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1.
The schistosomicidal activity of ethanolic extracts from branches, leaves, flowers and fruits of Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos (Bignoniaceae) plant and metabolic profile characterization by UPLC-ESI-QTOF analysis
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Montagnini, D. L.
; Katchborian-Neto, A.
; Tahan, M. P. M.
; Oliveira, N. D.
; Magalhães, L. G.
; Januário, A. H.
; Pauletti, P. M.
; Cavallari, P. S. S. R.
; Cunha, W. R
; Araujo, O. P.
; Soares, M. G.
; Ferreira, M. S.
; Andrade, J. V.
; Miranda, G. S.
; Santos, M. F. C
; Silva, M. L. A. e
.
Abstract Schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907, is a severe and widely distributed parasitic disease, affecting about 200 million people worldwide. The disease is recognized by elevated mortality rates, especially among those living in areas of poor sanitation. Currently, the chemotherapeutic treatment is solely based on using the praziquantel drug. Therefore, there is a need for the discovery of new medicines for the treatment of this parasitosis. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the schistosomicidal activity of ethanolic crude extracts from the branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits of Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart ex DC.) Masttos and characterize its metabolic profile by UPLC-ESI-QTOF analysis. Evaluation of plant extract on S. mansoni was carried out in adult worms in vitro, in which the mortality rate was quantified, and the damages in the tegument of the worms were monitored. All extracts induced changes in the viability of adult males of S. mansoni, causing the death of the parasites, which was directly dependent of the concentration.
Resumo Schistosomíase, causada pelo Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907, é uma doença parasitária severa e amplamente distribuída, afetando cerca de 200 milhões de pessoas pelo mundo. A doença é reconhecida pelo alto índice de mortalidade, especialmente dentre as populações que vivem em ambientes de pouca vigilância sanitária. Geralmente, o tratamento é apenas baseado no uso da droga praziquantel. Entretanto, há uma necessidade da descoberta de novos medicamentos para o tratamento dessa parasitose. Por isso, o presente trabalho visa avaliar a atividade schistosomicida dos extratos etanólicos cru dos galhos, folhas, flores e frutos de Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart ex DC.) Masttos e caracterizar seu perfil metabólico por análise de UPLC-ESI-QTOF. Avaliações dos extratos vegetais em S. mansoni foram conduzidos em vermes adultos in vitro, pelos quais a taxa de mortalidade foi quantificada, e danos no tegumento dos vermes foram monitorados. Todos os extratos induziram mudanças na viabilidade de vermes adultos de S. mansoni, causando a morte desses parasitas, o que foi diretamente dependente da concentração.
2.
Is Hydrogen Indispensable for a Sustainable World? A Review of H2 Applications and Perspectives for the Next Years
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Zuben, Theodora W. Von
; Moreira, Daniel E. B.
; Germscheidt, Rafael L.
; Yoshimura, Rafael G.
; Dorretto, Daniel S.
; Araujo, Ana B. S. de
; Salles Jr., Airton G.
; Bonacin, Juliano A.
.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
- Métricas do periódico
Hydrogen (H2) was one of the first molecules discovered by our society, being the most abundant element in the whole universe. Thus, H2 has gained a lot of attention throughout the years, and it has lots of applications in different areas, especially since it offers ways to decarbonize a lot of sectors, mainly the ones where it has been proved to be very difficult to meaningfully reduce those carbon emissions. Herein, the main aspects of the hydrogen economy and its main applications for energy, transportation and industries are described. These main areas outline how important is H2 for our society highlighting how H2 can make those well-known processes more sustainable and greener. By the end, a brief discussion on these applications with future perspectives is presented.
3.
Diversidad, estructura y composición florística de los bosques de tierra firme y várzea en el oeste de Pando, Bolivia
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Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro
; Milliken, W.
; Klitgaard, Bente
; Carrion-Cuellar, Ana M.
