada se midió al día 4 después de la infección. El porcentaje de esporulación se evaluó al día 6 después de la infección. La mayor mortalidad se encontró en el tratamiento PF (94%), la menor mortalidad en el día 4 se encontró en PM-CEP413 (32%). Al día 6 el porcentaje de esporulación fue mayor en FP (94%) y fue diferente del resto de tratamientos. Elucidar diferentes combinaciones polispóricas y monospóricas para aumentar la eficacia de las aplicaciones es crucial para ayudar a expandir el uso de bio-insecticidas basados en hongos entomopatógenos.