Resumen El cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) para el departamento de Nariño representa una alternativa productiva frente a la sustitución de cultivos ilícitos, del cual dependen pequeños y medianos productores; sin embargo, la alta humedad relativa, temperatura y precipitaciones, así como el manejo inadecuado fitosanitario, provocan alta incidencia de enfermedades como Moniliophthora roreri y Phytophthora sp. y limitando rendimiento productivo. En este sentido, es necesario la identificación de clones de cacao adaptados a las condiciones de la zona y tolerantes a las principales enfermedades. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial productivo y sanitario en etapas iniciales de desarrollo de cuatro clones de cacao; TCS 01, TCS 06, TCS 13 y TCS 19 bajo condiciones ambientales del Pacífico Nariñense. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el software SAS 9.4, empleando el procedimiento Glimminx para analizar las variables y se ajustó el análisis a la distribución de Poisson. Además, se utilizó pruebas de Tukey cuando se presentaron diferencias significativas. El Clon TCS 19, presentó los mejores resultados en producción (1.44 kg grano seco árbol-1) superando al testigo comercial ICS 95 (0.6 kg grano seco árbol-1). En tema sanitario, M. roreri fue la enfermedad con mayor incidencia, especialmente en los genotipos TCS 01 (38.67%) y TCS 13 (25.85%). Los rendimientos de los materiales evaluados superaron el promedio de producción nacional (460 kg ha-1) y regional (560 kg ha-1). Según estos resultados, TCS 19 podría potencialmente considerarse como recurso genético promisorio para el desarrollo de la cacaocultura de la Costa Pacífica Nariñense.

Abstract The cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) crop for the department of Nariño represents a productive alternative to the substitution of illicit crops, on which small and medium producers depend; nevertheless, high relative humidity, temperature, and rainfall, as well as inadequate phytosanitary management, cause a high incidence of diseases such as Moniliophthora roreri and Phytophthora sp., limiting productive yield. In this sense, it is necessary to identify cacao clones adapted to the conditions of the area and tolerant to the main diseases. This study aimed to assess the productive and sanitary potential in the initial stages of development of four cacao clones, TCS 01, TCS 06, TCS 13, and TCS 19, under environmental conditions of the Nariño Pacific. The SAS 9.4 software was used for the statistical analysis, employing the Glimmix procedure to analyze the variables, and the analysis was adjusted to the Poisson distribution. In addition, Tukey’s tests were used when there were significant differences. The clone TCS 19 presented the best results in production (1.44 kg dried bean tree-1), surpassing the commercial control ICS 95 (0.6 kg dried bean tree-1). In terms of health, M. roreri was the disease with the highest incidence, especially in the genotypes TCS 01 (38.67%) and TCS 13 (25.85%). The yields of the materials evaluated exceeded the average national (460 kg ha-1) and regional (560 kg ha-1) production. According to these results, TCS 19 could potentially be considered a promising genetic resource for the development of cacao farming on the Pacific Coast of Nariño.

Os alelos HLA-DRB1, que codificam uma sequência de aminoácidos (QKRAA/QRRAA/RRRAA) nas posições 70 a 74 da terceira região hipervariável da cadeia β1 do gene DRB1, denominada epítopo compartilhado (EC), estão associados a maior suscetibilidade e gravidade para artrite reumatoide (AR) em diversas populações. OBJETIVO: Determinar a frequência dos alelos HLA-DRB1 em pacientes brasileiros com AR, e sua associação a fator reumatoide (FR) e anticorpos antipeptídeos citrulinados (ACPA). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 412 pacientes com AR e 215 controles. A tipificação HLA-DRB1 foi realizada pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) usando primers específicos e hibridização com oligonucleotídeos de sequência específica (SSOP). A pesquisa de ACPA foi determinada pela técnica de ELISA, e a do FR por nefelometria. Para análises estatísticas foram utilizados os testes do qui-quadrado e t de Student e a regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Alelos HLA-DRB1*04:01, *04:04 e *04:05 associaram-se à AR (P < 0,05)); a despeito do amplo intervalo de confiança, vale a pena ressaltar a associação observada entre o alelo DRB1*09:01 e a doença (P < 0,05). Alelos HLA-DRB1 EC+ foram observados em 62,8% dos pacientes e em 31,1% do grupo-controle (OR 3,62; P < 0,001) e estiveram associados a ACPA (OR 2,03; P < 0,001). Alelos DRB1-DERAA mostraram efeito protetor para AR (OR 0,42; P < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Em uma amostra de pacientes brasileiros com AR de etnia majoritariamente mestiça, alelos HLA-DRB1 EC+ estiveram associados à suscetibilidade à doença e à presença de ACPA.

The HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding an amino acid sequence (QKRAA/QRRAA/RRRAA) at position 70 74 of the third hypervariable region of the β1 chain of the HLA-DRB1 gene, called shared epitope (SE), are associated with increased susceptibility to and severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in different populations. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of HLA-DRB1 alleles in Brazilian patients with RA and their association with rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA). METHODS: Four hundred and twelve patients with RA (ACR 1987) and 215 controls were included. HLA-DRB1 typing was performed by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers and hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe (SSOP). ACPA was measured by use of the ELISA technique and RF by nephelometry. The statistical analysis comprised the chi-square and Student t tests and logistic regression. RESULTS: HLA-DRB1*04:01, *04:04, *04:05 alleles were associated with RA (P < 0.05); despite the wide confidence interval, it is worth noting the association between the DRB1*09:01 allele and RA (P < 0.05). HLA-DRB1 SE+ alleles were observed in 62.8% of the patients and in 31.1% of controls (OR 3.62; P < 0.001) and were associated with ACPA (OR 2.03; P < 0.001). DRB1-DERAA alleles showed a protective effect against RA (OR 0.42; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In a sample of Brazilian patients with RA, most of whom of mixed heritage, HLA-DRB1 SE+ alleles were associated with susceptibility to disease and presence of ACPA.

