Abstract Objective To evaluate the lifestyle and quality of life in Brazilian children and adolescents during the COVID-19 social distancing period in 2020. Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated children and adolescents (2-18 years of age) and their parents, who voluntarily participated in an online survey. Snowball sampling was used to recruit participants during the first 6 months of the pandemic. A questionnaire was used to characterize the study population. The PedsQL 4.0 and the EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index were used to assess the quality of life (QoL) in children/adolescents and parents, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 statistical program through the ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni analysis, student's t test, and the generalized estimating equation. Results Mean screen time increased from 2h pre-pandemic to 5h during the pandemic (p <0.001), which was associated with a decline in PedSQL4.0 scores (from 75.7 ± 2.6 to 71.3 ± 13.7, p <0.001). Unhealthy eating habits increased from 11% to 34% and were associated with worse QoL scores compared with improved or unchanged eating habits during the pandemic (69.7 ± 13.3 vs 72.80 ± 13.4 vs 76.4 ± 12.6; p <0.001). Poor sleep quality increased from 9% to 31.7% and was associated with worse QoL scores compared to improved or unchanged sleep quality during the pandemic (67.3 ± 13.1 vs 74.5 ± 13.1 vs 76.8 ± 12.2; p <0.05). Physical exercise was associated with better PedSQL4.0 scores (77.5 ± 12.3 vs 72.5 ± 14.4; p <0.001). Children aged 2-4y old had the best QoLscores. Conclusions Pandemic-related social distancing promoted significant lifestyle changes in children and adolescents, increasing screen time, reducing physical activity, and worsening food and sleep quality, which resulted in worse QoL scores.

Resumo A formação continuada das professoras alfabetizadoras da rede municipal de educação de Lages-SC, através da política pública do Pacto Nacional pela Alfabetização na Idade Certa (PNAIC), é o objeto de análise neste artigo. O objetivo geral foi investigar o impacto do PNAIC na formação continuada das professoras alfabetizadoras da rede municipal de educação de Lages, buscando evidências da contribuição efetiva do PNAIC na sua formação. Os objetivos específicos foram: identificar qual a concepção de ensino-aprendizagem que as professoras alfabetizadoras construíram a partir da formação continuada do PNAIC; verificar se a concepção das professoras alfabetizadoras está voltada para a alfabetização na perspectiva do letramento; e analisar se o PNAIC contribuiu para a prática pedagógica. Participaram da pesquisa dez professoras alfabetizadoras. A pesquisa demonstrou que a formação continuada, apesar de proporcionar momentos de estudo teórico e prático, não chegou a provocar mudanças conceituais significativas.

Abstract The continued education of initial reading instruction teachers in municipal education from Lages-SC, through the public policy of the National Pact for Initial Reading Instruction in the Right Age (PNAIC), is the object of this article’s analysis. The general objective was to investigate the impact of the PNAIC on continued education of the initial reading instruction teachers of the municipal education from Lages, looking for evidences of the effective contribution of the PNAIC in their formation. The specific objectives were: to identify the teaching-learning conception that the initial reading instruction teachers built through the continuous formation of the PNAIC; to verify if the initial reading instruction teachers conception is focused on learning process in a literacy perspective; and, finally, to analyze if the PNAIC had contributed to the pedagogical practice. Ten initial reading instruction teachers participated in this research. The study has shown that continued education, though providing moments of theoretical and practical study, did not lead to significant conceptual changes.

Resumen La formación continuada de las profesoras alfabetizadoras de la red municipal de educación de Lages-SC, a través de la política pública del Pacto Nacional por la Alfabetización en la Edad Adecuada (PNAIC), es el objeto de análisis de este artículo. El objetivo general fue investigar el impacto del PNAIC en la formación continuada de las profesoras alfabetizadoras de la red municipal de educación de Lages, buscando evidencias de la contribución efectiva del PNAIC en su formación. Los objetivos específicos fueron: identificar cuál es la concepción de enseñanza-aprendizaje que las profesoras alfabetizadoras construyeron a partir de la formación continuada del PNAIC; verificar si la concepción de las profesoras alfabetizadoras está orientada a la alfabetización en la perspectiva de la instrucción; y analizar si el PNAIC contribuyó a la práctica pedagógica. Participaron de la investigación diez profesoras alfabetizadoras. La investigación demostró que la formación continuada, a pesar de proporcionar momentos de estudio teórico y práctico, no llegó a provocar cambios conceptuales significativos.

