Abstract In vitro spore culture and gametophyte characteristics may contribute understanding the life cycle in different fern taxa and also to systematic and taxonomic studies. The family Woodsiaceae contains two genera: Physematium and Woodsia. Physematium montevidensis is the only species recognized for South America, and up to now, no information has been recorded on the gametophytic phase. The aim of this work is to study the development pattern, the morphology and sexual expression of the gametophyte of Physematium montevidensis to provide information about its reproductive biology. The germination pattern was of the Vittaria-type and the gametophyte development of the Aspidium-type. Gametangia appeared 30-40 days after spore germination. Both, cordiform bisexual and spatulate-elongated male gametophytes developed in the cultures. The sporophytes emerged near 3 months after spore sowing. The gametophyte development of Physematium montevidensis and its morphological features are broadly similar to those registered in other taxa of Woodsiaceae.

Resumo O cultivo de esporos in vitro e as características dos gametófitos podem contribuir para a compreensão do ciclo de vida em diferentes táxons de samambaias e também para estudos sistemáticos e taxonômicos. Woodsiaceae contém dois gêneros, Physematium e Woodsia. Physematium montevidensis é a única espécie registrada para a América do Sul. Até o momento, a fase gametofítica desta espécie é desconhecida.. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o padrão de desenvolvimento, a morfologia e a expressão sexual do gametófito de Physematium montevidensis para fornecer informações sobre sua biologia reprodutiva. O padrão de germinação foi do tipo-Vittaria e o desenvolvimento do gametófito do tipo- Aspidium. Os gametângios surgiram 30-40 dias após a germinação dos esporos. Ambos, gametófito bisexual-cordiforme e masculino espatulado-alongado se desenvolveram nas culturas. Os esporófitos emergiram em aproximadamente três meses após a semeadura dos esporos. O desenvolvimento do gametófito de Physematium montevidensis e suas características morfológicas são amplamente semelhantes aos registrados em outros táxons de Woodsiaceae.

Abstract Athyrium decurtatum var. platense (= Thelypteris decurtata subsp. platensis) is transferred to the genus Amauropelta and raised to the species level based on morphological, palynological and geographical evidences. This fern species is endemic to the Delta of Paraná district, belonging to the Esteros del Iberá biogeographic province in the Southern Cone of South America.

Resumo Athyrium decurtatum var. platense (= Thelypteris decurtata subsp. platensis) é transferida para o gênero Amauropelta e elevada ao nível de espécie com base em estudos morfológicos, palinológicos e geográficos. Esta espécie é endêmica do distrito Delta do Paraná, pertencendo à província biogeográfica dos Esteros del Iberá, no Cone Sul da América do Sul.

Abstract Rumohra aconquijana sp. nov., a restricted endemism of the Montane Jungle district (700-1,500 m asl; Yungas biogeographic province) is reported, described and illustrated. Rumohra aconquijana grows as epiphyte on Ocotea porphyria (Lauraceae) and Sambucus peruviana (Viburnaceae) in humid terraces and slopes of the cloud forest. The new species differs from the widespread R. adiantiformis, especially by the dissection of the laminae, the shape and size of the pinnules. Also, there are differences with all Argentinean and Bolivian and Chilean species of Rumohra in the ornamentation of the perispore, which is folded with few folds, partially fused, narrow and with ridged margins. Here, we present the first species of Rumohra endemic from Argentinean Yungas, as well as a key to identifying the species occurring in Argentina and Bolivia.

Resumo Rumohra aconquijana sp. nov., um endemismo restrito do distrito de Floresta Montana (700-1.500 m asl; província biogeográfica de Yungas) é relatado, descrito e ilustrado. A Rumohra aconquijana cresce como epífita em Ocotea porphyria (Lauraceae) e Sambucus peruviana (Viburnaceae) em locais úmidos e declives de florestas nebulares. A nova espécie difere de R. adiantiformis, especialmente pela dissecação das lâminas, a forma e o tamanho das pínulas. Além disso, difere de todas as espécies argentinas, bolivianas e chilenas de Rumohra na ornamentação do perisporo, que é cristado, parcialmente fusionado, estreito e com margens estriadas. Aqui, apresentamos a primeira espécie endêmica de Rumohra dos Yungas da Argentina, bem como uma chave para identificar as espécies ocorrentes na Argentina e na Bolívia.

