Abstract Metals can contaminate the environment and increasingly affect ecological systems and public health worldwide. Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions play a significant part in increasing the cancer rate, since their amounts are higher in cancerous patients than in healthy individuals. Electrochemical methods have been extensively used for analyzing biological, beverages and food samples to estimate Cu(II) and Pb(II). The present study has employed LSASV for Cu(II) and Pb(II) determination in female patients (suffering from breast-cancer) cancerous blood serum samples. Optimized conditions for analysis have required: Gc, with an eacc of -0.2 V and a tacc of 400 s, as WE; 0.1 M AB (pH 5.1) as SE, at a stirring rate of 9 rpm and SR of 100 mV/s-1; Ag/AgCl as RE; and a Pt wire as CE. Under the optimized conditions, the cost-effective procedure was successfully applied for Cu(II) and Pb(II) determination in cancerous human serum. LOD was in the range of ppb. The analysis indicated higher Cu(II) and Pb(II) levels in cancerous female patients than in the healthy ones. Therefore, a strictly controlled diet is recommended.

Resumo O câncer é uma doença maligna fatal e sua crescente prevalência mundial exige a descoberta de biomarcadores moleculares mais sensíveis e confiáveis. Investigar o nível de expressão de GINS1 e seu valor prognóstico em cânceres humanos distintos, usando uma série de abordagens in silico em várias camadas, pode ajudar a estabelecê-lo como um potencial biomarcador de diagnóstico e prognóstico compartilhado de diferentes subtipos de câncer. O mRNA de GINS1, a expressão da proteína e a metilação do promotor foram analisados usando UALCAN e Human Protein Atlas (HPA), enquanto a expressão de mRNA foi posteriormente validada via GENT2. Os valores prognósticos potenciais de GINS1 foram avaliados por meio do plotter KM. Em seguida, o cBioPortal foi utilizado para examinar as mutações genéticas relacionadas ao GINS1 e as variações do número de cópias (CNVs), enquanto a análise de enriquecimento da via foi realizada usando DAVID. Além disso, uma análise correlacional entre a expressão de GINS1 e células imunes T CD8 + e a construção de uma rede de interação gene-droga foi realizada usando TIMER, CDT e Cytoscape. O GINS1 foi encontrado regulado negativamente em um único subtipo de câncer humano, enquanto comumente regulado positivamente em 23 outros subtipos diferentes. A regulação positiva de GINS1 foi significativamente correlacionada com a sobrevida global pobre (OS) de Carcinoma Hepatocelular de Fígado (LIHC), Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão (LUAD) e Carcinoma de Células Claras Renais de Rim (KIRC). O GINS1 também foi encontrado regulado positivamente em pacientes LIHC, LUAD e KIRC de diferentes características clínico-patológicas. A análise de enriquecimento de vias revelou o envolvimento de GINS1 em duas vias diversas, enquanto poucas correlações interessantes também foram documentadas entre a expressão de GINS1 e seu nível de metilação do promotor, nível de células imunes T CD8 + e CNVs. Além disso, também previmos poucos medicamentos que poderiam ser usados no tratamento de LIHC, LUAD e KIRC, regulando a expressão de GINS1. O perfil de expressão de GINS1 no estudo atual sugeriu que é um novo biomarcador de diagnóstico e prognóstico compartilhado de LIHC, LUAD e KIRC.

Abstract Cancer is a fatal malignancy and its increasing worldwide prevalence demands the discovery of more sensitive and reliable molecular biomarkers. To investigate the GINS1 expression level and its prognostic value in distinct human cancers using a series of multi-layered in silico approach may help to establish it as a potential shared diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of different cancer subtypes. The GINS1 mRNA, protein expression, and promoter methylation were analyzed using UALCAN and Human Protein Atlas (HPA), while mRNA expression was further validated via GENT2. The potential prognostic values of GINS1 were evaluated through KM plotter. Then, cBioPortal was utilized to examine the GINS1-related genetic mutations and copy number variations (CNVs), while pathway enrichment analysis was performed using DAVID. Moreover, a correlational analysis between GINS1 expression and CD8+ T immune cells and a the construction of gene-drug interaction network was performed using TIMER, CDT, and Cytoscape. The GINS1 was found down-regulated in a single subtypes of human cancer while commonly up-regulated in 23 different other subtypes. The up-regulation of GINS1 was significantly correlated with the poor overall survival (OS) of Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (LIHC), Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). The GINS1 was also found up-regulated in LIHC, LUAD, and KIRC patients of different clinicopathological features. Pathways enrichment analysis revealed the involvement of GINS1 in two diverse pathways, while few interesting correlations were also documented between GINS1 expression and its promoter methylation level, CD8+ T immune cells level, and CNVs. Moreover, we also predicted few drugs that could be used in the treatment of LIHC, LUAD, and KIRC by regulating the GINS1 expression. The expression profiling of GINS1 in the current study has suggested it a novel shared diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of LIHC, LUAD, and KIRC.

