ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to assess diagnostic radiology training and exposure during medical school, from the perspective of medical students in Brazil. Methods In this multicenter study approved by the Institutional Review Board, medical students from multiple universities in Brazil filled out an online questionnaire regarding their perception about diagnostic radiology training during medical school, including knowledge and use of the American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria and their confidence level in interpreting common radiological findings. Medical students from different regions of Brazil were sent invitations to participate in the anonymous survey through radiology group emails initiated by radiology professors and a group of ambassadors representing different institutions. Informed consent was obtained electronically at the beginning of the survey. Results The survey demonstrated diagnostic radiology is frequently included in preclinical exams; however, radiology training during medical school was considered inadequate from the medical students´ perspective. Overall, radiological imaging teaching was provided by radiologists for more than half of the survey respondents; however, radiological imaging is frequently shown to students by non-radiologist physicians during case discussion rounds. Moreover, few respondents had a mandatory radiology training rotation during medical school. Conclusion This Brazilian medical student survey demonstrated that from the medical students’ perspective, diagnostic radiology is an important subject in clinical practice; however, their radiology training and exposure are overall heterogeneous.

ABSTRACT: A combination of abiotic stresses in sandy soils, such as saline water, saline soil, and lack of nutrients, affects productivity of faba bean. In this study, organic amendments and biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) were used in combination to increase yield of faba bean seed as well as the protein content under a sandy soil and irrigation affected by salt water. Two field experiments were carried out during two successive winter seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. A split-split-plot design in a randomized complete block was used. The main plots were allotted to the organic amendments, rates of biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) were assigned to sub-plot, and the cultivars were applied to sub-sub-plot. The results showed that the treatment of plant compost applied as an organic amendment and 1.5 L ha–1 of biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) with foliar application significantly increased seed yield of cultivars, Sakha-4, Sakha-1, and Giza-843 by 17.2, 33.0, and 19.8 % respectively, compared to control under a sandy soil and irrigation water affected by salts. The interaction between Sakha-1 cultivar, plant compost, and 1.5 L ha–1 of biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) achieved the optimal combination, providing the highest grain yield, as compared to all other treatments. The combination of these treatments is recommended in order to improve faba bean productivity under similar conditions.

ABSTRACT The relationship between total column ozone (TCO) and the development of a cyclonic system that occurred in the period from January 18 to January 25, 1981 has been studied using the ERA-Interim reanalysis database. It was found that TCO increases and decreases with the development and weakening of the cyclonic system. Also, a good correlation between TCO and the thickness of the layer was found between 1000-100 hPa and tropopause pressure. The study of daily variations in TCO based on the vertical distribution of the ozone mass mixing ratio (OMR) illustrate that with the beginning of the growth period there is a high decrease of the tropopause height, which was associated to high deepening of the cyclone and was accompanied by a significant vertical increase of OMR in the troposphere and stratosphere. The obvious significant increase of OMR starts at the stratospheric layer and is then transported to the tropospheric layer. The analysis of the time-height variation of the differences of OMR between the average of the domain containing the center of the cyclone at each level and the corresponding monthly average, illustrates that during the days of maximum deepening the positive values of OMR extend downwards to reach the 850 hPa level. The increase in positive values continues to be higher in the upper levels and reaches maximum values between 300-100 hPa and also between the 60-10 hPa layer. The characteristics of these changes of OMR concentrations from layer to layer are predominantly due to dynamical processes. Also, this was attributed to the effect of horizontal advection of ozone from a different neighboring region into the column, and by a vertical exchange of air between the high ozone at the stratosphere and low ozone at troposphere.

RESUMEN Se estudió la relación entre el ozono total en columna (TCO, por sus siglas en inglés) y el desarrollo de un sistema ciclónico que se presentó entre el 18 y el 25 de enero de 1981, utilizando para ello la base de datos del reanálisis ERA-Interim. Se encontró que el TCO aumenta y disminuye con el desarrollo y debilitamiento del sistema ciclónico. También se encontró una buena correlación entre el TCO y el grosor de la capa de 1000 a 100 hPa y la presión de la tropopausa. El estudio de las variaciones diarias del TCO con base en la distribución vertical de la razón de mezcla de la masa de ozono (OMR, por sus siglas en inglés) demuestra que al inicio del periodo de crecimiento hay una importante disminución en la altura de la tropopausa asociada con la intensificación del ciclón y acompañada de un aumento vertical significativo de la OMR en la troposfera y la estratosfera. El aumento obviamente significativo de la OMR empieza en la capa estratosférica y después se traslada a la troposfera. El análisis de la variación en la altura de la OMR con relación al tiempo, respecto del promedio del dominio donde se ubica el centro del ciclón y el correspondiente promedio mensual, demuestran que en los días de máxima intensificación los valores positivos de la OMR se extienden hacia abajo hasta alcanzar el nivel de los 850 hPa. El incremento de los valores positivos de la OMR continúa siendo mayor en los niveles superiores y alcanza valores máximos entre 300 y 100 hPa, así como en la capa de 60-10 hPa. Las características de estos cambios en las concentraciones de la OMR entre capas se deben a procesos dinámicos, al efecto de la advección horizontal de ozono desde una región cercana hacia el interior de la columna, y al intercambio vertical de aire entre el ozono estratosférico y el troposférico.