ABSTRACT As part of floristic surveys in the Southern Cone of South America and the Flora do Brasil 2020 project, we present a revision of Osmundaceae in Brazil. Osmundaceae is represented by two genera (Osmundastrum and Osmunda) and three species. One of them, Osmunda piresii, is endemic to the savannas of Central Brazil, occurring in the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais, and Mato Grosso. Osmunda gracilis is synonymized under Osmunda spectabilis. We present a dichotomous key, descriptions, diagnostic illustrations, distributions, and notes on taxonomy and ecology.

Resumen Hay pocos estudios ecológicos sobre los patrones de diversidad de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos en la Amazonía peruana, a pesar de ser esenciales para la gestión y manejo de estos ecosistemas fluviales. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar su composición taxonómica y su relación con las variables ambientales a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal del río Alto Madre de Dios, cuenca en donde podrían registrarse nuevas especies. Se establecieron 22 estaciones en un rango altitudinal de 398 a 2.411 m s.n.m., cuantificando las características fisicoquímicas del agua y del hábitat fluvial: pH, temperatura del agua (T, °C), conductividad eléctrica (CE, μS.cm-1), ancho del río (A, m), profundidad (P, cm), sombra y velocidad del flujo de la corriente (m·s-1). Para los muestreos de macroinvertebrados se utilizó una red "de patada" de 200 μm de tamaño de malla. Se identificaron 56 taxones distribuidos en los órdenes Acari, Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, Díptera, Hemiptera, Megaloptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Trichoptera y Decapoda. Los análisis multivariados de clasificación y agrupamiento permitieron establecer cuatro grupos de estaciones estadísticamente diferenciadas (p<0,05), principalmente por la velocidad y el tipo de sustrato dominante, lo que explica la abundancia y amplia distribución de Chironomidae, Baetodes, ThraulodesyAnacroneuria. Los taxones de macroinvertebrados cambiaron notablemente a lo largo del gradiente, reportándose una mayor diversidad en zonas con altitudes medias y una relación con las variables ambientales.

