Abstract Objectives: To contribute to a better understanding of the maternal genetic mechanisms that influence obstetric outcomes and that are involved in maternal and child health, this study aimed to evaluate the association between maternal genetic variants and the offspring birth weight by analyzing single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to glucose homeostasis. Methods: Three polymorphisms were analyzed (GCK rs1799884, TCF7L2 rs7903146 and LEPR rs1137101) in 250 pregnant women who participated in a Brazilian prospective cohort study. Genotyping was performed by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) using pre-designed TaqMan® SNP genotyping assays. Vitamin D dosage was performed by chemiluminescence. Variance, Pearson's chi-square test and multiple linear regression were used for the statistical analysis. Results: It was possible to verify a significant association between birth weight and maternal GCK rs1799884 when obstetric outcomes, clinical and anthropometric characteristics were taken into consideration. The children of homozygous women for the minor allele GCK rs1799884 presented lower birth weight (β = -335.25, 95% CI = -669.39; -1.17, p = 0.04). Furthermore, a direct link between a leptin receptor variant and gestational duration was found (p = 0.037). Conclusion: The variant GCK rs1799884 (mm) was associated with a reduction in newborn weight in the miscegenated Brazilian population.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar o padrão espaço-temporal da mortalidade por tuberculose e seus fatores a ela relacionados. Método: estudo ecológico, usando como unidade de análise os municípios do estado do Ceará, Brasil, durante o período de 2001 a 2017. A mortalidade por tuberculose foi analisada por técnicas de análise temporal e espacial. Resultados: no período, foram notificados 1.513 óbitos por tuberculose. Detectou-se aumento anual médio de 15% na mortalidade (Intervalo de Confiança 95%: 6,2 - 24,6). Os indicadores que mais influenciaram a mortalidade foram: esperança de vida ao nascer (β=3,38), domicílios com abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário inadequados (β=-0,01) e probabilidade de sobrevivência até os 60 anos (β=-2,26). Conclusão: este estudo evidenciou o aumento no padrão temporal da mortalidade por tuberculose ao longo dos anos. Deve-se, portanto, enfatizar estratégias de cuidado voltadas à adesão ao tratamento e de saúde pública voltadas à melhoria do ambiente da população.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the spatio-temporal pattern of tuberculosis mortality and its related factors. Method: ecological study, using as unit of analysis the municipalities of the state of Ceará, Brazil, during the period from 2001 to 2017. Tuberculosis mortality was analyzed by temporal and spatial analysis techniques. Results: in the period, 1,513 deaths from tuberculosis were reported. An average annual increase of 15% in mortality was detected (95% Confidence Interval: 6.2 - 24.6). The indicators that most influenced mortality were life expectancy at birth (β=3.38), households with inadequate water supply and sanitation (β=-0.01) and probability of survival to 60 years (β=-2.26). Conclusion: this study evidenced the increase in the temporal pattern of tuberculosis mortality over the years. Care strategies aimed at treatment adherence and public health strategies aimed at improving the environment of the population should therefore be emphasized.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar el patrón espacio-temporal de la mortalidad por tuberculosis y los factores relacionados. Método: Estudio ecológico, utilizando como unidad de análisis los municipios del estado de Ceará, Brasil, durante 2001 a 2017. La mortalidad por tuberculosis se analizó mediante técnicas de análisis temporal y espacial. Resultados: se notificaron 1.513 muertes por tuberculosis en el periodo. Se detectó un aumento medio anual del 15% de la mortalidad (intervalo de confianza del 95%: 6,2 - 24,6). Los indicadores que más influyeron en la mortalidad fueron: la esperanza de vida al nacer (β=3,38), los hogares con suministro de agua y saneamiento inadecuados (β=-0,01) y la probabilidad de sobrevivir hasta los 60 años (β=-2,26). Conclusión: este estudio evidenció el aumento del patrón temporal de la mortalidad por tuberculosis a lo largo de los años. Por lo tanto, se debe hacer hincapié en las estrategias de atención dirigidas a la adherencia al tratamiento y en las estrategias de salud pública dirigidas a mejorar el entorno de la población.

