Abstract This work aims to provide an overview of the territorial evolution of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) in Brazil using socio-demographic variables, for the time span between February 26, 2020 until January 24, 2021. Socio-demographic indicators, basic sanitation infrastructure data, and epidemiological bulletins were integrated using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to develop a social vulnerability index (SVI), to estimate the degree of exposure risk of the Brazilian population to COVID-19. The results indicate that the majority of confirmed cases were reported from the main Brazilian capitals, linked to well-developed port and airport modes. In terms of deaths, the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Ceará and Pernambuco were at the top of the ranking. On the contrary, there were some states of the mid-west (Mato Grosso do Sul) and the north (Acre, Amapá, Roraima, Rondônia and Tocantins), that recorded low mortality indexes. The SVI reveals that the states of the north and north-east are the most vulnerable. Regarding the metropolitan areas, it was observed that the main capitals of the north and north-east, with the exception of Salvador, present significantly more critical numbers in terms of dissemination and deaths by COVID-19 than the capitals of the south-southeast, where the SVI is lower. The comparative exception was Santa Catarina state metropolitan areas. Finally, as the virus does not strike everyone in the same way, one of the great challenges is to search for solutions to cope with COVID-19 in the face of very unequal realities. Thus, a reflection on the strategies adopted by the Brazilian government is relevant, while considering the continental dimensions and the diversity of the Brazilian regions, to obtain a better analysis of the more vulnerable populations and social groups.

Resumen La terapia endodóntica prevé la descontaminación químico-mecánica de los canales radiculares, siendo el hipoclorito de sodio (NaClO) la sustancia química más utilizada. Se buscó realizar una revisión crítica de la literatura sobre las consecuencias de accidentes por extravasación de NaClO durante el tratamiento endodóntico y las conductas clínicas necesarias en esos casos. Las búsquedas de bases de datos fueron realizadas en Scielo y Lilacs con descriptores em portugués, y la base de datos PubMed con descriptores en Inglés, obteniéndose 98 registros de artículos disponibles para la lectura completa, publicados desde 2003 hasta 2018. Se incluyeron aquellos cuya temática respondía a los cuestionamientos en discusión: HClO como irrigante endodóntico; factores que afectan la extrusión del hipoclorito en tratamientos endodónticos, consecuencias y manejo clínico en caso de extravasación del riego. La extrusión del hipoclorito más allá del agujero apical conduce a la destrucción del tejido y la necrosis. Sin embargo, son pocos los estudios con recomendaciones después de accidentes por extravasación de NaClO en la clínica endodôntica. En casos de accidentes, se debe aspirar la sustancia y lavar el área con solución salina estéril. No existe un protocolo único para la intervención, se debe evaluar el alcance y la gravedad del accidente. La prioridad es el alivio del dolor, el control del edema y la prevención de infecciones secundarias. El profesional debe atentar a la posibilidad diaria de accidentes y adoptar medidas preventivas.

Abstract Endodontic therapy predicts the chemical-mechanical decontamination of the root canals sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) being the most commonly used chemical. A critical review of the literature on the consequences of accidentsby extravasation of NaClO during endodontic treatments and clinical necessary procedures in such cases. We searched the Scielo and Lilacs databases with descriptors in Portuguese and in the PubMed database with descriptors in English, being obtained 98 articles records available for complete reading, published between 2003-2018. Those whose subjects answered the questions in discussion were included: HClO as an endodontic irrigator; factors that affect the extrusion of hypochlorite in endodontic treatments, consequences and clinical management in case of extravasation of the irrigant. The extrusion of hypochlorite beyond the apical foramen leads to tissue destruction and necrosis. However, there are few studies with recommendations after accidents due to extravasation of NaClO in the endodontic clinic. In cases of accidents, the substance should be aspirated and the area washed with sterile saline. There is no single protocol for intervention, the extent and severity of the accident must be assessed. The priority is pain relief, edema control and prevention of secondary infections. The professional must take into account the daily possibility of accidents and take preventive measures.