Abstract In the Peruvian Amazon, there are few ecological studies on the diversity patterns of aquatic macroinvertebrates, essential for the management of these fluvial ecosystems. In such context, our objective was to determine the taxonomic composition and its relationship with environmental variables along an altitude gradient of the Alto Madre de Dios River, a basin with the potential to register new species. We established 22 stations in an altitudinal range from 398 to 2411 masl and evaluated the water physicochemical characteristics and the fluvial habitat: pH, water temperature (T, ° C), electrical conductivity (CE, μS.cm-1), river width (A, m), depth (P, cm), shadow, current flow speed (m·s-1), and depth. We took macroinvertebrate samples with a 200-μm-mesh-size kick net and identified 56 taxa distributed in the orders Acari, Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Megaloptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Decapoda. In the multivariate classification and grouping analysis, four groups of statistically differentiated stations (p <0,05) were classified, mainly by speed and the type of dominant substrate, which explains the abundance and wide distribution of Chironomidae, Baetodes, Traulodes, and Anacroneuria. Macroinvertebrate taxa changed notably along the gradient reporting a greater diversity in areas with middle altitudes and a relationship with environmental variables.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the association that social, clinical and therapeutic factors and coexisting diseases have with nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy in people with HIV/AIDS in 2018. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study conducted with a sample of 117 people with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy at the Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión. The Questionnaire for the Assessment of Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (CEAT-VIH) adapted for use in Peru was administered. The IBM SPSS Statistics V23 and logistic regression were used for the statistical analysis. Results: Seventeen point one zero percent (17.10 %) of the patients did not adhere to the therapy and 82.90 % adhered to their prescribed treatment. The variables most likely to predict nonadherence were sex (OR = 16.175, p value = 0.023) and HIV/AIDS- related comorbidities (OR = 9.556, p value = 0.003). The initial viral load variable (OR = 0.152, p value = 0.030) acts as a protector because there is a greater probability of treatment adherence. Conclusions: Male sex and HIV/AIDS-related comorbidities are associated with the nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy. The initial viral load variable acts as a protector for treatment adherence.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre los factores sociales, clínicos, terapéuticos y enfermedades coexistentes con la no adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en personas con VIH/SIDA en el 2018. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal con una muestra de 117 personas con VIH/SIDAque reciben tratamiento antirretroviral en el Hospital Daniel Alcides Carrión. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Evaluación de la Adhesión al Tratamiento antirretroviral (CEAT- VIH), adaptado para su uso en Perú. El análisis se realizó con regresión logística con el programa SPSS versión 23. Resultados: Se evidenció que el 17,10 % de los pacientes mostró no adherencia al tratamiento, y el 82,90 % sí se adhirió a la terapia. Las variables que tienen mayor probabilidad de asociarse a la no adherencia al tratamiento fueron el sexo (OR = 16,175; valor de p = 0,023) y las comorbilidades relacionadas al VIH/SIDA (OR = 9,556; valor de p = 0,003). La variable carga viral inicial (OR = 0,152; valor de p = 0,030) actúa como protectora, ya que existe una mayor probabilidad de adherirse al tratamiento. Conclusiones: El sexo masculino y las comorbilidades relacionadas al VIH/SIDA están asociados a la no adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral. La variable carga viral inicial actúa como un factor protector para la adherencia al tratamiento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome antifosfolípido (SAF) es una enfermedad autoinmune sistémica, caracterizada por trombosis recurrente, que puede afectar la circulación arterial y venosa. Objetivo: Analizar las diferencias inmunológicas y farmacológicas, así como los desenlaces clínicos de una cohorte de pacientes con SAF primario y secundario. