Abstract: In this paper, we firstly obtain two identities for multiplicative differentiable functions. Then by using these identities, we establish Ostrowski and Simpson type inequalities for multiplicative integrals. At the end we give detail applications of our main results

Abstract In traditional row and strip cowpea-sorghum intercropping systems, cowpea forage yield reduces significantly due to intense competition and dominance of sorghum in acquiring growth resources. This field study evaluated novel mixed strip intercropping systems of forage cowpea and sorghum having different number of crops rows arranged under different spatial arrangements. Cowpea was intercropped with sorghum in 8, 12 and 16 rows strips with row-row spacing of 30, 45 and 60 cm. In each strip, equal number of rows of cowpea and sorghum were maintained. Factorial arrangement of randomized complete block design with three replicates was used to execute the field trials during summer seasons of 2013 and 2014. Strips having 12 rows and 60 cm row-row spacing positively affected all agronomic variables of cowpea which led to maximum forage yield (22.2 and 23.7 t ha-1 during 2013 and 2014 respectively) and dry matter biomass (6.63 and 6.94 t ha-1 during 2013 and 2014 respectively). In contrast, 8-rows strips having line spacing of 30 cm outperformed other intercropping systems by yielding the maximum herbage yield and dry matter biomass of sorghum. The intercropping system comprising of 12-rows strips with 60 cm row-row spacing remained superior in recording the maximum crude protein, fats and total ash along with the minimum fiber content of cowpea. In addition, this intercropping system under rest of spatial arrangements also remained unmatched, while 16-rows strips under all planting geometries remained inferior to other intercropping systems. Thus, cowpea intercropping with sorghum in 12-rows strips having 60 cm spacing offers biologically viable solution to improve biomass and forage quality of cowpea in intercropping with sorghum.

Resumen En los sistemas tradicionales de cultivo intercalado de frijol caupí y sorgo en franjas y filas, el rendimiento de forraje del frijol caupí se reduce significativamente debido a la intensa competencia y al dominio del sorgo en la adquisición de recursos para el cultivo. Este estudio de campo evaluó novedosos sistemas de cultivo intercalado en franjas mixtas de frijol caupí forrajero y sorgo con diferente número de filas de cultivo en diferentes disposiciones espaciales. El frijol caupí se intercaló con el sorgo en franjas de 8, 12 y 16 filas con un espaciamiento de 30, 45 y 60 cm entre las filas. En cada franja se mantuvo igual número de filas de frijol caupí y sorgo. Para la ejecución de los ensayos de campo durante las temporadas de verano de 2013 y 2014 se utilizó un diseño factorial en bloques completos aleatorizados con tres repeticiones. Las franjas con 12 filas y un espaciamiento de 60 cm entre las filas afectaron positivamente a todas las variables agronómicas del frijol caupí que condujeron al máximo rendimiento forrajero (22.2 y 23.7 t/ha en 2013 y 2014, respectivamente) y de biomasa de materia seca (6.63 y 6.94 t/ha en 2013 y 2014, respectivamente). En cambio, las franjas de 8 filas con un espaciamiento de 30 cm superaron a otros sistemas de cultivo intercalado al obtener el rendimiento máximo de hierba y de biomasa de materia seca del sorgo. El sistema de cultivo intercalado compuesto por franjas de 12 filas con un espaciamiento de 60 cm entre las filas siguió siendo superior, al registrar el contenido máximo de proteína bruta, grasas y cenizas junto con el mínimo contenido de fibra de frijol caupí. Además, este sistema de cultivo intercalado bajo el resto de las disposiciones espaciales también permaneció incomparable, mientras que las franjas de 16 filas bajo todas las geometrías de siembra permanecieron inferiores a otros sistemas de cultivo intercalado. Por lo tanto, el cultivo intercalado de frijol caupí con sorgo en franjas de 12 filas con un espaciado de 60 cm ofrece una solución biológicamente viable para mejorar la biomasa y la calidad del forraje del caupí en cultivo intercalado con sorgo.