Schistosomiasis mansoni presents many clinical manifestations during migration of schistosomes in their hosts, including diarrhea, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, liver abscesses, skinlesions, brain tumors and myeloradiculopathy. No lesions have been reported in skeletal striated muscles due to schistosomiasis mansoni in the literature. This short communication reports the histopathological findings on skeletal musculature in a murine model of neuroeschistosomiasis mansoni. Lesions were found in the tongue, masseter muscle, buccinator muscle, digastric muscle and temporalis muscle. Worm recovery was carried out to confirm the infection. We describe here, for the first time in the literature, injuries in the skeletal musculature due to Schistosoma mansoni nfection.

The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 listed schistosomiasis among the leading 100 causes of death in Brazil, responsible for 3.6% of the estimated total of deaths globally. Eye and adnexa are very rarely affected by schistosomiasis mansoni, with limited documentation of ocular pathology in this setting. This short communication reports ocular histolopathological findings in a murine model of neuroschistosomiasis mansoni. Lesions were found in the bulbar conjunctiva, lacrimal gland, choroid and corneoscleral limbus.

Objective To identify the extension in primary health services of attributes for family and community guidance about the health of children health. Methods This was a quantitative, cross-sectional and evaluation study. We administered 548 questionnaires (Brazilian Primary Care Assessment Tool, child version) to families and/or legal guardians of children younger than 12 years of age who were received care in 24 health units. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 17.0. Results The basic public health services of the studied municipality were below what is considered ideal for primary health care with regard to the attributes of family and community guidance. Score of these attributes were 4.4 and 5.1, respectively. Scores considered satisfactory were ≥6.6. Conclusion We found that it was difficult for services to integrate families and the community in the care process. This finding reinforces the healing care culture and individual-centered care.

Objetivo Identificar a extensão dos atributos da orientação familiar e orientação comunitária na atenção à saúde da criança nos serviços de atenção primária. Métodos Estudo quantitativo, transversal, do tipo avaliativo. Foram aplicados 548 questionários PCATool - Instrumento de Avaliação da Atenção Primária - Brasil versão criança aos familiares e/ou cuidadores de crianças menores de 12 anos atendidas em 24 unidades de saúde, sendo os dados analisados no programa SPSS 17.0. Resultados Os serviços básicos de saúde pública do município estudado possuem um percentual abaixo do considerado ideal para a atenção primária à saúde nos atributos de orientação familiar e orientação comunitária. O escore desses atributos foram 4,4 e 5,1, respectivamente, sendo considerados satisfatórios valores de escore ≥ 6,6. Conclusão Identificou-se a dificuldade dos serviços em integrarem a família e a comunidade no processo de cuidado, fortalecendo a cultura de assistência curativa e centrada no indivíduo.

Objetivo Identificar a extensão dos atributos da orientação familiar e orientação comunitária na atenção à saúde da criança nos serviços de atenção primária. Métodos Estudo quantitativo, transversal, do tipo avaliativo. Foram aplicados 548 questionários PCATool - Instrumento de Avaliação da Atenção Primária - Brasil versão criança aos familiares e/ou cuidadores de crianças menores de 12 anos atendidas em 24 unidades de saúde, sendo os dados analisados no programa SPSS 17.0. Resultados Os serviços básicos de saúde pública do município estudado possuem um percentual abaixo do considerado ideal para a atenção primária à saúde nos atributos de orientação familiar e orientação comunitária. O escore desses atributos foram 4,4 e 5,1, respectivamente, sendo considerados satisfatórios valores de escore ≥ 6,6. Conclusão Identificou-se a dificuldade dos serviços em integrarem a família e a comunidade no processo de cuidado, fortalecendo a cultura de assistência curativa e centrada no indivíduo.

Objective To identify the extension in primary health services of attributes for family and community guidance about the health of children health. Methods This was a quantitative, cross-sectional and evaluation study. We administered 548 questionnaires (Brazilian Primary Care Assessment Tool, child version) to families and/or legal guardians of children younger than 12 years of age who were received care in 24 health units. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 17.0. Results The basic public health services of the studied municipality were below what is considered ideal for primary health care with regard to the attributes of family and community guidance. Score of these attributes were 4.4 and 5.1, respectively. Scores considered satisfactory were ≥6.6. Conclusion We found that it was difficult for services to integrate families and the community in the care process. This finding reinforces the healing care culture and individual-centered care.