; Vargas-Lucindo, Sahuiry
; Parada-Arias, Ruperto
; Alvez de Oliveira, Pablo S.
; Vasquez-Colomo, Guido
.
Se analizó la diversidad, estructura y composición florística en dos bosques amazónicos en el oeste de Pando. Se instalaron seis parcelas de una hectárea (100 x 100 m), tres en bosque de tierra firme y tres en bosque de várzea, donde se evaluaron individuos de árboles y liana s con DAP≥10 cm. En total, se registraron 3.425 tallos de árboles, de 380 especies (740 según Chao 2), 187 géneros y 53 familias. Las lianas, registraron 103 tallos, en promedio 18 individuos ha-1 en tierra firme y 17 en várzea. La diversidad arbórea de especies (f= 0.950; p<0.385) e índice de diversidad Shannon-Wiener (f= 0.013; p<0.914) no presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas: en la várzea se registraron 117±11 especies ha-1 y un índice de Shannon-Wiener de 3.81±0.25; y en tierra firme se registraron 104±7 especies ha-1 y un índice de Shannon-Wiener de 3.78±0.16. La estructura presentó diferencias estadísticas significativas en número de individuos (f= 106.602; p<0.000) y diámetro máximo de los árboles (f= 10.986; p<0.030), siendo que, la várzea registró 657±1.86 árboles ha-1frente a 485±16.5 árboles ha-1en tierra firme. La diversidad beta, expresa que los bosques son diferentes florísticamente: el índice de similitud (Sørensen) es de 32.6 y una similitud cuantitativa (Bray-Curtis) de 15.36%. En la várzea, las especies más importantes fueron Attalea phalerata, Socratea exorrhiza, Virola pavonis y Theobroma cacao; y en tierra firme, fueron Tetragastris altissima, Pseudolmedia laevis, Bertholletia excelsa y Cecropia sciadophylla. Ambos bosques albergan una diversidad relativamente similar, pero difieren significativamente en su estructura y composición florística.
We analyzed the diversity, structure and floristic composition of two types of Amazonian forests in western Pando. Six plots of one hectare (100 x 100 m) were installed, three in térra firme forest and three in várzea forest, where individuáis of trees and lianas with DBH≥10 cm were evaluated. In total, 3,425 tree stems were recorded, of 380 species (740 according to Chao 2), 187 genera and 53 families. The lianas registered 103 stems, an average of 18 individuals ha-1 on the terra firme and 17 in várzea. The arboreal diversity of species (f = 0.950; p <0.385) and Shannon-Wiener diversity Índex (f = 0.013; p <0.914) do not present statistically significant differences: in the várzea to record 117 ± 11 species ha-1 and one Shannon-Wiener index of 3.81 ± 0.25; and on terra firme, 104 ± 7 species ha-1 and a Shannon-Wiener index of 3.78 ± 0.16 were recorded. The structure presented significant differences in number of individuals (f = 106.602; p <0.000) and maximum diameter of the trees (f = 10.986; p <0.030), being that the várzea registered 657 ± 1.86 trees ha-1 compared to 485 ±16.5 trees ha-1 on terra firme. Beta diversity expresses that forests are floristically different: the similarity index (Sørensen) is 32.6 and a quantitative similarity (Bray-Curtis) is 15.36%. In várzea, the most important species were Attalea phalerata, Socratea exorrhiza, Virola pavonis and Theobroma cacao; and on terra firme, they were Tetragastris altissima, Pseudolmedia laevis, Bertholletia excelsa and Cecropia sciadophylla. Both forests harbor a relatively similar diversity, but differ significantly in their structure and floristic composition.
4.
Discharge sensitivity of collapsible drip tapes to water temperature
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Araujo, Ana C. S. de
; Frizzone, José A.
; Camargo, Antonio P. de
; Pereira, Diego J. de S.
; Melo, Verônica G. M. L. de
; Bombardelli, Wagner W. A.
.
Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental
- Métricas do periódico
RESUMO Objetivou-se neste estudo quantificar o efeito de variações da temperatura da água na vazão de fitas gotejadoras colapsáveis, de parede fina, com emissores integrados não regulados. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em laboratório utilizando estrutura de ensaios automatizada. Foram realizados ensaios para determinação das curvas vazão-pressão sob temperaturas de ensaio na faixa de 20 a 50 ºC, para nove modelos de emissores com três espessuras de parede (6, 8 e 9 MIL). Curvas vazão-pressão apresentaram distintos parâmetros K e x para cada temperatura. Para os emissores planos de fluxo turbulento (x < 0,5), a vazão diminuiu com o incremento da temperatura. Para os emissores contínuos de fluxo turbulento, respostas diferentes foram obtidas, sendo que no emissor D (x > 0,5) a vazão aumentou com o incremento da temperatura, enquanto no emissor C (x < 0,5), a vazão diminuiu e as maiores variações de vazão ocorreram a partir de 60 kPa. Para o emissor moldado, a vazão aumentou em função da temperatura, porém, a maior variação ocorreu nas menores pressões. Para nenhum dos emissores houve diferença significativa na variação de vazão entre as espessuras de parede.
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of water temperature variations on the discharge of collapsible thin-walled drip tapes with integrated non-pressure-compensating emitters. The tests were conducted in the laboratory using an automated test bench. Tests were performed to determine the discharge-pressure curves by varying the water temperature from 20 to 50 °C. Nine emitter models of three wall thicknesses (6, 8, and 9 MIL) were evaluated. The coefficients K and x of the discharge-pressure curves varied according to the water temperature. In flat emitters of turbulent flow (x < 0.5), the discharge decreased as the temperature increased. In the welded emitters of turbulent flow, several responses were observed. Regarding emitter D (x > 0.5), the discharge increased as the temperature was increased, while for emitter C (x < 0.5), the discharge decreased; the highest discharge variations occurred at pressures higher than 60 kPa. For embossed emitters, the discharge increased as a function of temperature, however, the greatest variation occurred at the lowest pressures. None of the emitters showed significant difference in the discharge variation due to wall thicknesses.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n1p3-9
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5.
Proteolytic activity of Triatoma infestans saliva associated with PAR-2 activation and vasodilation
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Oliveira, Karla A.
; Torquato, Ricardo J. S.
; Lustosa, Daniela C. G. Garcia
; Ribeiro, Tales
; Nascimento, Bruno W. L.
; Oliveira, Lilian C. G. de
; Juliano, Maria A.
; Paschoalin, Thaysa
; Lemos, Virginia S.
; Araujo, Ricardo N.
; Pereira, Marcos H.
; Tanaka, Aparecida S.
.
Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases
- Métricas do periódico
ABSTRACT Background Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is a hematophagous insect and the main vector of Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). In the present study, the authors investigated whether a serine protease activity from the saliva of T. infestans has a role in vasomotor modulation, and in the insect-blood feeding by cleaving and activating protease-activated receptors (PARs). Methods T. infestans saliva was chromatographed as previously reported for purification of triapsin, a serine protease. The cleavage activity of triapsin on PAR peptides was investigated based on FRET technology. Mass spectrometry was used to analyze the sites of PAR-2 peptide cleaved by triapsin. NO measurements were performed using the DAN assay (2,3-diaminonapthalene). The vasorelaxant activity of triapsin was measured in vessels with or without functional endothelium pre-contracted with phenylephrine (3 µM). Intravital microscopy was used to assess the effect of triapsin on mouse skin microcirculation. Results Triapsin was able to induce hydrolysis of PAR peptides and showed a higher preference for cleavage of the PAR-2 peptide. Analysis by mass spectrometry confirmed a single cleavage site, which corresponds to the activation site of the PAR-2 receptor. Triapsin induced dose-dependent NO release in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), reaching a maximum effect at 17.58 nM. Triapsin purified by gel-filtration chromatography (10-16 to 10-9 M) was applied cumulatively to mouse mesenteric artery rings and showed a potent endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect (EC30 = 10-12 M). Nitric oxide seems to be partially responsible for this vasodilator effect because L-NAME (L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester 300 µM), a nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor, did not abrogate the vasodilation activated by triapsin. Anti-PAR-2 antibody completely inhibited vasodilation observed in the presence of triapsin activity. Triapsin activity also induced an increase in the mouse ear venular diameter. Conclusion Data from this study suggest a plausible association between triapsin activity mediated PAR-2 activation and vasodilation caused by T. infestans saliva.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0098
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6.