Abstract Viscous flow is maintained over a porous and rotating disk. The porous disk is stretched (shrunk) with the non-uniform velocity in the radial direction. Note that the viscous fluid is injected (blown) normally with non-uniform velocity. The study is undertaken by considering the combined and individual effects of injection (suction), stretching (shrinking), and rotation. The kinematics properties associated with the disk are depending upon the radial coordinate. The governing partial differential equations (PDE’s) are simplified and transformed into a new system of DE’s. The set of boundary value ODE’s is solved with the help of a numerical method. The transformed equations (presented over here) are new, and to the best of authors knowledge, the equations are not published in the literature. In particular cases, the modeled equations may reduce to the classical problems of rotating disk flows. The previous models of rotating disk flows with or without porosity and stretching (shrinking) effects are summarized into a single model. For a fixed value of the governing parameters and different sizes of “infinity”, no increase/decrease in the thickness of the boundary layer is seen, but the profiles of velocity components and pressure are significantly changed with the different levels of “infinity”.

ABSTRACT Cereal-legumes intercropping is among the most economical and effective agronomic strategies to boost forage biomass production, nutritional quality and monetary returns. This review synthesizes the research findings on how intercropping affects productivity, quality, competitiveness and economic viability of sorghum-legumes mixed, row and strip intercropping systems under varied pedo-climatic conditions. Though component crops show yield reductions in row (additive and row-replacement series), mixed (seed blended crops) and strip intercropping systems, in general overall productivity per unit land area increases to a great extent. The significantly higher resource capturing with better utilization efficacy by intercrops in temporal and spatial dimensions helps explain their greater productivity. In addition, forage intercrops result in improved nutritional quality as legumes contain protein in double quantity than cereals. Cereal-legumes intercropping systems yield higher quantities of lush green forage with improved quality traits, which ultimately increase monetary benefits. Furthermore, legumes inclusion as an intercrop with cereals has the potential to serve as a nitrogen-saving strategy due to the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) process. Moreover, cereal-legume intercropping systems are effective in reducing weed infestations and soil erosion by providing extended soil cover, as well as in increasing water use efficiency and improving soil fertility. However, despite a significant increase in overall productivity, component crops suffer yield losses in intercropping systems owing to competition for the finite divisible pool of growth resources. Thus, there is a dire need to optimize spatial and temporal arrangements in sorghum-legumes intercropping systems to achieve maximum productivity and economic returns.

The objective of this work was the phylogenetic characterization of local clinical isolates of uropathogenic E. coli with respect to drug resistance. A total of 59 uropathogenic E. coli responsible for community acquired urinary tract infections were included in this study. A triplex PCR was employed to segregate each isolate into four different phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 and D). Drug resistance was evaluated by disc diffusion method. The drugs used were ampicillin, aztreonam, cefixime, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, cephradine among β-lactam group; amikacin, gentamicin, and streptomycin among aminoglycosides; nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin from quinolones; trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole, and tetracycline. Among 59 uropathogenic E. coli isolates majority belonged to phylogenetic group B2 (50%) where as 19% each belonged to groups A and B1, and 12% to group D. All the isolates were multiple drug resistant (MDR). Most effective drugs against Group A, B1, and B2 were gentamicin, amikacin and cefixime; ceftriaxone and quinolones; and ceftriaxone and amikacin, respectively. Group D isolates were found to be highly resistant to all drugs. Our results have shown emergence of MDR isolates among uropathogenic E. coli with dominance of phylogenetic group B2. However, it was found that group D isolates were though less frequent, more drug resistant as compared with group B2. Groups A and B1 were relatively uncommon. Amikacin, ceftriaxone and gentamicin were the most effective drugs in general.