Resumo A terapia endodôntica prevê a descontaminação químico-mecânica dos canais radiculares, sendo o hipoclorito de sódio (NaClO) a substância química mais utilizada. Buscou-se realizar uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre as consequências de acidentes por extravasamento de NaClO durante o tratamento endodôntico e as condutas clínicas necessárias nesses casos. Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados Scielo e Lilacs com descritores em português, e na base de dados PubMed com descritores em inglês, sendo obtidos 98 registros de artigos disponíveis para leitura completa, publicados de 2003-2018. Foram Incluídos aqueles cuja temática respondesse aos questionamentos em discussão: HClO como irrigante endodôntico; fatores que afetam a extrusão do hipoclorito em tratamentos endodônticos, consequências e manejo clínico em caso de extravasamento do irrigante. A extrusão do hipoclorito para além do forame apical leva a destruição e necrose tecidual. Porém, são poucos os estudos com recomendações após acidentes por extravasamento de NaClO na clínica endodôntica. Em casos de acidentes a substância deve ser aspirada e o local lavado abundantemente com solução salina estéril. Não há um protocolo único para intervenção, a extensão e gravidade do acidente devem ser avaliadas. A prioridade é o alívio da dor, controle de edema e prevenção de infecções secundárias. O profissional deve atentar à possibilidade diária de acidentes e adotar medidas preventivas.

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar a prevalência de sífilis e fatores de risco associados no sistema prisional feminino. Métodos Foi realizado estudo transversal com 113 mulheres. A coleta de dados ocorreu em duas etapas: a primeira etapa correspondeu à coleta de sangue para verificar a soropositividade à sífilis e a segunda a um formulário para avaliar situações de risco para infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Resultados A prevalência da doença foi de 22,1% (n=25). Quanto às gestantes, identificou-se prevalência de 28,6%. Foi verificada relação estatisticamente significativa entre a infecção pela sífilis e a história prévia de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (p=0,04). Entretanto, a maioria das participantes diagnosticadas com a doença desconhecia um histórico de infecção sexualmente transmissível nos últimos 12 meses (n=20/80,0%). O uso de preservativo com parceiros fixos foi considerado fator de proteção (odds ratio de 0,76; intervalo de confiança de 95% de 0,68-0,85). Conclusão Foi alta a prevalência de sífilis na população carcerária feminina estudada, principalmente entre as gestantes. Medidas preventivas e de tratamento da doença, bem como cuidados pré-natais adequados, podem minimizar o impacto da sífilis nos sistemas prisionais e, consequentemente, melhorar esse indicador de saúde no país.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence of syphilis and the associated risk factors in a female prison unit. Methods This was a cross-sectional study including 113 women whom data were collected in two stages: first, blood test to check for syphilis seropositivity; and then collection of information through a form to assess risk situations for sexually transmitted infections. Results Overall, syphilis prevalence was found to be 22.1% among the female prison population (n=25) and 28.6% among pregnant women. A statistically significant relationship was found between syphilis infection and previous history of sexually transmitted infections (p=0.04). However, most participants diagnosed with the disease were unaware of a history of sexually transmitted infection in the last 12 months (n=20/80.0%). The use of condom with fixed partners was considered to be a protective factor (odds ratio of 0.76; 95% of confidence interval 0.68-0.85). Conclusion The prevalence of syphilis among the female prison population was high, particularly among pregnant women. Preventive and therapeutic measures as well as appropriate prenatal care can minimize the impact of syphilis in prison systems and, consequently, improve such health outcomes nationwide.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate self-medication for toothache and its associated factors in children and adolescents. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 252 children/adolescents aged 6-16 years. A questionnaire was applied with questions related to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics; experience of, and self-medication for, toothache; as well as aspects related to the condition. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses (Pearson's Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test) were performed, with a 5% significance level. Results: The prevalence of toothache was 41.7%. In 96 cases analyzed, there was prevalence of 69.8% of self-medication for toothache. There were no statistically significant associations between self-medication for toothache and variables related to the children/adolescents (gender and age), their parents or guardians (age and schooling), socioeconomic characteristics (family income and number of people in the household) and aspects related to toothache (fever, crying and school absenteeism) (p>0.05). The most commonly used drug was paracetamol (60.7%), whose choice was based to its previous use by the study population for conditions not related to toothache (47.8%). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of self-medication for toothache in the study population. No independent variable was associated with self-medication practice.