Soil microbial C:N:P ratio across physiognomies of Brazilian Cerrado Soil microbial biomass across a gradient of preserved native Cerrado
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ROCHA, SANDRA M.B.
; ANTUNES, JADSON E.L.
; ARAUJO, FABIO F. DE
; MENDES, LUCAS W.
; SOUSA, RICARDO S. DE
; ARAUJO, ADEMIR S. F. DE
.
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
- Métricas do periódico
Abstract: Different physiognomies across the Cerrado could influence the microbial C:N:P ratio in the soil since these physiognomies present different abundance and diversity of plant species. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial C:N:P ratio in soil across three different physiognomies of Cerrado in the Northeast, Brazil, namely campo graminóide (dominance of grasses), cerrado stricto sensu (dominance of grasses, shrubs, low trees, and woody stratum), and cerradão (dominance of woody stratum). Campo graminóide was characterized by lower values of total organic C, N, microbial C:P, N:P, and soil C:N. Cerrado stricto sensu presented average values for most of the measured parameters, while cerradão presented higher values of microbial C, N, P, organic C, N and soil C:P and C:N ratios. The principal component analysis showed that the samples grouped according to the sites, with a clear gradient from campo graminóide to cerradão. Therefore, the differences of vegetation across physiognomies of Cerrado influenced the soil microbial C:N:P ratio, where cerradão showed highest microbial C:N:P ratio than soil under campo graminóide.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201920190049
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7.
Nematodes associated with Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Squamata, Iguanidae) in Semi-arid areas of Northeastern Brazil
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Teles, D. A.
; Brito, S. V.
; Teixeira, A. A. M.
; Ribeiro, S. C.
; Araujo-Filho, J. A.
; Lima, V. F.
; Pereira, A. M. A.
; Almeida, W. O.
.
Resumo Foram analisados os nematóides em Iguana iguana, um grande lagarto Iguanidae que possui ampla distribuição pelas Américas. Os objetivos do estudo foram investigar os helmintos associados ao lagarto I. iguana e seus índices parasitológicos (prevalência e intensidade média de infecção). Foram examinados 18 espécimes (oito machos e 10 fêmeas). A prevalência total foi de 66,6% (12/18), nos machos foi de 75% (6/8) e nas fêmeas 60% (6/10). Iguana iguana foi identificado como um novo hospedeiro para Physaloptera sp., Atractis sp., Piratuba sp., e Subulura sp. Este registro contribui para o conhecimento da diversidade de helmintos associados a este hospedeiro.
Abstract Nematodes were analyzed in Iguana iguana, a large lizard Iguanidae that is widely distributed throughout the Americas. The aims of the study were investigate the helminths associated with the lizard, I. iguana in semi-arid areas of northeastern Brazil and analyze the parasitological indices (prevalence, and mean intensity of infection). A total of 18 specimens of I. iguana were examined (8 males and 10 females). The overall prevalence of infection was 66.6% (12/18), while in males, it was 75% (6/8) and in females, 60% (6/10). Iguana iguana was identified as a new host for Physaloptera sp., Atractis sp., Piratuba sp. and Subulura sp. This registered contributes to the knowledge of helminth diversity associated with this host.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17615
1499 downloads
8.
