ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate inflammatory response in critical bone injuries after implantation of the biomaterial composed of hydroxyapatite (HA)/poly (lactic-coglycolic acid) (PLGA)/BLEED. Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats (280 ± 20 grams) were divided into two groups: control group (CG), in which the animals do not receive any type of treatment; and biomaterial group (BG), in which the animals received the HA/PLGA/BLEED scaffold. Critical bone injury was induced in the medial region of the skull calotte with the aid of a trephine drill 8 mm in diameter. The biomaterial was implanted in the form of 1.5-mm thick scaffolds. Serum and calotte were collected at one, three and seven days. Results: Biomaterial had a significant effect on the morphological structure of the bone, accelerating osteoblast activation within three days, without causing exacerbated systemic inflammation. In addition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that BG induced upregulation of osteogenic genes such as runt-related transcription factor 2, and stimulated genes of inflammatory pathways such as tumor necrosis factor-α, on the first day without overexpressing genes related to bone matrix degradation, such as tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Conclusions: The HA/PLGA/BLEED® association can be used as a bone graft to aid bone repair, as it is capable of modulating expression of important genes at this stage of the repair process.

Resumo A resistência de Rhipicephalus microplus a carrapaticidas gera a necessidade de alternativas de controle. Uma das formas de diminuir o uso de carrapaticida em um rebanho é o controle seletivo do carrapato (CS). O presente estudo avaliou o CS em rebanho leiteiro, constituído de diferentes grupos genéticos: Holandês, Jersey, mestiço e Girolando. Carrapatos foram contados na região do terço anterior direito, totalizando nove avaliações em cerca de 90 vacas, a intervalos ao redor de 21 dias. Carrapaticida comercial pour-on foi aplicado somente quando a infestação fosse igual ou superior a oito carrapatos maiores que 4 mm na região anterior. Dados de contagens foram transformados em log10 e analisados por meio de modelos mistos. Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos genéticos: vacas Holandesas apresentaram maiores médias no número de carrapatos, como esperado, embora 34,3% não tenha recebido tratamento carrapaticida; nas demais, o CS proporcionou diminuição do uso de carrapaticidas de 79,1% para as mestiças, 81,5% para as Jersey e 94,9% para as Girolando. O critério utilizado para aplicar o carrapaticida manteve a população de carrapatos sob controle. A grande vantagem do CS foi a economia ao sistema, sem prejudicar os animais, com menos resíduos para animais e meio ambiente.

Abstract Alternatives for Rhipicephalus microplus control are needed in the light of its resistance to acaricides. One of the ways to decrease the use of acaricides in a herd is selective control (SC). In the present study, SC was evaluated in a dairy herd consisting of different genetic groups: Holstein, Jersey, crossbreed and Girolando. Ticks were counted in the right anterior third region on around 90 cows, totaling nine evaluations at intervals of 21 days. Commercial pour-on acaricide was applied only when the infestation was greater than or equal to eight ticks larger than 4 mm in the anterior third region. Tick counts were transformed into log10 and analyzed using mixed models. There was significant difference among groups: Holstein had the highest averages of tick numbers, as expected, although 34.3% did not receive tick treatment. In the other groups, SC reduced the use of acaricides by 79.1% for crossbreed, 81.5% for Jersey and 94.9% for Girolando. The criterion used for applying the acaricide successfully kept the tick population under control. The great advantage of SC was savings to the system, without harming the animals, in addition to generate fewer residues in the animals and in the environment.

Abstract Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked disorder of glycosphingolipids caused by mutations of the GLA gene. The classical form presents with neuropathic pain and gastrointestinal complaints since childhood or adolescence and progressing into adulthood with ischemic stroke, cardiac dysfunction, and chronic kidney disease. Depression seems to be a frequent complication of FD but its frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated. Comorbid depression in different chronic diseases has been associated with an overall increase in disease burden and medical costs, impairment in activities of daily living, and impact on self-care and treatment adherence. In addition, a clear association between pain and depression has been observed in FD patients and appears to have an unequivocal neurobiological matrix. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the literature on depression in patients with FD and to highlight some of the emerging issues on this topic. Further research to improve detection and to develop effective treatments for depression in this population is promptly needed.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate and compare two types of different scaffolds in critical bone defects in rats. Methods Seventy male Wistar rats (280 ± 20 grams) divided into three groups: control group (CG), untreated animals; biomaterial group 1 (BG1), animals that received the scaffold implanted hydroxyapatite (HA)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA); and biomaterial group 2 (BG2), animals that received the scaffolds HA/PLGA/Bleed. The critical bone defect was induced in the medial region of the skull calotte with the aid of an 8-mm-diameter trephine drill. The biomaterial was implanted in the form of 1.5 mm thick scaffolds, and samples were collected after 15, 30 and 60 days. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used, with the significance level of 5% (p ≤ 0.05). Results Histology revealed morphological and structural differences of the neoformed tissue between the experimental groups. Collagen-1 (Col-1) findings are consistent with the histological ones, in which BG2 presented the highest amount of fibers in its tissue matrix in all evaluated periods. In contrast, the results of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (Rank-L) immunoexpression were higher in BG2 in the periods of 30 and 60 days, indicating an increase of the degradation of the biomaterial and the remodeling activity of the bone. Conclusions The properties of the HA/PLGA/Bleed scaffold were superior when compared to the scaffold composed only by HA/PLGA.