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal que incluyó 352 pacientes con diagnóstico de SAF atendidos entre los arios 2014 y 2018. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas e inmunológicas y se realizó un análisis univariado y un análisis bivariado mediante la prueba chi-cuadrado para determinar diferencias entre los pacientes con SAF primario y SAF secundario. Finalmente, se hizo un análisis multivariado para buscar asociaciones con los desenlaces clínicos trombóticos en los pacientes con SAF. Resultados: La edad promedio de la población fue de 42,4 ± 14 años; el 84,6% correspondió a sexo femenino. El 67,6% de los pacientes tenía diagnóstico de SAF primario y un 32,4% de SAF secundario, siendo el lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) la enfermedad asociada en un 84%. Dentro de los eventos trombóticos, el más frecuente fue la trombosis venosa profunda (17,3%), seguida por el ataque cerebrovascular (9,9%). En los eventos obstétricos existió una prevalencia del 39,4% para abortos. No se encontraron diferencias en el perfil sociodemográfico ni en el perfil inmunoserológico entre los pacientes con diagnóstico de SAF primario y aquellos con SAF secundario. Los eventos trombóticos tuvieron mayor frecuencia en el grupo de SAF primario, pero solo la tromboembolia pulmonar alcanzó significación estadística. Eventos obstétricos como los abortos no fueron diferentes entre ambos grupos. Dentro de los factores asociados a los eventos trombóticos, se encontró que el sexo femenino tiene una probabilidad 5 veces mayor de accidente cerebrovascular y 3 veces mayor de trombosis venosa profunda. Los anti- β2GPI tipo IgM aumentaron alrededor de 3 veces la probabilidad de presentar abortos en mujeres con SAF. Conclusión: Se presenta una de las cohortes colombianas más grandes de pacientes con SAF reportadas hasta el momento en la literatura. La población es comparable clínica y sociodemográficamente con lo encontrado en otros estudios, aunque la prevalencia de SAF primario fue mayor y las complicaciones trombóticas fueron menores. La tromboembolia pulmonar fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de SAF primario.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent thrombosis that can affect the arterial and venous circulation. Objective: To analyze the immunological and pharmacological differences, as well as the clinical outcomes of a cohort of patients with primary APS and secondary APS. Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted that included 352 records of patients diagnosed with APS and treated between 2014 and 2018. A description is presented of the sociodemographic, clinical, and immunological profile of the population. A bivariate analysis performed using the chi-squared test to determine differences between groups with primary APS and secondary APS, and finally a multivariate analysis to search for associations with thrombotic clinical outcomes in patients with APS. Results: The mean age was 42.4 ± 14 years, and 84.6% were females. Two-thirds (67.6%) of the patients had a diagnosis of primary APS, and 32.4% of secondary APS, of which 84% were associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Among the thrombotic events, the most frequent were deep vein thrombosis (17.3%) and stroke (9.9%). Obstetric events were frequent, with a prevalence of 39.4% for miscarriages. No differences were found in the sociodemographic or immunoserological profile when comparing the group of primary vs. secondary APS. Thrombotic events were more frequent in the primary APS group, although only pulmonary embolism reached statistical significance. There were no differences between the two groups as regards obstetric events, such as miscarriages. Women were found to be 5 times more likely to have a stroke and 3 times more to have deep vein thrombosis. The anti-β2GPI type IgM increased the probability of presenting miscarriages about 3 times in women with APS. Conclusion: The study contains one of the largest Colombian cohorts with APS reported so far, and although it is both clinically and sociodemographically similar to other cohorts, there is a higher prevalence of primary APS. There was a lower frequency of thrombotic complications compared to other cohorts. Patients with primary APS had a tendency to develop thrombosis, as has already been reported in the literature.

