Foi estudada a capacidade de fixação de fosfato na camada de 0-20cm em oito solos do município de Piracicaba e a disponibilidade do fosfato fixado. Inicialmente incubou-se por 15 dias porções de 200g de terra com doses crescentes de fósforo (0, 50, 100, 200 e 250ppm de P) mantendo-se a umidade igual a 50-70% de capacidade de embebiçao de cada terra. A seguir, porções de 4g dessas amostras foram agitadas horizontalmente durante 48 horas, com períodos de repouso eventuais, com solução de CaCl2 contendo 50ppm de P, procedendo-se, depois, a filtraçao da solução sobrenadante e a dosagem do teor de fósforo da mesma. A diferença entre os conteúdos de P da solução original e da obtida após a filtração foi considerada fixada. A partir do conhecimento das quantidades fixadas por cada terra foi calculada a quantidade de P que deve ser adicionada a cada uma a fim de anular-lhe o poder de fixação de fosfato. Procedeu-se, também, a extração do P disponível das terras incubadas com esse elemento e calcularam-se as quantidades do mesmo necessárias serem adicionadas para que as terras mantenham um teor médio de P assimilável. Os principais resultados foram os seguintes: Para anular a capacidade de fixação de fosfato dos solos estudados devem ser-lhes fornecidos de 62 a 2015ppm de P e a capacidade de fixação está relacionada com o teor de argila e o teor de Fe livre. Para que os solos em apreço possam manter um teor de 16 ou 40ppm na solução devem ser-lhes adicionados fosfatos solúveis nas doses que variaram de 6 a 51ppm ou 42-106ppm.

Phosphate fixation capacity of eight soils representative of the Piracicaba municipality, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were studied. Representative samples of the following soils were utilized: Iracema, Luiz de Queiroz, Pau D'Alho, Monte Olimpo, Lageadinho, Quebra Dente, Gibóia e Ribeirão Claro. Once the amount of phosphate fixed by each soil was known, the quantity of P to be added to neutralize their respective fixing capacities was calculated. The available P from soils incubated without this element was extracted and a calculation was made to verify how much of it must be added to the soils for them to maintain their mean values of available phosphorus. Mean values of available P, soluble phosphate that must be added to the soils varied according to soil type. It was concluded that the percentage of clay is a good index to evaluate the capacity of phosphate retention by soils from the municipality of Piracicaba.

A finalidade deste trabalho foi determinar os fatores que mais contribuem para a fixação do fósforo na camada de 0 - 20cm em 8 solos representativos do município de Piracicaba. Foram realizados dois ensaios. No primeiro foram tomadas porções de 4g de terra e agitadas durante 48 ho ras, intermitentemente, em solução de cloreto de cálcio 0,01 M contendo 500ppm de P. A seguir, fez-se a filtra çao e dosagem do teor de P do filtrado. A diferença en tre este e o da solução original foi considerada como P fixado pela amostra. As quantidades de P fixadas, expressas em ug/100g de terra, foram correlacionadas com propriedades físicas e químicas dos solos. 0 segundo ensaio constou de incubação das amostras de terra com 250ppm de P durante 15 dias. A seguir procedeu-se à extração e dosagem do P solúvel. A diferença entre a quantidade posta a incubar (250ppm) e a quantidade solúvel encontrada foi considerada fixada. Constatou-se, no primeiro ensaio, que argila e óxido de ferro livre são os principais fatores que concorrem para a fixação do P em solos do município de Piracicaba. A areia contribui para reduzir a fixação. Em ordem decrescente de capacidade de fixação os solos se comportaram do seguinte modo: Iracema > Luiz de Queiroz>Monte Olimpo > Lageadinho > Pau D'Alho > Quebra Dente = Gibóia > Ribeirão Claro. Após a incubação com 250ppm de P as terras continuaram a fixar esse elemento, mas nenhum dos fatores estudados se correlacionou com as quantidades fixadas, exceto a areia, negativamente.