RESUMO Piper bellidifolium, Piper durilignum, Piper acutilimbum e Piper consanguineum são arbustos que ocorrem na Amazônia e são morfologicamente similares. Com o intuito de analisar o perfil químico dos constituintes voláteis dessas espécies, óleos essenciais das folhas foram obtidos por hidrodestilação e analisados por cromatografia gasosa - detector por ionização de chama (CG-FID) e cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (CG-EM). A análise química permitiu identificar 95 compostos, representando 96.3 ± 0.6% do óleo de P. bellidifolium; 95.5 ± 0.71% de P. durilignum; 98.0 ± 1.0% de P. acutilimbum e 96.1 ± 2.1% de P. consanguineum. Apesar dos óleos das quatro espécies terem sesquiterpeno como classe química predominante, diferenças qualitativas e quantitativas em sua composição química foram observadas. Os principais componentes encontrados foram: (E)-nerolidol (20.3 ± 0.4%) em P. bellidifolium; germacreno D (11.1 ± 0.3%) em P. durilignum; e γ-eudesmol nos óleos de P. consanguineum (18.6 ± 0.5%) e P. acutilimbum (7.5 ± 0.4%). Apesar da similaridade morfológica entre as espécies, uma análise de componentes principais (PCA) dos dados de CG-EM claramente separou as quatro espécies quanto ao perfil químico do óleo essencial extríado de suas folhas.

ABSTRACT Piper bellidifolium, Piper durilignum, Piper acutilimbum and Piper consanguineum are bushes that occur in the Amazon and are morphologically similar. With the aim of analyzing the chemical profile of the volatile constituents of these species, essential oils from the leaves were obtained through steam distillation and analyzed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The chemical analysis enabled the identification of 95 compounds representing 96.3 ± 0.6% of the P. bellidifolium oil, 95.5 ± 0.71% of the P. durilignum oil, 98.0 ± 1.0% of the P. acutilimbum oil and 96.1 ± 2.1% of the P. consanguineum oil. Although sesquiterpenes were the predominant chemical class in the oils of the four species, qualitative and quantitative differences were found in their chemical composition. The major constituents were (E)-nerolidol (20.3 ± 0.4%) in the P. bellidifolium oil, germacrene D (11.1 ± 0.3%) in the P. durilignum oil, and γ-eudesmol in both the P. consanguineum (18.6 ± 0.5%) and P. acutilimbum (7.5 ± 0.4%) oils. Despite their morphological similarity, a principal component analysis (PCA) of the GC-MS data clearly separated the four species according to the chemical profile of the essential oil extracted from their leaves.

Abstract This article shows a study of the level of reliability of welded and bolted connections in cold formed steel members, for some limiting states, adopted by AISI and Brazilian codes. The aim of this study is the assessment of the reliability index β for a variation of the nominal live-to-dead load ratios as well as comparison of the value found considering different load combinations. The first order reliability method is used to calculate the reliability index β. In this study, reliability indices smaller than 3.5 were obtained, especially for bolted connections. Consideration of the model errors and FORM method, lead to significant reductions in reliability indices, which are found to be less than the recommended target reliability levels.