OBJECTIVE:To determine the incidence of pneumonia and severe pneumonia among children living at high altitudes in Pakistan. METHODS: A longitudinal cohort study was conducted in which 99 female government health workers in Punial and Ishkoman valleys (Ghizer district, Northern Areas of Pakistan) enrolled children at home, conducted home visits every 2 weeks and actively referred sick children to 15 health centres. Health centre staff used Integrated Management of Childhood Illness criteria to screen all sick children aged 2-35 months and identify those with pneumonia or severe pneumonia. FINDINGS: Community health workers enrolled 5204 eligible children at home and followed them over a 14-month period, ending on 31 December 2002. Health centre staff identified 1397 cases of pneumonia and 377 of severe pneumonia in enrolled children aged 2-35 months. Among children reported with pneumonia, 28% had multiple episodes. Incidence rates per 100 child-years of observation were 29.9 for pneumonia and 8.1 for severe pneumonia. Factors associated with a high incidence of pneumonia were younger age, male gender and living at high altitude. CONCLUSION: Pneumonia incidence rates in the Northern Areas of Pakistan are much higher than rates reported at lower altitudes in the country and are similar to those in high-altitude settings in other developing countries. More studies are needed to determine the causes of pneumonia in these high-mountain communities. However, early introduction of the vaccines that are known to prevent pneumonia should be considered.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la incidencia de neumonía y neumonía grave entre los niños de zonas situadas a gran altitud en el Pakistán. MÉTODOS: En los valles de Punial e Ishkoman (distrito de Ghizer, en el norte del país) se llevó a cabo un estudio longitudinal de cohortes en el que 99 funcionarias de salud reclutaron a niños visitados en sus hogares, realizaron visitas a domicilio cada 2 semanas y derivaron activamente a los niños enfermos a 15 centros de salud. El personal de esos centros utilizó los criterios de la Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia para someter a tamizaje a todos los niños enfermos de 2 a 35 meses de edad e identificar a los que sufrían neumonía o neumonía grave. RESULTADOS: Las trabajadoras sanitarias de la comunidad incluyeron en el estudio a 5204 niños elegibles identificados en sus hogares a lo largo de un periodo de 14 meses que concluyó el 31 de diciembre de 2002. El personal de los centros de salud detectó 1397 casos de neumonía y 377 casos de neumonía grave entre los niños participantes de 2 a 35 meses. Entre los niños a los que se diagnosticó neumonía, el 28% presentaron varios episodios. Las tasas de incidencia por 100 niños-año de observación fueron de 29,9 para la neumonía y 8,1 para la neumonía grave. Los factores asociados a una elevada incidencia de neumonía fueron una más corta edad, el sexo masculino y el hecho de vivir a gran altura. CONCLUSION: Las tasas de incidencia de neumonía en las zonas del norte del Pakistán son mucho mayores que las observadas a más baja altitud en el país, y similares a las habituales a grandes alturas en otros países en desarrollo. Es necesario realizar más estudios para determinar las causas de la neumonía en esas comunidades de alta montaña. Sin embargo, debe estudiarse la posibilidad de introducir tempranamente las vacunas que se sabe que previenen dicha enfermedad.

OBJECTIF: Déterminer l'incidence de la pneumonie et de la pneumonie sévère chez les enfants vivant à haute altitude au Pakistan. MÉTHODES: On a mené une étude longitudinale de cohorte dans laquelle 99 agents de santé féminins de l'Etat, exerçant dans les vallées de Punial et d'Ishkoman (District de Ghizer, zones septentrionales du Pakistan), ont recruté des enfants à domicile, effectué des visites domiciliaires toutes les 2 semaines et orienté activement les enfants malades vers 15 centres de santé. Le personnel des centres de santé a utilisé les critères de gestion intégrée des maladies infantiles pour dépister l'ensemble des enfants malades de 2 à 35 mois et identifier ceux atteints de pneumonie ou de pneumonie sévère. RÉSULTATS: Les agents de santé communautaires ont recruté à leur domicile 5204 enfants susceptibles de participer à l'étude et les ont suivis sur une période de 14 mois, qui s'est achevée le 31 décembre 2002. Le personnel des centres de santé a identifié 1397 cas de pneumonie et 377 cas de pneumonie sévère parmi les enfants recrutés de 2 à 35 mois. Parmi les enfants signalés comme atteints de pneumonie, 28 % ont présenté plusieurs épisodes de cette maladie. Le taux d'incidence pour 100 années-enfants d'observation était de 29,9 pour la pneumonie et de 8,1 pour la pneumonie sévère. Les facteurs associés à une forte incidence de la pneumonie étaient le jeune âge, le sexe masculin et la vie à haute altitude. CONCLUSION: Les taux d'incidence de la pneumonie dans les zones septentrionales du Pakistan sont bien plus élevés que ceux signalés dans ce pays à plus faible altitude et sont similaires à ceux relevés dans les régions de haute altitude d'autres pays en développement. Il faudrait entreprendre d'autres études pour déterminer les causes de la pneumonie dans ces communautés de haute montagne. Il faudrait néanmoins aussi envisager l'introduction d'une vaccination à un âge précoce par des vaccins connus pour prévenir cette maladie.