Phosphate fixation capacity of soils from the municipality of Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, was studied under laboratory conditions. The main conclusions are as follows. Clay and free iron oxides are the main factors contributing to P fixation by the soils from the municipality of Piracicaba. Gibbsita must be important for the Iracema Serie. In all cases sand contributed to reduce P fixation. Fixation capacity of the soils studied decreased as follows: Iracema > Luiz de Queiroz > Monte Olimpo > Lageadinho > Pau D'Alho > Quebra Dente = Gibóia > Ribeirão Claro. After incubation with 250ppm of P, the soils still continued to retain this element but none of the studied factors correlated with the fixed amounts with the exception of sand which correlated negatively.

Foi realizado um ensaio em vasos para se estudar os efeitos dos fertilizantes fosfatados (Superfosfato simples, Termofosfato e Fosforita de Olinda) sobre o pH e o teor de Al3+ trocável de dois solos (Orthic Haplacrox e Orthic Hapludent) do município de Piracicaba-SP. O Termofosfato reduziu tanto a acidez ativa quanto a acidez trocável em ambos os solos. A fosforita de Olinda e o Superfosfato simples reduziram a acidez de troca mas afetaram muito pouco o pH dos dois solos.

An experiment was carried out, in pots, to study the effects of phosphate fertilizers (ordinary superphosphate, thermal phosphate and rok phosphate) on both, the pH and the amount of exchangeable Al3+ in two soils (Orthic Haplacrox and Orthic Hapludent) from the municipality of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Thermal phosphate reduced the active and exchangeable acidities in both soils. Rock phosphate and ordinary superphosphate reduced the exchangeable acidity but caused very little effect on the pH of the soils .

Os autores relatam os resultados de três ensaios realizados em solos de cerrado para verificar os efeitos da calagem sobre os valores pH dos mesmos. Após o penodo experimental (5 anos) , foram colhidas amostras de terra nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-70 e 70-100 cm para medições de pH. Verificaram que a elevação do pH dependia da quantidade de calcário aplicada e que tal efeito só se fez sentir nitidamente até a camada de 20-40 cm de profundidade. Consideraram, também, que a textura do solo é muito importante: quanto mais fina, maiores quantidades do corretivo devem ser aplicadas.

The authors report the results of three experiments carried out in "cerrado" soils in order to check out the effects of liming on the pH values of those soils. After the experimental period (5 years), samples were taken from depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-70 and 70-100 cm for pH measurements. It was observed that the increase depended upon the ammount of lime applied and that such effect was only clear to 20-40 cm of depth; and also that the soil texture is very important: the finer it is, the larger is the quantity of lime to be applied.

Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados de três ensaios conduzidos em solos de cerrado afim de se verificar os efeitos da calagem sobre os teores de cálcio mais magnésio dos mesmos. Após o período experimental (5 anos) foram colhidas amostras de terra nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-70 e 70-100 cm determinando-se nelas os teores de cálcio mais magnésio trocáveis. Constatou-se que as quantidades dos referidos cátions permutáveis eram maiores quanto maiores as quantidades de calcário aplicadas. Também se verificou pronunciada penetração de cálcio mais magnésio no perfil dos solos, sendo esta mais acentuada nas terras mais arenosas.

This work presents the results of three experiments carried out in "cerrado" soil in order to check out the effects of liming on the contents of calcium plus magnesium of those soils. After the experimental period (5 years) soil samples were taken from depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-70 and 70-100 cm and the amounts of exchangeable calcium plus magnesium were determined. It was observed that the contents of the exchangeable cations mentioned above increase with the amount of 1ime applied. It was verified a pronounced penetration of calciumplus magnesium in the profiles of the soils, and this was more evident in the most sandy ones.

No presente trabalho os autores apresentam um estudo dos efeitos do pH e dos teores de fosfato solúvel em H2SO4 0,05 N e de matéria orgânica do solo sobre a capacidade de fixação de Zn do mesmo. Na execução do ensaio utilizaram uma técnica traçadora sendo o 65Zn o elemento traçador. Foi concluído que as quantidades de Zn fixadas estão direta e positivamente correlacionadas com o pH, com o teor de fosfato solúvel e de matéria orgânica dos solos.