Resumo Justificativa O laringoespasmo pós-extubação é uma complicação perigosa que deve ser prontamente tratada. Medidas padrão para o seu manejo foram descritas. O nosso objetivo foi comparar a eficácia de propofol (0,5 mg.kg-1) versus lidocaína (1,5 mg.kg-1) no tratamento de laringoespasmo resistente pós-extubação em pacientes obstétricas após falha das medidas padrão. Método Este estudo foi conduzido ao longo de dois anos em todas as pacientes obstétricas programadas para cesariana. O laringoespasmo pós-extubação foi inicialmente tratado com um protocolo padrão (remoção do estímulo ofensivo, protrusão mandibular, ventilação com pressão positiva com oxigênio a 100%). Ao constatar a falha desse protocolo, o fármaco testado foi a segunda opção (lidocaína no primeiro ano e propofol no segundo ano). Por fim, succinilcolina foi usada quando houve falha do fármaco testado. Resultados No grupo lidocaína, 5% das parturientes desenvolveram laringoespasmo pós-extubação, 31,9% delas foram tratadas com sucesso via protocolo padrão e 68,1% precisaram de tratamento com lidocaína, das quais, 65,6% responderam com sucesso ao tratamento com lidocaína e 34,4% precisaram de succinilcolina para alívio do laringoespasmo. No grupo propofol, 4,7% das parturientes desenvolveram laringoespasmo pós-extubação, 30,1% delas foram tratadas com sucesso via protocolo padrão e 69,9% precisaram de tratamento com propofol, das quais, 82,8% responderam com sucesso ao tratamento com propofol e 17,2% precisaram de succinilcolina para alívio do laringoespasmo. Conclusão Uma pequena dose de propofol (0,5 mg.kg-1) é marginalmente mais eficaz do que lidocaína (1,5 mg.kg-1) no tratamento de laringoespasmo resistente pós-extubação em pacientes obstétricas, após falha das medidas padrão e antes do uso de relaxantes musculares.

Abstract Background Post-extubation laryngospasm is a dangerous complication that should be managed promptly. Standard measures were described for its management. We aimed to compare the efficacy of propofol (0.5 mg.kg-1) vs. lidocaine (1.5 mg.kg-1) for treatment of resistant post-extubation laryngospasm in the obstetric patients, after failure of the standard measures. Method This study was conducted over 2 years on all obstetric patients scheduled for cesarean delivery. Post-extubation laryngospasm was initially managed with a standard protocol (removal of offending stimulus, jaw thrust, positive pressure ventilation with 100% oxygen). When this protocol failed, the tested drug was the second line (lidocaine in the first year and propofol in the second year). Lastly, succinylcholine was used when the tested drug failed. Results In lidocaine group, 5% of parturients developed post-extubation laryngospasm, 31.9% of them were successfully treated via standard protocol, and 68.1% required lidocaine treatment. Among these, 65.6% of patients treated with lidocaine responded successfully and 34.4% required succinylcholine to relieve laryngospasm. In propofol group, 4.7% of parturients developed post-extubation laryngospasm, 30.1% of them were successfully treated via standard protocol, and 69.9% required propofol treatment. Among these, 82.8% of patients treated with propofol responded successfully and 17.2% required succinylcholine to relieve laryngospasm. Conclusion Small dose of propofol (0.5 mg.kg-1) is marginally more effective than lidocaine (1.5 mg.kg-1) for the treatment of resistant post-extubation laryngospasm in obstetric patients, after failure of standard measures and before the use of muscle relaxants.

Um concreto de elevada resistência recebeu diferentes tipos de cura em laboratório e testes de resistência à tração na flexão permitiram comparar os resultados devidos aos diferentes processos de cura. A cura úmida resultou bem mais eficiente que a cura com aspersão de produto químico formando membrane sobre a superfície do concreto.; mais importante, a resistência à flexão dos concretos de elevada resistência aumentou quando o corpo de prova estava saturado enquanto que para concretos convencionais de pavimentação essa resistência diminuiu com a saturação das amostras. Com base em testes de permeabilidade ao ar para ambos os concretos, buscou-se explicar a natureza do fenômeno encontrado, consid- erando as gritantes diferenças na estrutura de poros de ambos os concretos. Como principal recomendação, a medida de resistência à tração na flexão para concretos de elevada resistência não deve ser realizada com amostras saturadas dados os resultados irreais encontrados

Flexural strength of high performance concrete submitted to several non-standard curing conditions was evaluated through bending tests on beams in order to allow comparisons among different curing procedures. The moist curing process resulted more effective than curing by chemical products leading to membrane formation over concrete surface; moreover, flexural strength of high strength concrete was increased when satu- rated specimens were tested, whereas conventional concrete flexural strength decreased when submitted to the same conditions. Such results were explained on the basis of concrete porosity with the support of air permeability tests. Results explained differences between the behavior of conventional and high strength concrete when water fills the specimen pores. As recommendation, high strength concrete specimens shall not be tested in bending in saturated condition under the risk of overestimation of flexural resistance.