A detecção da infecção pelo helminto Schistosoma mansoni quando realizada nas fases iniciais, especialmente antes da oviposição nos tecidos do hospedeiro, pode impedir de forma eficiente o desenvolvimento de graves lesões patológicas. Baseado nisto, foi desenvolvido um ensaio imunoenzimático indireto para detecção de anticorpos IgG específicos contra antígenos de esquistossômulos (ELISA-SmTeg). Este ensaio foi aplicado em amostras sorológicas de camundongos não infectados, da mesma forma que de camundongos recentemente infectados, após sete e 15 dias de infecção. Os resultados foram comparados com o número de vermes adultos obtidos por perfusão do sistema hepático murino 50 dias pós-infecção. A sensibilidade e a especificidade do novo método, denominado ELISA-SmTeg, foram de 100% (p = 0,0032, 0,0048, respectivamente, durante sete e 15 dias de infecção) com um valor de corte de 0,15 (p = 0,0002). Nossos resultados mostraram que um ensaio de baixo custo, que utiliza antígenos de fácil obtenção, é capaz de discriminar a esquistossomose mansoni em modelo experimental de forma precoce, incluindo sete dias pós-infecção.

If Schistosoma mansoni infection could be detected in its early stages, especially before the egg deposition in the host tissues, the development of severe pathologic lesions could be efficiently prevented. We therefore developed an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the detection of specific IgG against schistosomula antigens (ELISA-SmTeg). The assay was applied in sera samples from non-infected and infected mice collected seven and 15 days post-infection. The results were compared to the number of adult worms obtained by perfusion of the murine hepatic system 50 days post-infection. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA-SmTeg were 100% (p = 0.0032 and 0.0048 respectively for seven and 15 days of infection) with a cutoff value of 0.15 (p = 0.0002). Our findings show a novel low-cost serological assay using antigens which are easy to obtain, which was able to detect all the infected mice as early as seven days post-infection.

Com o objetivo de contribuir com dados sobre freqüência de anticorpos para Toxoplasma em felinos domiciliados da cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, soros de 245 animais foram testados pelas técnicas sorológicas de Hemaglutinação Indireta (HAI) e Imunofluorescência Indireta (IFI). Informações sobre o animal, tais como raça, sexo, idade, acesso ou não à rua e tipo de alimentação, foram avaliadas por meio de questionário epidemiológico e análise estatística para correlacionar com os resultados obtidos na sorologia. Os resultados dos testes mostraram que os valores encontrados foram de 26,9% (HAI) e 37,9% (IFI), inferindo que esses gatos em algum momento de sua vida foram fonte de contaminação ambiental, sendo eliminadores potenciais de oocistos, principalmente aqueles que tiveram livre acesso à rua.

The sera of 245 cats from Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, were tested by indirect hemagglutination (IHA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) in order to determine the frequency of Toxoplasma antibodies. Information such as breed, sex, age and access or not to the street and dietary habits were assessed using an epidemiological questionnaire and also statistical analysis for correlation with the serological results obtained. The test results showed rates of 26,9 and 37,9% for IHA and IIF, respectively, suggesting that these cats have acted as a source of environmental contamination at some time during the course of their lifetime, possibly shedding oocysts, especially those with free access to the street.

The antischistosomal activity of clonazepam, when administered alone or in association with oxamniquine and praziquantel, was experimentally evaluated in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The animals were treated 45 days post-infection with a single dose, by oral route, according to three treatment schedules: clonazepam 25 mg/kg and sacrificed 15 min, 1h or 4 h after treatment; clonazepam 1.0, 2.5 or 10.0 mg/kg and sacrificed 15 days post-treatment or with the dose of 10 mg/kg in association with oxamniquine 50 mg/kg or praziquantel 200 mg/kg, single dose, orally, every schedule with a control group. The efficacy of the drugs in vivo was assessed by means of worm counts and their distribution in mesentery and liver, mortality and oogram changes. In the chemotherapeutic schedules used, clonazepam did not present antischistosomal activity and the result of the association of this drug with oxamniquine or praziquantel was not significantly different from the one obtained when these two last drugs were administered alone. In the in vitro experiments, the worms exposed to 0.6 mg/mL clonazepam remained motionless throughout the 8-day-period of observation, without egg-laying, whereas the worms of the control group showed normal movements, egg-laying and hatching of miracidia on the last day of observation. The results obtained in the present study confirm the action of clonazepam on S. mansoni adult worm, in vitro, causing total paralysis of males and females. However, no additive or synergistic effects were observed when clonazepam were used in association with oxamniquine or praziquantel.