ABSTRACT Co-infections of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and either human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) or type 2 (HTLV-2) have been described as having an impact on HCV viremia and subsequent disease progression. HCV load in serum samples from 622 patients (343 males, 279 females; median age 50.8 years) from São Paulo/southeast Brazil was analyzed using the Abbott Real Time HCV assay (Abbott Molecular Inc., IL, USA). Samples were obtained from HCV-monoinfected (n = 548), HCV/HIV-1- (n = 41), HCV/HTLV-1- (n = 16), HCV/HTLV-2- (n = 8), HCV/HIV/HTLV-1- (n = 4), and HCV/HIV/HTLV-2-co-infected (n = 5) patients, and results were compared among the groups and according to sex. The median HCV load in HCV-monoinfected patients was 5.23 log10 IU/mL and 0.31 log10 higher in men than in women. Increases in viral load of 0.51 log10, 0.54 log10, and 1.43 log10 IU/mL were detected in HCV/HIV-1-, HCV/HTLV-1- and HCV/HIV/HTLV-1-co-infected individuals, respectively, compared with HCV-monoinfected counterparts. In contrast, compared to HCV/HIV co-infected patients, HCV/HTLV-2-co-infected patients had an HCV load of 5.0 log10 IU/mL, whereas HCV/HIV/HTLV-2-co-infected patients had a median load 0.37 log10 IU/mL lower. Significant differences in HCV loads were detected, with males and HCV/HIV-1- and HCV/HIV/HTLV-1-co-infected patients presenting the highest values. Conversely, females and HCV/HTLV-2-co-infected patients exhibited lower HCV loads. Overall, HCV viremia is increased in HIV and/or HTLV-1-co-infection and decreased in HTLV-2 co-infection.