Abstract Two quinoxalinone derivatives, namely 3- (p-tolyl)-3.4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-(1H)-one (Q1) and 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-3.4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-(1H)-one (Q2), were used and investigated as potential corrosion inhibitors for OS in a 1 M HCl solution, at C from 10-6 to 10-3 M, using PDP, EIS measurements and GQCD calculations. EIS results indicate that Q1 and Q2 IE(%) increased with higher C and reached maximum values of 86.2 and 92.5%, at 10-3 M, respectively. The inhibitors adsorption mechanism onto the OS surface was found to obey the Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm model. PDP data displayed that Q1 and Q2 acted as mixed inhibitors, predominantly of the cathodic type. The theoretical results showed that the obtained parameters were in good agreement with the experimental data. Q2 compound had better IE(%), due to the inductive effect of CH3 electro-donor group in dihydroquinoxaline position.

Abstract Background Due to few sufficient data regarding the comparison between endoscopic and surgical resection of malignant colorectal polyps regarding outcomes and survival benefits, there are no clear guidelines of management strategies of malignant colorectal polyps. The aims of the present study were to compare endoscopic resection alone and surgical resection in patients with malignant polyps in the colon (T1N0M0) readings advantages, disadvantages, recurrence risks, survival benefits, and long-term prognosis to detect how management strategy affects outcome. Patients and methods we included 350 patients. All included patients were divided into 2 groups; the first group included 100 patients who underwent only endoscopic polypectomy and the second group included 250 patients who underwent endoscopic polypectomy followed by definitive surgical resection after histopathological diagnosis. We followed all patients for about 5 years, ranging from 18 to 55 months. The primarily evaluated parameters are surgical consequences and patients' morbidity. The secondary evaluated parameters are recurrence risks, recurrence free survival, and overall survival rates. Results The age of patients who underwent polypectomy is usually younger than the surgical group, males have more liability to polypectomy in comparison with females. Patients with tumors in the left colon have more liability to polypectomy in comparison with the right colon (p< 0.0001). Tumor factors associated with more liability to surgical resection are presence of lymphovascular invasion, high grade, and poor tumor differentiation (p< 0.0001). The management strategy was the most significant predictor of overall and recurrence free survival rates in patients with malignant colon polyps (p< 0.001). Conclusions We found that survival benefits and lower incidence of recurrence are detected in the surgical resection group more than in the polypectomy group.

Abstract Background Anastomotic leakage (AL) is still the most annoying postsurgery complication after colorectal resection due to its serious complications up to death. Limited data were available regarding differences in AL incidence, management, and consequences for different types of colorectal resection. The aim of the present work was to evaluate differences in incidence of AL, incidence of postoperative complications, and length of hospital stay in a large number of patients who underwent elective colorectal resection for management of colorectal lesions. In addition to detect when and what type of reoperation for management of AL occur after colorectal resection. Patients All 250 included patients underwent elective surgeries for colorectal resection with performance of primary anastomosis for management of colorectal neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases in the period between May 2016 and July 31, 2021. We followed the patients for 90 days; we registered the follow-up findings. Results the rates of AL occurrence were variable after the different procedures. The lowest rate of AL occurrence was found in patients who underwent right hemicolectomy, then in patients who underwent sigmoidectomy, left hemicolectomy, transversectomy and anterior resection (p= 0.004). A stoma was frequently performed during reoperation (79.5%) which was significantly different between different procedures: 65.5% in right hemicolectomy, 75.0% in transversectomy, 85.7% in left hemicolectomy, and 93.0% in sigmoid resection (p< 0.001). Conclusion Rates, types, time of occurrence and severity of AL vary according to the type of colectomy performed and selective construction of stoma during AL reoperation is currently safely applied with comparable mortality rates for patients who did and who did not have a stoma after reoperation.