The purpose of this experiment was to verify the effects of some properties of the soil as pH, and the content of soluble phosphate and organic matter on the soil capacity to fix zinc. Ten grams each of 30 samples of different soils were placed in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and 4 ml of solution containing 100 mg of inert zinc and 0.7 mcof radioactive 65Zn were added. After 20 days of incubation, Zn was extracted with 20 ml of 0.01 M EDTA solution made 1M respect to (NH4)2CO3. An aliquot of 5 ml of the extract was transferred to a test tub and radioactivity of 65 Zn in it was measured with a scintillation counter. Quantity of zinc fixed by the different soils was calculated from the data obtained and county made on the standard solution. It was concluded that the amount of zinc fixed by the soil was positively correlated with pH, soluble phosphate and organic matter content of the soils.

Ao realizarem este trabalho os autores tiveram em mente verificar os efeitos das frações granulométricas do solo sobre a fixação de Zn pelo mesmo. Utilizaram, para tanto, uma técnica traçadora, sendo o 65Zn o elemento traçador. Concluíram que as frações argila e limo participam do fenômeno, mas não a fração areia.

This paper was carried out in order to verify the effects of the clay, silt and sand soil fractions on zinc fixation by soils. Ten grams each of 30 samples of different soils were placed in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and 4 ml of solution containing 100 mg of inert Zn and 0.70 mc of radioactive 65Zn were added. After 20 days of incubation, Zn was extracted with 20 ml of 0.01 M EDTA solution made 1 M with respect to (NH4)2CO3. An aliquot of 5 ml of the extract was transferred to a test-tube and radioactivity of 65Zn in it was measured with a scintillation counter. Quantity of fixed Zn by the different soils was calculated from the data obtained and counting made on the standard solution. It was concluded that clay and silt took part of the Zn fixation by the soil, but not the sand.

Foi determinado o teor de micronutrientes na casca (polpa) e no grão de café "cereja" das variedades "Caturra Amarelo", "Bourbon Amarelo" e "Mundo Novo" colhidos em plantas cultivadas em três tipos de solos - terra roxa legítima, massapé-salmourão e arenito de Bauru. A análise revelou que as três variedades possuem a mesma composição mineral com respeito aos elementos determinados. O tipo de solo - ou o local - influiu na composição das amostras. Em um saco de café em coco existem quantidades aproximadamente iguais dos elementos na casca e no grão.

The contents of micronutrientes in coffee berries of the varieties ""Bourbon Amarelo", "Caturra Amarelo" and "Mundo Novo" grown in three different types of soils, namely, "terra roxa", "massape-salmourão", and "arenito de Bauru", have been determined. Statiscal analysis of the chemical data permits the following conclusions to be drawn: (a) there is no difference in the chemical composition of the three varieties; (b) the average content is as follows (in ppm): (c) one bag of dry, unprocessed coffe, has roughly equal total amounts of micronutrients both in the beans and in the hulls; zinc is an exception, however.

Pineapple plants when grown in the greenhouse by the sand culture technique in order to study the effects of deficiencies of macronutrients in growth, yield, leaf and fruit composition, the main results were the following. As a result of the several treatments, yield decreased in the order: Complete Minus Mg Minus S Minus Ca Minus K; nitrogen and phosphorus deficiente plants did not bear fruit. Leaf analyses (see Table 5-1) showed that the ommission of given element from the nutrient solution always caused a decrease in its level in the green tissue. As seen in Table 5-2 the lack of macronutrients had certain effects on fruit composition: acidity increased in all cases excet in the minus Mg fruits; ash usually decreased reaching its lowest valued in fruits from the minus K plants; when compared to fruits picked in the "normal" plants, those lacking K showed a marked decrease both in brix and in total sugars as well; sulfur deficiency also brought a net reduction in the sugar content. Table 5-1. Levels of macronutrients found in pinapple leaves. Elements Treatment Percent of dry matter Nitrogen (N) Complete 1.29 Minus N 0.78 Phosphorus (P) Complete 0.12 Minus P .05 Potassium (K) Complete 2.28 Minus K 0.16 Calcium (Ca) Complete 1.19 Minus Ca 1.10 Magnesium (Mg) Complete 0.41 Minus Mg .29 Sulfur (S) Complete 1.00 Minus S .65 Table 5-2. Effects of macronutrients deficiency in yield and fruit characteristics. Treatment Ave. weight of Acidity As per Brix Total sugars fruits (gm) per cent cent per cent Complete 1.031 1.16 0.40 14.7 10.8 Minus N no fruit was produced Minus P no fruit was produced Minus K 246 1.44 0.26 11.9 8.3 Minus Ca 513 1.40 0.35 17.8 14.3 Minus Mg 957 0.97 0.38 15.4 13.0 Minus S 576 1.42 0.46 17.1 6.5