Foi estudada a ação quimioprofilática na esquistossomose experimental do óleo essencial do fruto de Pterodon pubescens Benth (Leguminosae), incorporado a diferentes formulações de sabonete. As formulações foram usadas topicamente nas caudas de camundongos que, imediatamente, 24,72 ou 168 horas após, foram expostos a cercárias de Schistosoma mansoni, pelo método de imersão da cauda. A proteção foi avaliada 45 dias após a exposição, quando os camundongos foram sacrificados e os vermes recolhidos por perfusão. Os resultados mostraram níveis de proteção variando de 0,0 a 100% conforme a formulação usada. Foi também desenvolvida uma metodologia que possibilitou a avaliação do sabonete protetor quando camundongos foram expostos à infecção natural em córregos infestados com caramujos na periferia de Belo Horizonte, MG. Resultados promissores foram obtidos, uma vez que houve proteção de 57,5 e 31,1% quando os animais foram ensaboados 24 e 48 horas antes. Estudos preliminares de avaliação de irritação e toxicidade foram favoráveis e mostraram que esta nova arma profilática poderá auxiliar no controle da esquistossomose.

The chemoprophylactic action of the essential oil of the fruit of Pterodon pubescens Benth (Leguminosae), incorpored in different soap formulations, was studied in experimental schistosomiasis. The formulations were used locally on the tails of mice which were exposed to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae immediately, 24, 72 or 168 hours later by the method of tail immersion. Protection was evaluated 45 days after exposure when the mice were sacrificed and the worms collected by perfusion. The results showed levels of protection varying from 0.0 to 100% depending on the formulation used. A methodology that allowed the evaluation of soap protection of mice exposed to natural infection in snail infested streams on the outskirts of Belo Horizonte, MG, was also developed. Promising results were obtained in that protection of between 57.5 and 31.1% was observed in field trials when soap was applied to the animals 24 and 48 hours earlier. Preliminary studies evaluating irritation and toxicity were favorable and showed that this new prophylactic weapon could contribute to the control of schistosomiasis.

Caramujos de Biomphalaria straminea, descendentes de exemplares coletados em nove municípios do Estado de Minas Gerais, foram infectados experimentalmente com três cepas de Schistosoma mansoni: "LE", procedente de Belo Horizonte (MG); "SJ", procedente de São José dos Campos (SP) e "AL" procedente do Nordeste (AL). As taxas de infeção variaram de 0,0 a 24,0% com a cepa "LE"; de 0,0 a 16% com a cepa "SJ" e de 2,0 a 9,0% com a cepa "AL". Os índices de infecção experimental obtidos foram semelhantes aos registrados por outros autores, para B. straminea dessa região. Comparou-se o número de cercárias de cepa "LE", eliminadas por oito exemplares de B. straminea de Baldim e oito Biomphalaria glabrata do controle, após 30 minutos de exposição à luz. O número de cercárias eliminadas por B. straminea foi de 4.550, aproximadamente cinco vezes menor que o de B. glabrata, 22.679. Discute-se a potencialidade desses moluscos como hospedeiros do S. mansoni nessa região.

The decendents of Biomphalaria straminea snails collected in nine regions from the State of Minas Gerais were experimentally infected with three strains of Schistosoma mansoni: "LE", from Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais; "SJ", from São José dos Campos, State of São Paulo and "AL", from State of Alagoas. The infection rates obtained were of 0 to 24% (LE strain), 0 to 16% (SJ strain) and 2 to 9% (AL strain). These infection rates were similar to those obtained by other authors for B. straminea from this region. Comparation were made between the numbers of cercariae (LE strain) shed by eight specimens of B. straminea from Baldim and eight B. glabrata of the control group, after 30 minutes of exposure to light. B. straminea shed 4,550 cercariae, about five times less than B. glabrata (22,679). The authors discuss the potentiality of theses molluscs as hosts of S. mansoni in this region.