The Pampa represents one of the domains of highest floristic richness in South America, however, especially in relation to the ferns and lycophytes, it still poorly known. This study aims to list the ferns and lycophytes associated with the Tigre and Palomas hills and discuss the floristic aspects that shape the fern and lycophyte flora at the isolated formations (Cerros) of the Pampa domain. The samples were collected and herborized using standard techniques and identified through specific literature. Herbarium specimens were also analyzed in order to complement the floristic list. Species were classified according to their geographical distribution pattern and also considering their life and growth forms. The inventory resulted in 36 species, representing four lycophytes and 32 ferns, distributed in 11 families and 19 genera. Overall, 18 species were exclusive to Cerro do Tigre, five to Cerro Palomas and 13 shared between both areas. Most of the species are widely distributed in South America (41,02%) and Tropical America (35,89%), and no endemic species to the pampean domain were identified. The predominant life form was hemicryptophyte, and rosulate was the most represented growth form. In general, the species occurring in the areas presented adaptations to xerophytic conditions. The results showed a high species richness in the studied areas in relation to cited for the whole domain, indicating that the Cerros serve as refuges for the maintenance of ferns and lycophytes in the Pampa region.

O Pampa representa um dos domínios fitogeográficos de maior riqueza florística da América do Sul; no entanto, principalmente ao que refere às samambaias e licófitas, ainda é muito pouco conhecido. O presente estudo tem como objetivos listar as espécies de samambaias e licófitas associadas aos cerros do Tigre e Palomas e discutir os aspectos florísticos que modelam a flora de samambaias e licófitas nas formações isoladas (Cerros) do domínio do Pampa. As amostras foram coletadas e herborizadas por meio das técnicas usuais, e identificadas com auxílio de literatura específica. Espécimes de herbários também foram analisados a fim de complementar a lista florística. As espécies foram classificadas quanto seu padrão de distribuição geográfica e quanto sua forma de vida e crescimento. O inventário resultou em 36 espécies, sendo quatro licófitas e 32 samambaias, distribuídas em 11 famílias e 19 gêneros. Ao todo, 18 espécies foram exclusivas ao Cerro do Tigre, cinco ao Cerro Palomas e 13 ocorreram em ambas as áreas. A maior parte das espécies tem ampla distribuição na América do Sul (41,02%) e América Tropical (35,89%), e não foram identificadas espécies endêmicas ao domínio pampeano. A forma de vida predominante foi hemicriptófito e a forma de crescimento, o rosulado foi a mais frequente. De forma geral as espécies ocorrentes na área de estudo apresentaram adaptações às condições xerofíticas. Nossos resultados mostraram haver alta riqueza de espécies nas áreas estudadas em relação ao citado para o domínio, e que os Cerros servem como refúgios para manutenção da flora de samambaias e licófitas na região.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to identify and systematize information about the knowledge and practices associated with exposure to the taeniasis/cysticercosis complex among backyard pig breeders in the endemic district of Masma, province of Jauja, Peru. An interview guide was designed, and its execution was coordinated with the local authority. Consent was requested for the recording of the interviews. In addition, information was collected on the environment of the breeder’s house and the raising of the pigs. The expressions were consigned in categories for the qualitative analysis: breeding habits, sanitary management, consumption of pork, economic importance of breeding, practices associated with exposure to the taeniasis/cysticercosis complex, hygienic practices and conditions, knowledge regarding the form of transmission and treatment of cysticercosis, and zoonotic condition and impact in the area. The quantitative analysis summarized information on the environment and the raising of pigs. The study found deficiencies in knowledge and practices that favoured exposure to T. solium eggs. The reduction in practices that favoured the transmission and spread of taeniasis/ cysticercosis was due to experiences of suffering the disease in previous years in relatives and animals. It is required to develop prevention and control programs for the taeniasis/ cysticercosis complex due to the economic importance and health of people.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue identificar y sistematizar información acerca de los conocimientos y prácticas asociadas a la exposición al complejo teniasis/cisticercosis entre los criadores de cerdos a traspatio en el distrito endémico de Masma, provincia de Jauja, Perú. Se diseñó una guía de entrevista y se coordinó su ejecución con la autoridad local. Se solicitó el consentimiento para la grabación de las entrevistas. Además, se recolectó información sobre el entorno de la vivienda del criador y de la crianza de los cerdos. Las expresiones fueron consignadas en categorías para el análisis cualitativo: costumbres de crianza, manejo sanitario, consumo de carne de cerdo, importancia económica de la crianza, prácticas asociadas a la exposición al complejo teniasis/cisticercosis, prácticas y condiciones higiénicas, conocimiento frente a la forma de transmisión y tratamiento de la cisticercosis, y condición zoonótica e impacto en la zona. El análisis cuantitativo resumió información sobre el entorno y la crianza de cerdos. El estudio encontró deficiencias en los conocimientos y prácticas que favorecían la exposición a huevos de T. solium. La reducción de prácticas que favorecían la transmisión y diseminación de la teniasis/cisticercosis se debió a experiencias de sufrir la enfermedad años atrás en familiares y animales. Se requiere desarrollar programas de prevención y control del complejo teniasis/ cisticercosis debido a la importancia económica y la salud de las personas.

RESUMO O Pampa representa um dos domínios fitogeográficos de maior riqueza florística da América do Sul; no entanto, principalmente ao que refere às samambaias e licófitas, ainda é muito pouco conhecido. O presente estudo tem como objetivos listar as espécies de samambaias e licófitas associadas aos cerros do Tigre e Palomas e discutir os aspectos florísticos que modelam a flora de samambaias e licófitas nas formações isoladas (Cerros) do domínio do Pampa. As amostras foram coletadas e herborizadas por meio das técnicas usuais, e identificadas com auxílio de literatura específica. Espécimes de herbários também foram analisados a fim de complementar a lista florística. As espécies foram classificadas quanto seu padrão de distribuição geográfica e quanto sua forma de vida e crescimento. O inventário resultou em 36 espécies, sendo quatro licófitas e 32 samambaias, distribuídas em 11 famílias e 19 gêneros. Ao todo, 18 espécies foram exclusivas ao Cerro do Tigre, cinco ao Cerro Palomas e 13 ocorreram em ambas as áreas. A maior parte das espécies tem ampla distribuição na América do Sul (41,02%) e América Tropical (35,89%), e não foram identificadas espécies endêmicas ao domínio pampeano. A forma de vida predominante foi hemicriptófito e a forma de crescimento, o rosulado foi a mais frequente. De forma geral as espécies ocorrentes na área de estudo apresentaram adaptações às condições xerofíticas. Nossos resultados mostraram haver alta riqueza de espécies nas áreas estudadas em relação ao citado para o domínio, e que os Cerros servem como refúgios para manutenção da flora de samambaias e licófitas na região.