This paper deals with the determination of the content of macronutrients in pulp and beans of three coffee varieties, namely 'Mundo Novo', 'Caturra Amarelo' and 'Bourbon Amarelo'. Samples were collected in plantations located in the three types of soils herein most of S. Paulo, Brazil, coffee is grown, that is, "terra roxa legítima" (Ribeirão Preto), "massapé-salmourão" (Mocóca), and "arenito de Bauru" (Pindorama). The following main conclusions were drawn after statistical analysis of data obtained hereby. There is no statistical difference among the three varieties . Average contents of macronutrients, as per cent of the dry matter, are the following: N P K Ca Mg S bean 1,71 0,10 1,53 0,27 0,15 0,12 pulps 1.78 0,14 3,75 0,41 0,13 0,15 Samples collected in Mocóca ("massapé-salmourão") had lower N and K contents, probably due to lack of availability of these elements in the soil, as suggested by its analysis. Results obtained in this work are in good agreement with data described elsewhere. Out of the total of elements contained in the whole fruit the following proportions are exported as clean coffee: N - 2/3, P and K - 1/2, Ca, Mg and S - 1/3. It is clear therefore that a substantial amount of elements absorbed from the soil remains in the pulp or in the dry hulls which result from processing. From this fact raises the interest of using these residues as fertilizer in the coffee plantations.

Due to the great importance of coffee to the Brazilian economy, a good deal of the work carried out in the "Laboratório de Isótopos", E. E. A. "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, S. Paulo, Brazil, was dedicated to the study of some problems involving that plant. The first one was designed to verify a few aspects of the control of zinc deficiency which is common in many types of soils in Brazil. An experiment conducted in nutrient solution showed that the leaf absorption of the radiozinc was eight times as high as the root uptake; the lower surface of the leaves is particularly suited for this kind of absorption. Among the heavy metal micronutrients, only iron did not affect the absorption of the radiozinc; manganese, copper, and molybdenum brought about a decrease of fifty per cent in total uptake. In another pot experiment in which two soils typical of the coffee growing regions were used, namely, a sandy soil called "arenito de Bauru" and a heavy one, "terra roxa", only O.l and 0.2 per cent of the activity supplied to the roots was recovered", respectively. This indicates that under field conditions the farmer should not attempt to correct zinc deficiency by applying zinc salts to the soil: leaf sprays should be used wherever necessary. In order to find out the most suitable way to supply phosphatic fertilizers to the coffee plant, under normal farm conditions, an experiment with tagged superphosphate was carried out with the following methods of distribution of this material: (1) topdressed in a circular area around the trees; (2) placed in the bottom of a 15 cm deep furrow made around the plant; (3) placed in a semicircular furrow, as in the previous treatment; (4) sprayed directly to the leaves. It was verified that in the first case, circa 10 per cent of the phosphorus in the leaves came from the superphosphate; for the other treatments, the results ware, respectively: 2.4, 1.7, and 38.0 per cent. It is interesting to mention that the first and the last methods of distribution were those less used by the farmers; now they are being introduced in many coffee plantations. In a previous trial it was demonstrated that urea sprays were an adequate way to correct nitrogen deficiency under field conditions. An experiment was then set up in which urea-C14 was used to study the metabolism of this fertilizer in coffee leaves. In was verified that in a 9 hours period circa 95 per cent of the urea supplied to the leaves had been absorbed. The distribution of the nitrogen of the urea was followed by standard chemical procedures. On the other hand the fate of the carbonic moiety was studied with the aid of the radiochromatographic technique. Thus, the incorporation of C14 in aminoacids, sugars and organic acids was ascertained. Data obtained in this work gave a definite support to the idea that in coffee leaves, as in a few other higher plants, a mechanism similar to the urea cycle of animals does exist.