Helminths of the Lizard Salvator merianae (Squamata, Teiidae) in the Caatinga, Northeastern Brazil
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Teixeira, A. A. M.
; Brito, S. V.
; Teles, D. A.
; Ribeiro, S. C.
; Araujo-Filho, J. A.
; Lima, V. F.
; Pereira, A. M. A.
; Almeida, W. O.
.
Resumo O lagarto Salvator merianae é uma espécie bem distribuída na América do Sul, ocorrendo do sul da Amazônia até o leste dos Andes e norte da Patagônia. Estudos com a fauna parasitária desse lagarto revelaram que ele hospeda helmintos em vários biomas brasileiros. O presente trabalho fornece novo dado parasitológico sobre nematoda gastrointestinal associado ao lagarto S. merianae. Dezesseis amostras foram analisadas a partir de nove localidades diferentes na região semiárida do nordeste do Brasil. Foram identificadas cinco espécies de nematóide. Oswaldofilaria petersi foi registrado pela primeira vez parasitando S. merianae, aumentando assim o conhecimento da fauna de parasitas que infectam grandes lagartos neotropicais.
Abstract The lizard Salvator merianae is a widely distributed species in South America, occurring from southern Amazonia to the eastern Andes and northern Patagonia. Studies on the parasitic fauna of this lizard have revealed that it is a host for helminths in various Brazilian biomes. The present work provides new parasitological data on the gastrointestinal nematodes associated with the lizard S. merianae. Sixteen specimens were analyzed from nine different locations in a semi-arid region in northeastern Brazil. Five species of nematodes were identified. Oswaldofilaria petersi was first recorded as a parasite of the S. merianae, thus increasing the knowledge of the fauna of parasites that infect large Neotropical lizards.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.13515
1244 downloads
9.
Perezone, from the gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia rigida, induces oxidative stress in human leukemia cells
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Abreu, Paula A.
; Wilke, Diego V.
; Araujo, Ana J.
; Marinho-Filho, José Delano B.
; Ferreira, Elthon G.
; Ribeiro, Carlos Margo R.
; Pinheiro, Leandro S.
; Amorim, Juliana W.
; Valverde, Alessandra L.
; Epifanio, Rosângela A.
; Costa-Lotufo, Letícia V.
; Jimenez, Paula C.
.
Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia
- Métricas do periódico
Abstract Four bisabolanes 1–4, including perezone (1) and triacetyl perezone (2), were isolated through a bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract obtained from the Caribbean gorgonian coral Pseudopterogorgia rigida collected during an expedition cruise to the Bahamas. All isolated compounds showed to be cytotoxic toward panel of four human tumor cell lines, as quantified by the MTT assay after 72 h incubation. Perezone (1), the most active one, was further analyzed, showing to be cytotoxic, but not selective, in a 12-cell line panel comprising tumor and non-tumor, as well as human and murine cells. Additionally, 1 was assayed for cytotoxicity against HL-60 leukemic cells. Pre-treatment with an acute free radical scavenger (L-NAC) before exposure of cells to perezone virtually eliminated the generation of intracellular ROS and lessened its severe cytotoxicity. The protective effect delivered by L-NAC evidences that the mechanism of perezone-induced cytotoxicity is partially associated to production of ROS and a consequent induction of oxidative stress.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.07.020
956 downloads
10.
Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil
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Zappi, Daniela C.
; Filardi, Fabiana L. Ranzato
; Leitman, Paula
; Souza, Vinícius C.
; Walter, Bruno M.T.
; Pirani, José R.
; Morim, Marli P.
; Queiroz, Luciano P.
; Cavalcanti, Taciana B.
; Mansano, Vidal F.
; Forzza, Rafaela C.
; Abreu, Maria C.
; Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro
; Agra, Maria F.
; Almeida Jr., Eduardo B.
; Almeida, Gracineide S.S.
; Almeida, Rafael F.
; Alves, Flávio M.
; Alves, Marccus
; Alves-Araujo, Anderson
; Amaral, Maria C.E.