Este estudo objetivou analisar a influência das variáveis antropométricas sobre o impulso e tempo de execução do chute giro dorsal do karatê. Participaram 12 atletas, faixas pretas de karatê. Para a aquisição dos dados foram utilizados: estadiômetro, balança, tapete de contato e alvo instrumentado. Utilizou-se da estatística descritiva e para determinar a influência das variáveis antropométricas sobre o impulso e tempo de execução utilizou-se a regressão linear múltipla multivariada (p<0,05). Os resultados evidenciaram que as características antropométricas tem influência de 70% no impulso e 69% no tempo de execução do chute giro dorsal quando realizado com o membro inferior direito, e influencia 60% no impulso e 76% no tempo de execução quando executado com o membro inferior esquerdo. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que a massa, a estatura e o comprimento do membro inferior exercem influência significativa no impulso e no tempo de execução quando analisadas em conjunto. Analisadas individualmente, o comprimento do membro inferior foi a característica antropométrica com maior influência significativa tanto para o impulso quanto para o tempo de execução do chute. Já para a massa parece existir um "valor ótimo" para o melhor desempenho no impulso, ultrapassado este valor a massa passa a atuar negativamente sobre o desempenho do impulso no chute giro dorsal do Karatê.

This study objective of analyzing the influence of anthropometric on impulse and execution time the back kick. 12 athletes participated, karate black belts. For data acquisition were used: stadiometer, balance, contact carpet and instrumented target. We used descriptive statistics and to determine the influence of anthropometric variables on kinematics and kinetics, we used multivariate linear regression (p <0.05). The results showed that the influence of anthropometric characteristics has 70% in the impulse and 69% in the execution time of the back kick when done with the right leg, and influence 60% in the impulse and 76% in the execution time when run with the left lower limb. Thus, we can conclude that the mass, height and lower limb length have significant influence on impulse and at execution time when analyzed together. Analyzed individually, the length of the lower limb anthropometric characteristic was more significant influence for both impulse and for the execution time of the kick. As for the mass seems to be a "great value" for the best performance impulse this value exceeded the dough starts to act negatively on the performance impulse back kick the karate.

Desde os primórdios o homem buscou selecionar as plantas alimentícias para maior produtividade. O conhecimento da estrutura do DNA permitiu que a engenharia genética se desenvolvesse consideravelmente fornecendo ferramentas para a realização de alterações específicas no genoma. Os produtos destas alterações são denominados transgênicos ou organismos geneticamente modificados (OGM) e apresentam alto potencial de aplicação em diversas áreas da atividade humana como: agricultura, medicina, saúde, produção e processamento de alimentos, produção bioquímica, controle de doenças e biorremediação. Atualmente, as plantas transgênicas, oriundas da tecnologia do DNA recombinante, trouxeram novas variedades já cultivadas em mais de 100 milhões de hectares em 23 países, incluindo o Brasil, onde 8 variedades já foram aprovadas pela Comissão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança (CTNBio). Esse método de melhoramento genético facilitou a introdução de características desejáveis em plantas, como resistência a estresses bióticos e abióticos e otimização da composição de alguns nutrientes essenciais à saúde animal e humana. Enquanto estes avanços da biotecnologia abrem novas perspectivas para a solução de problemas em áreas como a agricultura, a liberação de transgênicos para uso na natureza traz preocupações quanto a possíveis problemas de natureza ecológica e para a saúde humana e animal. Estas preocupações deram origem à criação de agências governamentais para controlar o uso desta tecnologia e regulamentar a segurança dos alimentos transgênicos e seus derivados. Até o momento, os estudos científicos mostram que os transgênicos liberados comercialmente são tão seguros ou mais ao meio ambiente e a saúde animal e humana que os convencionais.

From the origins the man has looked and selected vegetables with nutritive value for larger productivity. The knowledge of DNA structure allowed genetic engineering to develop and supplying tools for the accomplishment of specific alterations in the genome considerably. The products of these alterations are denominated transgenic or organisms genetically modified (OGM) and they present high application potential in several areas of the human activity as: agriculture, medicine, health, production and processing of foods, biochemical production and control of diseases. Nowadays, transgenic plants, originating from technology of the DNA recombinant, brought new varieties cultivated already in more than 100 million hectares in 23 countries, including Brazil, where 8 varieties were already approved for the National Technical Commission of Biosafety (CTNBio). That method of genetic improvement facilitated the introduction of desirable characteristics in plants, such as, resistance to biotic and non-biotic stress and optimization of the composition of some essential nutrients to the animal and human health. While these progresses of the biotechnology open new perspectives for the solution of problems in areas as the agriculture, the transgenic liberation for use in the nature brings concerns as for possible problems of ecological nature and for the human and animal health. These concerns brought the creation of government agencies to control the use of this technology and to regulate the safety of transgenic foods and yours derived. Until the moment, the scientific studies show that the transgenic liberated commercially are so safe or more to the environment and the animal and human health that the conventional ones.