ABSTRACT The Pampa represents one of the domains of highest floristic richness in South America, however, especially in relation to the ferns and lycophytes, it still poorly known. This study aims to list the ferns and lycophytes associated with the Tigre and Palomas hills and discuss the floristic aspects that shape the fern and lycophyte flora at the isolated formations (Cerros) of the Pampa domain. The samples were collected and herborized using standard techniques and identified through specific literature. Herbarium specimens were also analyzed in order to complement the floristic list. Species were classified according to their geographical distribution pattern and also considering their life and growth forms. The inventory resulted in 36 species, representing four lycophytes and 32 ferns, distributed in 11 families and 19 genera. Overall, 18 species were exclusive to Cerro do Tigre, five to Cerro Palomas and 13 shared between both areas. Most of the species are widely distributed in South America (41,02%) and Tropical America (35,89%), and no endemic species to the pampean domain were identified. The predominant life form was hemicryptophyte, and rosulate was the most represented growth form. In general, the species occurring in the areas presented adaptations to xerophytic conditions. The results showed a high species richness in the studied areas in relation to cited for the whole domain, indicating that the Cerros serve as refuges for the maintenance of ferns and lycophytes in the Pampa region.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate the differences in epicardial fat thickness in subjects with type-2 diabetes, prediabetes or non-diabetic. MATERIAL AND METHOD A study was done from January to August 2017 evaluating subjects divided into 3 groups: group with type-2 diabetic patients, group with subjects with prediabetes and group with nondiabetic subjects. In all of them the epicardial fat thickness was measured with an Aloka alfa 6 equipment, by 2 cardiologists who were unaware of the clinical data. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA. RESULTS There were included 120 patients divided into three groups of 40 patients each. Epicardial fat thickness was of 5.63 mm in diabetes mellitus group, 4.43 mm in prediabetes group and 4 mm in nondiabetic group. We did not find difference in epicardial fat thickness between nondiabetes and prediabetes groups (p = 0.09). However, we found significantly differences in epicardial fat thickness between diabetes group and groups of prediabetes and nondiabetes (p = 0.00017). CONCLUSION Type-2 diabetic patients have greater nondiabetes than prediabetic and nondiabetic subjects; this fact supports the relationship between visceral fat and the risk of type-2 diabetes.