A infecção por Neospora caninum é uma importante causa de abortos em bovinos, assim como mortalidade neonatal em caprinos e ovinos. Uma pesquisa sorológica de anticorpos anti-N. caninum foi realizada no município de Ibimirim (PE, Brasil). Os resultados ao teste de imunofluorescência revelaram que 26,6% (85/319) dos caprinos e 64,2% (52/81) dos ovinos foram positivos. A reatividade à sorologia foi associada com a idade nos caprinos (p < 0,01) e ovinos (p > 0,05), com maior ocorrência nos animais mais velhos. Estes resultados indicam exposição a N. caninum entre pequenos ruminantes na área estudada.

Neospora caninum infection is an important cause of bovine abortion as well as neonatal mortality in goats and sheep. A serological survey for antibodies against N. caninum in goats and sheep was carried out in the municipality of Ibimirim, PE, Northeastern Brazil. The imunnofluoresce antibody test showed that 26.6% (85/319) of the goats and 64.2% (52/81) of the sheep were positive. Serologic reactivity was associated with age in goats (p < 0.01) and sheep (p > 0.05), with increasing rates in older animals. These results indicate exposure to N. caninum among small ruminants in the study area.

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar os efeitos do uso de óleo de semente de girassol no tratamento de feridas cutâneas. MÉTODOS: Dezoito carneiros da raça Santa Inês foram divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com o pós-cirúrgico (7, 14, e 21 dias). Após antisepsia e anestesia local foram produzidas cirurgicamente duas feridas de 4 cm² em cada lado da região torácica próxima escápula. As feridas experimentais foram tratadas com óleo de semente de girassol, com alta concentração de ácido linoléico (LA) e as controles com vaselina esterilizada. Biopsias dos tecidos das feridas pós-cirúrgicas foram realizadas no 7º, 14º e 21º dias e avaliadas histologicamente. RESULTADOS: A aplicação tópica do óleo de semente de girassol acelerou o processo de cicatrização no 7ºe 21º dias, reduzindo a área e aumentando a contração das feridas. O tecido de granulação se desenvolveu mais rapidamente em feridas tratadas. A epiderme das feridas tratadas estava completamente reconstituída em relação às feridas controle. CONCLUSÃO: O uso tópico do óleo de semente de girassol acelerou a cicatrização, podendo ser utilizado como alternativa terapêutica na cicatrização de feridas por segunda intenção.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the effects of the use of sunflower seed oil on the treatment of skin wounds. METHODS: Eighteen male Saint Inês lambs were divided in 3 groups according to the pos-operative (7, 14 and 21 days). After antisepsis and local anestesia, two 4cm² wounds on each side of the thoracic region, close to the scapule were surgically produced. The experimental wounds were treated with sunflower seed oil, with high concentration of linoleic acid (LA), and the control ones with sterilized Vaseline. Biopsies of the pos-operative wounds tissue were performed on the 7th, 14th, 21st days and histologically evaluated. RESULTS: Topic application of sunflower seed oil accelerated healing process at the 7th and 21st days, reducing wound area and increasing wound contraction. Granulation tissue increased faster on treated wounds. The epidermis of the treated wounds was completely recovered when compared to control wounds. CONCLUSION: The topic use of sunflower seed oil accelerated the healing process, and it can be used as an alternative therapy on second intention wound healing.