With this study, the authors hope to alert clinicians regarding the presence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/-2) infections in patients with viral hepatitis B and C in Brazil. HTLV-1/-2 were detected in 1.3% of hepatitis B virus (HBV)- and 5.3% of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected blood samples sent for laboratory viral load measurements. A partial association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HTLV-1/-2 infection was detected in patients with HCV (HIV+, 27.3%), whereas this association was almost 100% in HBV-infected patients (HIV+, all except one). The high prevalence of HTLV-1/-2 infection among patients with hepatitis C was of concern, as HTLV-1/-2 could change the natural course of subsequent liver disease. The authors suggest including HTLV-1/-2 serology in the battery of tests used when following patients with viral hepatitis in Brazil, regardless of the HIV status.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e testar em campo a composição do feromônio sexual da broca-do-ponteiro do mogno, Hypsipyla grandella, de uma população do Sul do Brasil. As glândulas abdominais de fêmeas de H. grandella foram excisadas e extraídas por meio de n-hexano; os extratos de glândula foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa (GC-FID e GC-MS). Experimentos de túnel de vento e eletrofisiologia foram conduzidos para avaliar o papel dos compostos das glândulas no comportamento de busca de acasalamento pelos machos de H. grandella. Armadilhas com o feromônio identificado foram testadas em campo. Além dos compostos previamente identificados - (9Z,12E)-tetradecadien-1-ol e acetato de (9Z,12E)-tetradecadienila -, em populações de insetos da América Central, dois novos compostos foram identificados: (9Z)-tetradecen-1-ol e acetato de (9Z)-tetradecenila. A análise eletroantenográfica mostrou que estes quatro compostos provocaram uma resposta da antena dos machos coespecíficos. Os bioensaios em túnel de vento - com misturas binária, ternária e quaternária, com uso de diferentes quantidades dos compostos - Z9-14:OH, Z9,E12-14:OH, Z9-14:OAc e Z9,E12-14:OAc -, mostraram uma resposta do macho similar à resposta de chamamento das fêmeas coespecíficas. Quando as misturas binária e quaternária foram testadas em condições de campo, os machos foram atraídos para as armadilhas com a mistura quaternária. A nova mistura feromonal identificada em machos de H. grandella tem grande potencial para ser usado no monitoramento e controle desta praga no campo.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to identify and carry out a field testing of the sex pheromone composition of the mahogany shoot borer, Hypsipyla grandella, from a population in Southern Brazil. Abdominal glands of H. grandella females were excised and extracted using n-hexane; the gland extracts were analysed by gas chromatography (GC-FID and GC-MS). Wind-tunnel and electrophysiology experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of gland compounds in the mating behavior of H. grandella males. In the field, pheromone traps containing the identified pheromone were tested. In addition to the two previously identified compounds - (9Z,12E)-tetradecadien-1-ol and (9Z,12E)-tetradecadienyl acetate -, in insects from Central America populations, two additional compounds were identified in the blend: (9Z)-tetradecen-1-ol and (9Z)-tetradecenyl acetate. Gas chromatography-electroantennographic analyses showed that these four components elicited antennal responses from conspecific males. Wind tunnel bioassays using different amounts of the components Z9-14:OH, Z9,E12-14:OH, Z9-14:OAc, and Z9,E12-14:OAc, elicited male responses similar to the response to conspecific calling females. When the binary and quaternary mixtures were tested in field conditions, males were attracted to the traps containing the quaternary mixture. The new pheromone blend identified in H. grandella males has a great potential to be exploited as a monitoring tool or control measure in the field.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da pastagem e a emissão de metano (CH4) entérico de bovinos Curraleiro Pé-duro x Nelore, em pastagem de Megathyrsus maximus 'Mombaça', tanto a pleno sol como em consórcio com palmeiras de babaçu (Attalea spp.), no bioma Amazônia. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com seis novilhos por sistema, e as avaliações foram realizadas nos períodos seco (2015) e no chuvoso (2016). Em comparação à forragem no sistema a pleno sol, a forragem no sistema silvopastoril apresentou maiores teores de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, nutrientes digestíveis totais e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica, e menores teores de matéria seca, fibra em detergente neutro e carboidratos totais (CHOT). No período das águas, o sistema silvopastoril apresentou maiores teores de proteína bruta e reduções de carboidratos não fibrosos e CHOT. As emissões de CH4 foram semelhantes entre os sistemas, tendo variado de 44,0 a 74,2 kg por animal por ano. No período seco, a emissão por quilograma de matéria seca ingerida e a perda de energia bruta por metano foram menores no sistema silvopastoril. No período chuvoso, as emissões foram similares entre os tratamentos. O sistema silvopastoril oferece pastagem de boa qualidade na seca e, considerando-se o ciclo com ambos os períodos, é mais eficiente (emissão de CH4 pelo ganho de peso diário) do que o sistema a pleno sol.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of pasture and enteric methane (CH4) emission of Curraleiro Pé-duro x Nellore cattle in a pasture of Megathyrsus maximus 'Mombaça', both in full sun and in a consortium with babassu palms (Attalea spp.) in the Amazonian biome. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six steers per system, and the evaluations were done during the dry period (2015) and rainy period (2016). In comparison to forage in the full sun system, forage in the silvopastoral system showed, in the dry period, higher levels of crude protein, ether extract, total digestible nutrient, and in vitro digestible organic matter, and lower levels of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, and total carbohydrate (TCHO). In the rainy period, forage in the silvopastoral system showed higher levels of crude protein and a reduction of nonfibrous carbohydrate and TCHO. The CH4 emissions were similar in both systems within the same period, and ranged from 44.0 to 74.2 kg per year per animal. During the dry period, the emission per kilogram of dry ingested matter and the loss of gross energy as methane were lower in the silvopastoral system. During the rainy period, the emissions were similar in both systems. The silvopastoral system yields forage with good quality in the dry period, and considering both periods, it is more efficient (emission of CH4 per daily weight gain) than the system in full sun.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e características de cordeiros Santa Inês e suas cruzas desmamados aos 75 dias de vida e terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 30 cordeiros não castrados, 10 Santa Inês, 10 ½Dorper × ½Santa Inês e 10 ¾Dorper × ¼Santa Inês, com idade e peso vivo médio no início do experimento de 82 dias e 19,40 kg, respectivamente. Foi utilizada dieta única contendo 169,0 g/kg de proteína bruta e 2,80 Mcal/kg MS. Não houve efeito do genótipo sobre o desempenho dos cordeiros, exceto para escore corporal final, em que os mestiços Dorper alcançaram os maiores escores. As carcaças dos cordeiros ½Dorper × ½Santa Inês e ¾Dorper × ¼Santa Inês apresentaram maior largura da garupa, área de olho de lombo e percentual de lombo do que as carcaças dos cordeiros Santa Inês. As carcaças dos cordeiros ¾Dorper × ¼Santa Inês alcançaram maior largura do tórax e do anterior quando comparadas com as carcaças dos cordeiros Santa Inês, tendo obtido também melhor conformação e acabamento de carcaça quando comparadas com as carcaças dos demais genótipos. Entretanto, as carcaças dos cordeiros Santa Inês e ½Dorper × ½Santa Inês apresentaram maior percentual de pescoço em relação às carcaças dos cordeiros ¾Dorper × ¼Santa Inês.