ABSTRACT Soil salinization is more aggravating than ever before and techniques are needed to mitigate this problem; understanding salinity-fertilizer relationship is of considerable economic importance for promoting crop growth and productivity in saline soil. A pot experiment was done in a greenhouse to determine whether the N could alleviate the negative effect of different salts compositions on the growth, and physiological attributes of the two most used Sudan sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) cultivars (Wadahmed and Tabat). The plant was subjected to the salt stress at 0, 0.3419 M NaCl, and 0.1408 M Na2SO4, and four levels of N application 0, 4, 8, and 12 g N kg-1 soil, designated as N0, N1, N2, and N3, respectively. Results showed that Na2SO4 was reduced plant height, leaf area index, number of leaves, dry weight (DW), chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll content, and increased soluble protein content, activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities by 16.4%, 29.7%, 61.5%, 28.7%, 39.6%, 12.7%, 99.7%, 34.3%, 51.8%, respectively, when compared with the non-saline treatment. The Na2SO4 salt had a more harmful effect than NaCl. This study revealed that N fertilizer was successful for alleviating the adverse impacts of both types of salt. In this study, 12 g N kg-1 soil was most effective on most of the measured parameters of two sorghum cultivars. These findings demonstrated that the N soil amendment application could alleviate the harmful impact of salinity. ‘Wadahmed’ was more tolerant to salinity stress than ‘Tabat’ during the boot stage of sorghum plant.

BACKGROUND. The high HIV prevalence and incidence in South Africa makes it suitable for recruitment of participants for large-scale HIV preventive vaccine trials. However, fear of vaccine-induced seropositivity (VISP) may be a barrier for community acceptability of the trial, for volunteers to participate in HIV preventive vaccine trials and for uptake of an efficacious vaccine. Prior to 2015, when the first phase 1 safety HIV vaccine trial was undertaken at Setshaba Research Centre, Soshanguve, the local community stakeholders and healthcare workers were naive about HIV vaccine research and HIV preventive vaccines. OBJECTIVE. To explore knowledge and perceptions regarding VISP among community stakeholders and healthcare workers in peri-urban Soshanguve, Tshwane. METHODS. Using a quantitative-qualitative mixed-methods study design, surveys (n=50) and in-depth interviews (n=18) were conducted during July - August 2015. Participants included community stakeholders, community advisory board members and healthcare workers, who were >18 years old and had attended community educational workshops during September 2014 - May 2015. Audio recordings of interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded using content thematic analysis. Data were further analysed by sex, age and educational level. RESULTS. Of a maximum score of 2 on knowledge on VISP, the 50 survey participants (mean age 33.78 years; 45 females) obtained an average of 0.88 (44%). Of 17 in-depth interviewees (one interview could not be transcribed; mean age 30.9 years; 12 females), 8 (47%) displayed some knowledge about VISP, of whom only 5 defined VISP correctly. Women were more knowledgeable about VISP than men; 5 of 12 women (42%) came close to defining VISP correctly, while none of the 5 men did so. The main fear of trial participation expressed by most participants (n=6) was testing HIV-positive as a result of the vaccine. While some participants believed that the community's perceptions of VISP would negatively affect HIV vaccine trial support and recruitment efforts, others noted that if trial participants understand the concept of VISP and are part of support groups, then they would have the information to combat negative attitudes within their community. CONCLUSION. Most participants had an inaccurate and incomplete understanding of VISP. Many feared testing HIV-positive at clinics; therefore, education on improving a basic understanding of how vaccines work and why VISP occurs is essential. In addition, assessing participant understanding of HIV testing, transmission and VISP is critical for recruitment of participants into HIV vaccine trials and may improve acceptability of an HIV preventive vaccine.