El fibroma osificante es una lesión benigna de crecimiento y tumefacción deformante de evolución lenta que afecta los maxilares, principalmente en la región posterior de la mandíbula. Se manifiesta con mayor predilección en el género femenino, entre la tercera y cuarta décadas de vida. Radiográficamente, la imagen frecuentemente observada, aparece como un área radiolúcida, unilocular, bien definida y delimitada por un halo radiopaco (esclerótico); ocasionalmente puede presentarse como una imagen radiopaca. El tratamiento es quirúrgico y consiste en la enucleación total de la lesión. Este artículo relata un caso de fibroma osificante, discutiendo sus aspectos clínicos a través de la revisión de la literatura.

Ossifying fibroma is a benign lesion, with slow growth but deforming tumefaction involving the jaws, mainly the posterior region of the mandible. It is more frequent in females among the third and fourth decades of life. Radiologically, it usually appears like a radiolucent unilocular well defined area, limited by a radiopaque (sclerotical) edge; occasionally it appears as a radiopaque image. Its treatment is surgical and consists of the total resection of the lesion. This article reports a case of ossifying fibroma, with discussion of its clinical features through a literature review.

Estudos realizados em língua inglesa mostram que a habilidade de refletir sobre os morfemas que compõem as palavras está associada ao sucesso no reconhecimento e compreensão de palavras, na leitura, e na escrita. O português é uma língua com uma ortografia bem mais transparente em termos das correspondências entre letra e som do que o inglês. Neste estudo investigamos se o processamento da morfologia derivacional contribui para leitura e escrita no português e se essa contribuição é independente da consciência fonológica. Os resultados mostram que a habilidade de refletir sobre os morfemas contribui tanto para leitura quanto para escrita, e que essa contribuição é até certo ponto independente do processamento fonológico.

Studies carried out in English orthography show that the ability to reflect upon the word's morphemes is related to the success in recognizing words, reading comprehension and spelling. Portuguese is a language with a more transparent letter-sound correspondence rule than English. This study investigated whether derivational morphology processing contributes to reading and spelling in Portuguese and whether this contribution is independent of phonological awareness. The results show that the ability to reflect upon the morpheme of the words contributes both to reading and spelling and this contribution is, to a certain extent, independent of phonological processing.

Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan responsible for Chagas disease, employs distinct strategies to invade mammalian host cells. In the present work we investigated the participation of calcium ions on the invasion process using primary cultures of embryonic mice cardiomyocytes which exhibit spontaneous contraction in vitro. Using Fura 2-AM we found that T. cruzi was able to induce a sustained increase in basal intracellular Ca2+ level in heart muscle cells (HMC), the response being associated or not with Ca2+ transient peaks. Assays performed with both Y and CL strains indicated that the changes in intracellular Ca2+ started after parasites contacted with the cardiomyocytes and the evoked response was higher than the Ca2+ signal associated to the spontaneous contractions. The possible role of the extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ levels on T. cruzi invasion process was evaluated using the extracellular Ca2+ chelator EGTA alone or in association with the calcium ionophore A23187. Significant dose dependent inhibition of the invasion levels were found when intracellular calcium release was prevented by the association of EGTA +A23187 in calcium free medium. Dose response experiments indicated that EGTA 2.5 mM to 5 mM decreased the invasion level by 15.2 to 35.1% while A23187 (0.5 µM) alone did not induce significant effects (17%); treatment of the cultures with the protease inhibitor leupeptin did not affect the endocytic index, thus arguing against the involvement of leupeptin sensitive proteases in the invasion of HMC.

The present paper summarizes new approaches regarding the progress done to the understanding of the interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi-cardiomyocytes. Mannose receptors localized at the surface of heart muscle cell are involved in binding and uptake of the parasite. One of the most striking events in the parasite-heart muscle cells interaction is the disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. We have investigated the regulation of the actin mRNA during the cytopathology induced in myocardial cells by the parasite. T. cruzi invasion increases calcium resting levels in cardiomyocytes. We have previously shown that Ca2+ ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA) is involved in the invasion of T. cruzi in cardiomyocytes. Treating the cells with thapsigargin, a drug that binds to all SERCA ATPases and causes depletion of intracellular calcium stores, we found a 75% inhibition in the T. cruzi-cardiomyocytes invasion.