SUMMARY This study evaluated the performance and carcass traits of Santa Ines sheep and crosses weaned at 75 days old and finished in feedlot. Thirty uncastrated sheep, 10 Santa Ines, 10 ½Dorper × ½Santa Ines, and 10 ¾Dorper × ¼Santa Ines were used. The sheep were 82 days old average and 19.40 kg average initial weight. The diet used contained 169.0 g/kg crude protein and 2.80 Mcal/kg DM. No effect of genotype was observed on the performance of lambs, except for the higher final body condition scores achieved by the Dorper crossbreds. The carcasses of the ½Dorper × ½Santa Ines and ¾Dorper × ¼Santa Ines crossbreds lambs had greater rump and loin eye area and higher loin percentage compared to Santa Ines. Carcasses of ¾Dorper × ¼Santa Ines crossbreds lambs had greater chest and anterior width compared to Santa Ines and better carcass conformation and finish compared to other genotypes. Furthermore, the carcasses of Santa Ines and ½Dorper × ½Santa Ines lambs had higher neck percentage compared to carcasses of ¾Dorper × ¼Santa Ines.

The effects of quercetin supplementation in NADH-diaphorase positive (NADH-d) neurons of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was carried in this study. Fifteen male rats were divided into three groups: normoglycemic (N), diabetic (D) and diabetic supplemented with quercetin (DQ). Whole mount preparations of the muscular layer of the ileum underwent NADH-d histochemistry for evidencing the NADH-d neuronal subpopulation. Quantitative analyzes were performed on 30 random fields, and morphometric analyzes in 100 neuronal bodies and nuclei per animal. The supplementation promoted a 44 % reduction in the neuronal density in D group when compared to N group (p <0.001); a 24.5 % reduction was observed in the DQ group when compared to N (p <0.01). Animals in D group presented an 18.7 % increase in the cell body areas of myenteric neurons when compared to N (p <0.001); DQ group showed a 14.2 % decrease in neuronal areas when compared to D (p <0.01); the nuclear area were similar among the three groups. We conclude that quercetin supplementation was positive for animals with diabetes mellitus.

Se estudiaron los efectos de la suplementación con quercetina en neuronas NADH-diaforasa positiva (NADH-d) de ratas diabéticas inducidas por estreptozotocina. Quince ratas machos se dividieron en tres grupos: normoglicémico (N), diabéticos (D) y diabéticos suplementados con quercetina (DQ). Las cortes montados de la capa muscular del íleon fueron sometidos a histoquímica de NADH-d para evidenciar la subpoblación neuronal NADH-d. Se realizaron análisis cuantitativos en 30 campos aleatorios y análisis morfométricos en 100 cuerpos y núcleos neuronales, por animal. La suplementación promovió una reducción del 44 % en la densidad neuronal en el grupo D cuando se comparó con el grupo N (p <0,001). Se observó una reducción del 24,5 % en el grupo DQ en comparación con N (p <0,01). Los animales del grupo D presentaron un aumento del 18,7 % en las áreas del cuerpo celular de las neuronas mientéricas cuando se compararon con N (p <0,001). El grupo DQ mostró una disminución de 14,2 % en las áreas neuronales en comparación con D (p <0,01). El área nuclear fue similar entre los tres grupos. Se concluye que la suplementación con quercetina fue positiva para animales con diabetes mellitus.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do envelhecimento, do gênero e de fatores relacionados ao estilo de vida na indução de danos cromossômicos (micronúcleo) e de alterações nucleares degenerativas com o uso do teste de micronúcleo em células esfoliadas da mucosa oral. A amostra incluiu oitenta indivíduos saudáveis divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com a faixa etária e o gênero: homens e mulheres de 19-29 anos (H19, M19), homens e mulheres com mais de sessenta anos (H60, M60). Questionário de entrevista foi aplicado para caracterizar a amostra e para determinar um índice refletindo o estilo de vida (IVS). A frequência de micronúcleos e alterações nucleares degenerativas foi significativamente maior entre os idosos (p<0,001) e não diferiu em função do gênero entre os jovens (p>0,05). Ocorrência de micronúcleos foi similar entre homens e mulheres idosos (p>0,10), mas cariorréxis e cariólise foram mais frequentes entre os homens (p<0,005 e p<0,025, respectivamente), que também apresentaram o menor IVS em relação aos demais grupos (p<0,0004). Os resultados deste estudo permitem concluir que a idade foi o principal fator associado à indução de danos ao material genético.