Resumen OBJETIVO Evaluar si hay diferencias en el grosor de la grasa epicárdica en pacientes con diabetes mellitus 2, prediabetes y sujetos no diabéticos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO Estudio en el que de enero a agosto de 2017 se evaluaron sujetos divididos en tres grupos: sujetos con diabetes mellitus 2, sujetos con prediabetes y sujetos no diabéticos. En todos se midió el grosor de la grasa epicárdica por ecocardiografía, siguiendo la técnica descrita por Iacobelis, con un equipo Aloka alfa 6, usando un transductor de 3.5 MHz, por dos ecocardiografistas que desconocían los datos clínicos de los pacientes. El método estadístico usado fue ANOVA. RESULTADOS Se incluyeron en el estudio 120 pacientes divididos en los tres grupos (40 pacientes cada grupo); se encontró grosor de la grasa epicárdica de 5.63 mm en el grupo de diabetes mellitus, de 4.43 mm en el grupo de prediabetes y de 4.0 mm en el grupo sin diabetes. No hubo diferencia en el grosor de la grasa epicárdica entre los grupos sin diabetes y prediabéticos (p = 0.09). Sin embargo, sí encontramos diferencia significativa entre el grupo de diabetes mellitus y los grupos prediabetes y sin diabetes (p = 0.00017). CONCLUSIÓN Los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 tienen mayor grosor de la grasa epicárdica que los prediabéticos y los sujetos no diabéticos, lo que apoya la relación entre grasa visceral y diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Resumo: O geoide é a superfície equipotencial de referência altimétrica para levantamentos cartográficos e, portanto, apresenta diversas finalidades práticas para o engenheiro. Nas últimas décadas a comunidade geodésica tem concentrado esforços no desenvolvimento de modelos geoidais altamente acurados por meio de modernas técnicas. Esses modelos são fornecidos por meio de grades regulares das quais os usuários necessitam realizar interpolações. Todavia pouca informação pode ser obtida a respeito do método de interpolação mais adequado para extrair informação da malha regular de modelos geoidais. A utilização de um interpolador que não representa adequadamente a superfície geoidal pode prejudicar a qualidade das ondulações geoidais e consequentemente a conversão de altitudes. Este trabalho tem como objetivo quantificar a magnitude do erro proveniente da interpolação de malhas regulares de modelos geoidais. As análises consistiram na comparação entre os resultados obtidos com a interpolação do programa MAPGEO2015 e os interpoladores: bilinear, spline cúbica e redes neurais Radial Basis Function. De acordo com os experimentos realizados, concluiu-se que 2.5 cm dos 18 cm de erro obtido na validação do MAPGEO2015 é causado pelo uso dos interpoladores na grade 5'x5'.

Abstract: The geoid is an equipotential surface regarded as the altimetric reference for geodetic surveys and it therefore, has several practical applications for engineers. In recent decades the geodetic community has concentrated efforts on the development of highly accurate geoid models through modern techniques. These models are supplied through regular grids which users need to make interpolations. Yet, little information can be obtained regarding the most appropriate interpolation method to extract information from the regular grid of geoidal models. The use of an interpolator that does not represent the geoid surface appropriately can impair the quality of geoid undulations and consequently the height transformation. This work aims to quantify the magnitude of error that comes from a regular mesh of geoid models. The analysis consisted of performing a comparison between the interpolation of the MAPGEO2015 program and three interpolation methods: bilinear, cubic spline and neural networks Radial Basis Function. As a result of the experiments, it was concluded that 2.5 cm of the 18 cm error of the MAPGEO2015 validation is caused by the use of interpolations in the 5'x5' grid.

The aim of this study was to investigate diachronic relationships in successful and unsuccessful behaviors by world fencing champions using three complementary techniques: T-pattern analysis, lag sequential analysis, and polar coordinate analysis. We employed a nomothetic, point, multidimensional observational design in which we analyzed 24 bouts fenced by six world fencing champions in 2014. The actions were recorded and coded using LINCE software. The results revealed a series of behaviors that were significantly associated with successful outcomes, and also identified actions that contributed to poorer performance. One key conclusion to be drawn from the study is that the use of these complementary techniques is perfectly feasible and holds great potential in the field of sport. Lag sequential analysis of occurrences at lag 0 (co-occurrences) and analysis of basic T-patterns provided tactical insights into the different fencing actions employed. This analysis is focused on the actions and reactions of each fencer and his rival during each exchange. Insights into combat strategy, by contrast, were provided by lag sequential analysis of occurrences at lags -1 to -5 and lags +1 to +5, analysis of T-pattern clusters, and polar coordinate analysis. In the last case, we observed how prospective and retrospective behaviors, reflected in the modification or extension of certain behaviors during each bout, improved the efficacy of actions performed throughout the competition.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las posibles relaciones diacrónicas en las conductas de éxito y fracaso en campeones del mundo de esgrima desde tres técnicas analíticas complementarias: detección de T-patterns, análisis secuencial de retardos y análisis de coordenadas polares. Se utilizó un diseño observacional nomotético, puntual y multidimensional en el registro de 24 asaltos de los seis esgrimistas campeones del mundo de 2014. Se utilizó como instrumento de registro el software LINCE. Los resultados revelaron una serie de comportamientos que estaban estadísticamente asociados con la mejora del rendimiento deportivo y también se identificaron acciones que contribuyeron a empeorarlo. Una de las principales conclusiones que pueden extraerse de este estudio es que el uso de estas técnicas complementarias de análisis es perfectamente factible y tiene un gran potencial en el ámbito del deporte. El análisis secuencial en el retardo 0 (coocurrencias) y de las configuraciones básicas de los T-patterns proporcionan conocimientos tácticos sobre las diferentes acciones de esgrima empleadas. Este análisis se produce en el marco de la interacción entre las técnicas ejecutadas por cada tirador y su rival en cada acción del asalto. El análisis secuencial en los retardos -1 a -5 y +1 a +5, las agrupaciones de clusters de los T-patterns y el análisis de coordenadas polares contribuyen al análisis de la estrategia de combate. En este caso, se observaron cómo las conductas prospectivas y retrospectivas determinaron la consolidación o modificación de ciertos comportamientos durante cada asalto, con el fin de mejorar la eficacia de las acciones realizadas a lo largo de toda la competición.