This is a descriptive correlational study whose overall purpose was to know biological and psychosocial characteristics of elementary school students from highly vulnerable areas. The relationship between these characteristics and school failure was also examined. The study group was formed by 148 grade two students from two high risk schools in San Pedro de la Paz, Concepción, Chile. According to the National School Support and Scholarships Board (JUNAEB) vulnerability indices for these schools were 62% and 46.3% respectively. Data collection was done through a health assessment session and an interview based on a questionnaire developed for a FONDECYT-funded research grant No 1040622. Results showed that in the biological dimension, girls tended to be overweight, 43.7% of boys had dental cavities, and 26.8% did not have good sleep habits. These variables were significantly related to both students' performance in Mathematics and the student's grade point average. In the psychosocial dimension, 16.9% of students lived in single-parent families, 34.5% of them suffered from psychological abuse in their homes, and 17.6% did not receive any help at home to do their homework. Students reported enjoying both their school and their school teacher as a learning model. We conclude that the health status of both boys and girls was acceptable and that students enjoyed going to school. Among risk factors for school failure were lack of support to do school homework and family factors including domestic violence, alcohol consumption, and unemployment

Estudio descriptivo correlacional de corte transversal, cuyo propósito fue conocer las características de salud en las dimensiones biológicas y psicosociales de escolares de alta vulnerabilidad y relacionarlas con su rendimiento y fracaso escolar. El grupo de estudio estuvo constituido por 148 escolares de segundo año básico, de dos escuelas de San Pedro de la Paz, Concepción, Chile, cuyos índices de vulnerabilidad escolar correspondían a 62% y 46,3% respectivamente, según encuesta de la Junta Nacional de Auxilio Escolar y Becas (JUNAEB). Los datos recolectados a través de un examen de salud y entrevista se registraron en una ficha elaborada por el proyecto del Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT) N° 1040622. Los resultados señalaron que en la dimensión biológica, las niñas tuvieron más tendencia al sobrepeso: el 43,7% de los niños presentaron caries y el 26,8% no tenían hábitos de sueño, estas variables se relacionaron con el rendimiento escolar en Matemáticas y promedio general de notas. En la dimensión psicosocial, el 16,9% de los escolares vivían en familias monoparentales, el 34,5 % recibió castigo psicológico en su hogar y el 17,6% no recibió ayuda para hacer las tareas. Los escolares refirieron agrado por la escuela y les gustó su profesora como modelo para aprender. Se puede concluir que el estado de salud de los niños y niñas era aceptable, que les gustaba ir a la escuela. Los factores de fracaso escolar principalmente son: por la falta de apoyo en tareas y por factores de riesgo que existían en sus familias como: alcoholismo, violencia intrafamiliar, cesantía y consumo de drogas

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho produtivo e os aspectos econômicos de dez clones de seringueira [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell. Arg.] em diferentes freqüências de sangria e com estimulação à base de ethefon. O experimento foi instalado na Fazenda Indiana, no município de Indiana, SP, sob o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos principais foram os clones GT 1, RRIM 701, RRIM 600, PB 235, PR 261, PB 252, Fx 4098, Fx 2261, Fx 3864 e IAN 873, submetidos a três sistemas de sangria: 1/2S d/2 6d/7 (testemunha), 1/2S d/4 6d/7.10m/y. ET 5,0% Ba 10y e 1/2S d/6 6d/7.10m/y. ET 5,0% Ba 10/y. As variáveis estudadas foram: perímetro do caule, produção, secamento do painel e os aspectos econômicos. Os resultados mostraram superioridade no sistema 1/2S d/2 6d/7 na maioria dos clones, exceto o GT 1 e o PB 235, que no sistema 1/2S d/4 ET 5,0% apresentaram ganhos líquidos de 12,0% e 54,0%, respectivamente, acima do obtido no sistema testemunha. Somente os clones Fx 3864 e PB 235 apresentaram ganhos líquidos de 18,0% e 28,0% no sistema 1/2S d/6 ET 5% superiores em relação ao obtido no sistema testemunha. A maior porcentagem de secamento do painel foi observada no clone PB 235 no sistema 1/2S d/4 ET 5,0%.

The objective of this paper was to evaluate yield of performance and economic aspects of ten clones of rubber tree [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex. Adr. de Juss.) Muell. Arg.] in different frequencies of tapping and with stimulation with ethefon. The trial was placed at the Indiana farm, in the county of Indiana, SP, Brazil, under a split-plot design. The main treatments were the GT 1, RRIM 701, RRIM 600, PB 235, PR 261, PB 252, Fx 4098, Fx 2261, Fx 3864 and IAN 873 clones submitted to three systems of tapping 1/2S d/2 6d/7 (check), 1/2S d/4 6d/7.10m/y. ET 5.0% Ba 10y and 1/2S d/6 6d/7.10m/y. ET 5.0% Ba 10y. The variables were: girth increment, yield, panel desiccation and economic aspects. Results indicated superiority in the 1/2S d/2 6d/7 system in most of the clones, except for GT 1 and PB 235 clones, that in the 1/2S d/4 ET 5.0% system showed superiority of net gain of 12.0% and 54.0%, respectively, compared with the check tapping system. Only the Fx 3864 and PB 235 clones showed liquid gain of 18.0% and 28.0%, respectively, in the 1/2S d/6 ET 5.0% system, compared with the check. The highest incidence of panel desiccation was observed in the PB 235 clone in the 1/2S d/4 ET 5.0% system.