; Amorim, André M.
; Amorim, Bruno
; Andrade, Ivanilza M.
; Andreata, Regina H.P.
; Andrino, Caroline O.
; Anunciação, Elisete A.
; Aona, Lidyanne Y.S.
; Aranguren, Yani
; Aranha Filho, João L.M.
; Araújo, Andrea O.
; Araújo, Ariclenes A.M.
; Araújo, Diogo
; Arbo, María M.
; Assis, Leandro
; Assis, Marta C.
; Assunção, Vivian A.
; Athiê-Souza, Sarah M.
; Azevedo, Cecilia O.
; Baitello, João B.
; Barberena, Felipe F.V.A.
; Barbosa, Maria R.V.
; Barros, Fábio
; Barros, Lucas A.V.
; Barros, Michel J.F.
; Baumgratz, José F.A.
; Bernacci, Luis C.
; Berry, Paul E.
; Bigio, Narcísio C.
; Biral, Leonardo
; Bittrich, Volker
; Borges, Rafael A.X.
; Bortoluzzi, Roseli L.C.
; Bove, Cláudia P.
; Bovini, Massimo G.
; Braga, João M.A.
; Braz, Denise M.
; Bringel Jr., João B.A.
; Bruniera, Carla P.
; Buturi, Camila V.
; Cabral, Elza
; Cabral, Fernanda N.
; Caddah, Mayara K.
; Caires, Claudenir S.
; Calazans, Luana S.B.
; Calió, Maria F.
; Camargo, Rodrigo A.
; Campbell, Lisa
; Canto-Dorow, Thais S.
; Carauta, Jorge P.P.
; Cardiel, José M.
; Cardoso, Domingos B.O.S.
; Cardoso, Leandro J.T.
; Carneiro, Camila R.
; Carneiro, Cláudia E.
; Carneiro-Torres, Daniela S.
; Carrijo, Tatiana T.
; Caruzo, Maria B.R.
; Carvalho, Maria L.S.
; Carvalho-Silva, Micheline
; Castello, Ana C.D.
; Cavalheiro, Larissa
; Cervi, Armando C.
; Chacon, Roberta G.
; Chautems, Alain
; Chiavegatto, Berenice
; Chukr, Nádia S.
; Coelho, Alexa A.O.P.
; Coelho, Marcus A.N.
; Coelho, Rubens L.G.
; Cordeiro, Inês
; Cordula, Elizabeth
; Cornejo, Xavier
; Côrtes, Ana L.A.
; Costa, Andrea F.
; Costa, Fabiane N.
; Costa, Jorge A.S.
; Costa, Leila C.
; Costa-e-Silva, Maria B.
; Costa-Lima, James L.
; Cota, Maria R.C.
; Couto, Ricardo S.
; Daly, Douglas C.
; De Stefano, Rodrigo D.
; De Toni, Karen
; Dematteis, Massimiliano
; Dettke, Greta A.
; Di Maio, Fernando R.
; Dórea, Marcos C.
; Duarte, Marília C.
; Dutilh, Julie H.A.
; Dutra, Valquíria F.
; Echternacht, Lívia
; Eggers, Lilian
; Esteves, Gerleni
; Ezcurra, Cecilia
; Falcão Junior, Marcus J.A.
; Feres, Fabíola
; Fernandes, José M.
; Ferreira, D.M.C.
; Ferreira, Fabrício M.
; Ferreira, Gabriel E.
; Ferreira, Priscila P.A.
; Ferreira, Silvana C.
; Ferrucci, Maria S.
; Fiaschi, Pedro
; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.
; Firens, Marcela
; Flores, Andreia S.
; Forero, Enrique
; Forster, Wellington
; Fortuna-Perez, Ana P.
; Fortunato, Reneé H.
; Fraga, Cléudio N.
; França, Flávio
; Francener, Augusto
; Freitas, Joelcio
; Freitas, Maria F.