Determination of the ellipsoidal height by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is becoming better known and used for purposes of leveling with the aid of geoid models. However, the disadvantage of this method is the quality of the geoid models, which degrade heights and limit the application of the method. In order to provide better quality in transforming height using GNSS leveling, this research aims to develop a hybridization methodology of gravimetric geoid models EGM08, MAPGEO2015 and GEOIDSP2014 for the State of São Paulo, providing more consistent models with GNSS technology. Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural networks were used to obtain the corrector surface, based on differences between geoid model undulations and the undulations obtained by GNSS tracking in benchmarks. The experiments showed that the most suitable interpolation for correction modeling is the linear RBF. Checkpoints indicate that the geoid hybrid models feature root mean square deviation ± 0.107, ± 0.104 and ± 0.098 m, respectively. The results shows an improvement of 30 to 40% in consistencies compared with the gravimetric geoids, providing users with better quality in transformation of geometric to orthometric heights.

Observational studies in the field of sport are complicated by the added difficulty of having to analyse multiple, complex events or behaviours that may last just a fraction of a second. In this study, we analyse three aspects related to the reliability of data collected in such a study. The first aim was to analyse and compare the reliability of data sets assessed quantitatively (calculation of kappa statistic) and qualitatively (consensus agreement method). The second aim was to describe how, by ensuring the alignment of events, we calculated the kappa statistic for the order parameter using SDIS-GSEQ software (version 5.1) for data sets containing different numbers of sequences. The third objective was to describe a new consultative procedure designed to remove the confusion generated by discordant data sets and improve the reliability of the data. The procedure is called "consultative" because it involves the participation of a new observer who is responsible for consulting the existing observations and deciding on the definitive result.

Habitualmente, los estudios observacionales desarrollados en el ámbito deportivo, se encuentran con la dificultad añadida que supone la elevada complejidad de las diferentes conductas que constituyen el registro, así como de la velocidad a la que éstas se suceden. El presente trabajo pretende satisfacer tres objetivos en relación con la fiabilidad de los datos observacionales. El primero consiste en implementar de forma conjunta en un mismo estudio, para facilitar así su comparación, formas de concordancia cuantitativa (coeficiente kappa de Cohen) y cualitativa (concordancia por consenso). El segundo persigue detallar el proceso de obtención del coeficiente kappa de Cohen, bajo el parámetro orden -mediante el software SDIS-GSEQ, versión 5.1.- con paquetes de datos constituidos por un número diferente de secuencias, incidiéndose en la forma en la que se garantiza su alineación. En el tercer objetivo, que persigue superar la confusión generada por dos registros diferentes, se presenta un procedimiento de mejora de la fiabilidad del dato. El procedimiento ha sido denominado "consultivo", al ser un nuevo observador el que determina qué conducta de las registradas es la que verdaderamente ha tenido lugar y, por lo tanto, procede incluir en el registro definitivo.