Abstract The effects of aging, gender and lifestyle factors on inducing chromosomal damage (micronuclei) and nuclear degenerative changes were assessed using the micronucleus test on exfoliated cells of the oral mucosa. The sample included 80 healthy subjects divided into four groups according to age and gender: men and women aged 19-29 years (M19, W19) and men and women aged over sixty years (M60, W60). An interview questionnaire was used to characterize the sample and to determine an index reflecting lifestyle (HLI). The frequency of micronuclei and nuclear degenerative changes was significantly higher among the elderly (p<0.001) and did not differ by gender among young people (p>0.05). The occurrence of micronuclei was similar among elderly men and women (p>0.10), but karyorrhexis and karyolysis were more frequent among men (p<0.005 and p<0.025, respectively), who also had a lower HLI than the other groups (p<0.0004). The results of the study indicate that age is the main factor associated with the induction of genetic material damage.

RESUMO: A maioria dos plantios de bananeira são realizados utilizando mudas tradicionais do tipo chifre e rizomas. Outros métodos de propagação, como a micropropagação, vêm sendo desenvolvidos e aperfeiçoados com fim a elevar a taxa de multiplicação em curto espaço de tempo e melhorar a qualidade fitossanitária das mudas. Contudo, a contaminação por bactérias e fungos é um dos maiores problemas dessa técnica. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a desinfestação in vitro utilizando concentrações de cloro ativo em explantes de bananeira 'Farta Velhaco'. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado constituído de cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo cada uma destas representada por cinco explantes em diferentes concentrações de cloro ativo durante vinte minutos, quais sejam: T1 - testemunha sem cloro ativo; T2 - 0,5% de cloro ativo; T3 - 1,0% de cloro ativo; T4 - 1,5% de cloro ativo; e T5 - 2% de cloro ativo. Foram avaliadas as porcentagens de contaminação por bactérias e fungos, como também a porcentagem de oxidação dos explantes. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de variância e de regressão. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a maior eficiência dentre os tratamentos testados foi o de imersão dos explantes em 1% de cloro ativo, o qual proporcionou redução em 95% e 90%, respectivamente, para bactérias e fungos e 60% dos explantes oxidados. Concluiu-se que essa concentração pode ser utilizada para o controle de contaminações para micropropagação de bananeira ´Farta Velhaco'.

ABSTRACT: Most banana plantations are still made using traditional clones per type horn and rhizomes. Other propagation methods such as micropropagation have been developed and perfected to raise the rate of multiplication in a short time and improve the health status of the seedlings. However, contamination by bacteria and fungi is one of the biggest problems of this technique. The aim was to evaluate the in vitro disinfestation using active chlorine concentrations of banana explants 'Farta Velhaco'. The experimental design used was completely randomized consisting of five treatments and five repetition, each replicate represented by five explants in different concentrations of active chlorine for twenty minutes: T1 - without active chlorine, T2 - 0.5% active chlorine, T3 - 1.0% of active chlorine, T4 - 1.5% active chlorine and T5 - 2% active chlorine. The percentages of contamination by bacteria and fungi as well as the percentage of oxidation of the explants were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis. The results showed that the highest efficiency among the tested treatments was the immersion of explants in 1% of active chlorine that caused a reduction in 95% and 90% respectively for bacteria and fungi and 60% of explants oxidation. It was concluded that this concentration can be used to control contamination for micropropagation of banana 'Farta Velhaco'.