; Fritsch, Peter W.
; Furtado, Samyra G.
; Gaglioti, André L.
; Garcia, Flávia C.P.
; Germano Filho, Pedro
; Giacomin, Leandro
; Gil, André S.B.
; Giulietti, Ana M.
; A.P.Godoy, Silvana
; Goldenberg, Renato
; Gomes da Costa, Géssica A.
; Gomes, Mário
; Gomes-Klein, Vera L.
; Gonçalves, Eduardo Gomes
; Graham, Shirley
; Groppo, Milton
; Guedes, Juliana S.
; Guimarães, Leonardo R.S.
; Guimarães, Paulo J.F.
; Guimarães, Elsie F.
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; Jardim, Jomar G.
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.
Resumo Um levantamento atualizado das plantas com sementes e análises relevantes acerca desta biodiversidade são apresentados. Este trabalho se iniciou em 2010 com a publicação do Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos e, desde então vem sendo atualizado por mais de 430 especialistas trabalhando online. O Brasil abriga atualmente 32.086 espécies nativas de Angiospermas e 23 espécies nativas de Gimnospermas e estes novos dados mostram um aumento de 3% da riqueza em relação a 2010. A Amazônia é o Domínio Fitogeográfico com o maior número de espécies de Gimnospermas, enquanto que a Floresta Atlântica possui a maior riqueza de Angiospermas. Houve um crescimento considerável no número de espécies e nas taxas de endemismo para a maioria dos Domínios (Caatinga, Cerrado, Floresta Atlântica, Pampa e Pantanal), com exceção da Amazônia que apresentou uma diminuição de 2,5% de endemicidade. Entretanto, a maior parte das plantas com sementes que ocorrem no Brasil (57,4%) é endêmica deste território. A proporção de formas de vida varia de acordo com os diferentes Domínios: árvores são mais expressivas na Amazônia e Floresta Atlântica do que nos outros biomas, ervas são dominantes no Pampa e as lianas apresentam riqueza expressiva na Amazônia, Floresta Atlântica e Pantanal. Este trabalho não só quantifica a biodiversidade brasileira, mas também indica as lacunas de conhecimento e o desafio a ser enfrentado para a conservação desta flora.
Abstract An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil's unique and diverse flora.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566411
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11.
Controversial features of granular superconductors studied through the magnetic properties of 2d-Josephson junction arrays
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We have shown that the Paramagnetic Meissner Effect (PME) is directly associated with pinning, and not necessarily related to the presence of pi-junctions. Through the study of the magnetic properties of two-dimensional Josephson junction arrays (2D-JJA) in the present work we show that, among the systems exhibiting PME, only those with suffciently low dissipation and high capacitance will show dynamics reentrance. The concept of a critical state and its use in the interpretation of AC magnetization data in terms of a critical current density were introduced to derive the magnetic properties of hard type-II superconductors. In the critical state model proposed by Bean, flux lines penetrate into the sample and, due to the presence of disorder they give rise to a steady flux gradient. Here we show that in 2D-JJA this typical picture is valid only in short-range distances. For long-range distances, the picture of uniform flux fronts, as described by a critical state model, breaks down and the penetration of the magnetic field takes place through the growth of magnetic dendrites. De Gennes originally compared the slope of a pile of vortices to a sand-pile, with the slope being proportional to the local magnitude of the critical current. Dynamical properties of the sand-pile problem have attracted new attention since it consists of a marginally stable system displaying self-organized criticality (SOC). In this case, when a superconductor is in the Bean critical state, the addition of vortices occurs by increasing the external magnetic field. This procedure is analogous to the introduction of new grains to a sand-pile and is expected to produce an avalanche of grains of sand (or, equivalently, vortices) of all sizes to maintain a constant gradient in the grain (or, magnetic ux) density. We show in this work strong evidences pointing out that, for some specific conditions, magnetic field penetrates 2D-JJA in ux avalanches.
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