Brucellosis is a major threat to public health especially in developing countries including Pakistan. This study reveals the characterisation of Brucella species affecting humans and goats in the Swat region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Blood samples were collected from shepherds and goats and analysed by Rose Bengal precipitation test (RBPT), standard plate agglutination test (SPAT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. The findings of the study indicated 24% (36/150) and 11.3% (17/150) positivity for Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis, respectively, in human samples. In samples of goats, 26.66% (40/150) were positive for B. abortus and 16.66% (25/150) samples were positive B. melitensis by SPAT. The species-specific PCR confirmed B. abortus in 24% (36/150) of human samples and 26.66% (17/150) of goat samples by targeting the IS711 locus. The remaining seropositive samples were confirmed as B. melitensis using IS711 M species-specific primer. The sequences of the amplified fragments of the 16S rRNA gene were blasted, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that Brucella species circulating in the Swat district were closely related to B. melitensis and B. abortus reported from India, China, Philippines, and the United States (US) showing the existence of the possible epidemiological linkage among the Brucella species. This study concluded that there was a higher prevalence of B. abortus (26.6%) in humans and goats compared to B. melitensis (16.6%). These results revealed that the Brucella species were circulating in both humans and goats in the study areas. The findings of the study concluded that B. abortus and B. melitensis were circulating in goats and shepherds with a higher prevalence of B. abortus than B. melitensis. Furthermore, the Brucella species identified in Swat were phylogenetically related to the Brucella species reported from India, China, Philippines and the US. CONTRIBUTION: The proposed study covers the scope of the journal. The species of the genus Brucella affect both animals and shepherds. This study investigates the seroprevalence of brucellosis in shepherds and goats in different geographical areas in the Swat district. The phylogenetic analysis of the Brucella spp. identified in Swat showed close relationships to the Brucella species reported in India, China, Philippines and the US, which shows the possible epidemiological linkages between the Brucella spp.

ABSTRACT Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes a serious illness with global circulation. While there is extensive data available on the virus’s existence and transmission in commercial chickens in Saudi Arabia, there is a lack of such information regarding guineafowls. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate possible IBV infection among guineafowls in the Al-Hassa Governorate of the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were collected from several unvaccinated flocks of guinea fowls without respiratory clinical symptoms in November and December 2022, totaling 350 samples. Total RNA was extracted from the swab samples, and a conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect IBV. The results revealed varying amounts of IBV in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs at different points in time, suggesting that IBV may be widely distributed among guineafowls without exhibiting any symptoms. These findings indicate that guineafowls could act as reservoirs, influencing the ecology and epidemiology of the disease. Notably, this study reports the first occurrence of IBV in the province of Al-Ahsa, highlighting that guineafowls have been naturally exposed to the virus. To support the development of effective vaccination techniques and control measures for the disease in Saudi Arabia, the recommendation for future research endeavors is conducting ongoing surveillance, viral isolation, sequencing, phylogenetic tree analysis, and serotype characterization of IBV in guineafowls.

Aim This study aimed to examine the prescription of antibiotics for endodontic infections among undergraduate dental students. Methods Two government Iraqi dental schools [(the University of Baghdad (UOB) (n=99) and University of Babylon (UB) (n=70)], and one private dental school [Osouldeen University College (OUC) (n=103)] were included in this survey study. A paper-based questionnaire composed of seven questions was distributed to students, and collected. A chi-square test was used for data analysis, and the level of significance was set at 0.05 (P=0.05). Results A statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was identified between students’ answers in the three dental schools regarding antibiotic selection for endodontic infections in which patients had no known allergies (P=0.001). In comparison to other dental schools, a statistically significantly higher proportion of respondents from UOB (32%) favored Azithromycin 500mg for treating patients with penicillin hypersensitivity (P=0.003). A high percentage of participants (62.1%) selected antibiotic prescription in cases with necrotic pulp and symptomatic apical periodontitis (with swelling and moderate/severe preoperative symptoms). However, there were no significant differences between the 3 dental schools (P>0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, a significantly greater percentage of UB chose amoxicillin for the treatment of endodontic infection in patients with no medical allergies. Azithromycin 500mg was selected by UOB as the preferred option in patients who were sensitive to penicillin. Our findings support the need for the implementation of strategies to raise awareness of good antibiotic prescribing practices among dentists in Iraq.

ABSTRACT Background: COVID-19 pandemic situation made the pharmaceutical companies develop the vaccine with different formulations in a short period. Objectives: The main objective of the review is to focus on different types of vaccine formulations available globally and the importance of technology transfer in vaccine development associated with potential risks. Results: Research on vaccine development led to various types of vaccines, such as Inactivated vaccines, Live Attenuated vaccines, Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and Protein Subunit Vaccines for COVID-19. But the process of vaccine development and technology transfer is lined with various risks and challenges. Through risk assessment, we found some major potential risks involved in product development; this leads to a smoother and more efficient method to develop safe vaccines available for public health. Conclusions: This review will explain the significance of technology collaboration for the faster development of various formulations of vaccines globally.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La situación de pandemia de COVID-19 hizo que las empresas farmacéuticas desarrollaran la vacuna con diferentes formulaciones en un corto período. Objetivos: El objetivo principal de la revisión es centrarse en los diferentes tipos de formulaciones de vacunas disponibles a nivel mundial y la importancia de la transferencia de tecnología en el desarrollo de vacunas asociado con los riesgos potenciales. Resultados: La investigación sobre el desarrollo de vacunas condujo al desarrollo de varios tipos de vacunas, como vacunas inactivadas, vacunas vivas atenuadas, vacunas de ácido ribonucleico (ARN) y ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN), vacunas de vectores virales y vacunas de subunidades de proteínas para COVID-19. Pero el proceso de desarrollo de vacunas y transferencia de tecnología está lleno de varios riesgos y desafíos. A través de la evaluación de riesgos, encontramos algunos riesgos potenciales importantes involucrados en el desarrollo de productos, lo que conduce a un método más fluido y eficiente para desarrollar vacunas seguras disponibles para la salud pública. Conclusiones: Esta revisión dará una idea de la importancia de la colaboración tecnológica para el desarrollo más rápido de varias formulaciones de vacunas a nivel mundial.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a adaptação interna de três diferentes coroas cerâmicas CAD/CAM (Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing). A adaptação interna de um material cerâmico de rede com infiltração de polímero (Vita Enamic [VE]) foi comparada com duas cerâmicas de vidro maquináveis; silicato de lítio reforçado com zircónio (Vita Suprinity [VS]) e uma cerâmica-vidro de dissilicato de lítio (IPS e.max. CAD). Trinta dentes pré-molares humanos de tamanho médio foram preparados (n=10 cada grupo) por controle numérico computadorizado para preencher os critérios de desenho de coroa em cerâmica pura. Foram tiradas impressões ópticas para cada preparação dentária utilizando o scanner CAD/CAM. Trinta coroas foram fabricadas usando o sistema CAD/CAM e divididas em três grupos (IPS e.max, VE, e VS). Para avaliar o ajuste interno das coroas testadas, o espaço entre o entalhe de cada coroa e a superfície dentária correspondente foi avaliado usando um scanner digital 3D usando o Protocolo Triple-scan. Para analisar estatisticamente os resultados do ajuste interno, utilizou-se a ANOVA unidirecional seguida dos testes estatísticos Tukey Post Hoc. Houve uma diferença estatisticamente significativa para todos os grupos nas quatro paredes axiais (p = 0,000002). Para o ajuste interno total entre grupos, as comparações mostraram uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre todos os grupos testados (p=0,000002). Quando cada par de grupos foi comparado estatisticamente uns com os outros, todas as comparações de pares mostraram uma diferença estatisticamente significativa. IPS e.max CAD teve o melhor ajuste interno, seguido por Vita Enamic, depois Vita Suprinity. Para todas as cerâmicas testadas, os valores de ajuste interno de todas as cerâmicas testadas encontravam-se dentro da gama clinicamente aceitável.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the internal adaptation of three different computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramic crowns. The internal adaptation of a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network material (Vita Enamic [VE]) was compared to two machinable glass-ceramics; Zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (Vita Suprinity [VS]) and a lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS e.max. CAD). Thirty human premolars of average size were prepared (n=10 each group) by computer numerical control to fulfill the criteria of all-ceramic crown design. Optical impressions were taken for each tooth preparation using the CAD/CAM scanner. Thirty crowns were fabricated using CAD/CAM system and divided into three groups (IPS e.max, VE, and VS). To assess the internal fit of tested crowns, the gap between the intaglio of each crown and the corresponding tooth surface was evaluated using a 3D digital scanner using the Triple-scan Protocol. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey Post Hoc statistical tests were used to statistically analyze results of the internal fit. There was a statistically significant difference for all groups at the four axial walls (p = 0.000002). For total internal fit between groups, comparisons showed a statistically significant difference between all tested groups (p=0.000002). When each pair of groups was statistically compared with each other, all pair comparisons showed a statistically significant difference. IPS e.max CAD had the best internal fit, followed by Vita Enamic, then Vita Suprinity. For all ceramics tested, values of internal fit of all ceramics tested were within the clinically acceptable range.

INTRODUCTION: An analysis of the epidemiological factors associated with the diagnosis of periodontitis is important baseline evidence for the study of this disease within our population. This evidence will be valuable baseline information to inform intervention protocols that are contextual to our society. There is a scarcity of studies on periodontitis in South Africans. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of periodontitis patients diagnosed between 2014-2019 at a tertiary institution in SA. Design. A retrospective records-based study was conducted. METHODS: Data from 450 patients diagnosed with periodontitis were extracted. Data sets including age, sex, smoking, presence of diabetes, and other systemic diseases were analysed. Periodontal parameters such as plaque score, plaque index, gingival bleeding score, gingival index, number of missing teeth, probing depths, and clinical attachment loss were included for analysis. RESULTS: Males had higher bleeding index (p=0.035), deeper pockets (p=0.003), and more attachment loss (p<0.001), compared to females. Deeper periodontal pockets were observed in patients with systemic diseases (p=0.018). Smokers had a lower bleeding percentage (p=0.039). There was a higher plaque percentage (p=0.031), and bleeding index (p=0.043), deeper pockets (p<0.001) and more attachment loss (p<0.001) in patients with diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: Worse periodontal status was observed in males, and patients with diabetes or other general diseases. Additional research is required to elucidate the role of sex and systemic conditions as predisposing factors to periodontitis.

Abstract The adiabatic effects of electron-positron pair-production on the dynamical instability of very-massive stars is investigated from stellar progenitors of carbon-oxygen cores within the range of 64 M ⊙ < M C O < 133 M ⊙ both with and without rotation. At a very high temperature and relatively low density, the production of electron-positron pairs in the centres of massive stars leads the adiabatic index below 4/3. The adiabatic quantities are evaluated by constructing a model into a thermodynamically consistent electron-positron equation of state (EoS) table. It is observed that the adiabatic indices in the instability regions of the rotating models are fundamentally positive with central temperature and density. Similarly, the mass of the oxygen core within the instability region accelerates the adiabatic indices in order to compress the star, while the mass loss and adiabatic index in the non-rotating model exponentially decay. In the rotating models, a small amount of heat is required to increase the central temperature for the end fate of the massive stars. The dynamics of most of the adiabatic quantities shosw a similar pattern for all the rotating models. The non-rotating model may not be suitable for inducing instability. Many adiabatic quantities have shown great effects on the dynamical instability of the massive stars due to electron-positron pair-production in their centres. The results in this work would be useful for better understanding of the end fate of very-massive stars.

SUMMARY: The current report presented a rare variant of extensor indicis brevis muscle, replacing extensor indicis, in the left hand of an adult male cadaver. The origin of the muscle was reported, for the first time, to be from the distal margins of radius and ulna. The muscle is inserted into the extensor expansion of the index. A new classification for extensor indicis brevis muscle was proposed based on its origin. Awareness of rare anatomical variations would help clinicians and surgeons in accurately managing suspected cases and planning surgical procedures.

RESUMEN: Este informe presenta una variante rara del músculo extensor corto del índice, que reemplaza al extensor del índice en la mano izquierda de un cadáver masculino adulto. Se informó por primera vez, que el origen del músculo se realiza en la parte distal de los márgenes del radio y la ulna. El músculo se insertaba en la expansión extensora del índice. Se propuso una nueva clasificación para el músculo extensor corto del índice basada en su origen. El conocimiento de las variaciones anatómicas raras es útil para los médicos y cirujanos al abordar los casos sospechosos y planificar los procedimientos quirúrgicos.