Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) is an edible berry native to Southern Chile. The anthocyanin profiles and concentrations of this fruit have been widely studied. The high concentration of anthocyanins confers a deep colour to the skin and pulp of maqui berries, and the biological activity of this fruit has been attributed to these compounds. However, other compounds such as flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in this fruit have not been studied to date. The objective was to determine the hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonol profiles in maqui berries in order expand the knowledge base for this fruit. Two extraction methodologies (solid phase extraction using a mixed mode cation exchange cartridge and selective precipitation), followed by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS were applied to the extraction and identification of the main hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols in the berries. Quantification was accomplished by using the first extraction procedure. Low levels of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were detected in maqui berries, where 5-galloylquinic acid was the only quantifiable derivative. However, diverse and high levels of flavonols were detected in the fruit, the most relevant of which are myricetin-galactoside, quercetin-rutinoside, and quercetin-3-galactoside. Nineteen other flavonols were identified, with total concentrations between 1.05 and 1.18 μmol/g fresh weight. The diversity of flavonols makes the profiles and concentrations of these compounds significant, whereas hydroxycinnamic acids in maqui are not significan! The comparatively high levels of flavonols combined with the high concentration of anthocyanins contribute to the consideration of this native fruit from Chileas a "superfruit".

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum lupini is the disease that causes more damage in lupins around the world. Previously, we evaluated the relationship between alkaloid content and anthracnose tolerance in different varieties and breeding lines of L. albus. In the present work, an appropriate method to assess lupin isoflavones by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE) using borate alkaline buffer was developed. Genistin, licoisoflavone A, genistein and 2´-hydroxygenistein were detected in leaf, stem, bud and root of Lupins. We report amounts of these isoflavones in leaves of anthracnose tolerant and not tolerant L. albus and L. angustifolius at different development stages during the season 1998/99. Using two in-vitro bioassays against Colletotrichum lupini lupin isoflavones were tested. Our results show that licoisoflavone A, lupinalbin A, 2`-hydroxygenistein, licoisoflavone B, genistein and wighteone exerts from mild to strong fungitoxic activity. Indeed isoflavones, as natural protection, could play an important role in the resistance and tolerance of lupins against anthracnose

Os extratos de alcalóides de Lupinus spp., obtidos por métodos convencionais (maceração/sonicação - extração em fase sólida; maceração/sonicação -extração líquido-líquido) e por SFE (extração com fluido supercrítico) usando CO2 e CO2 modificado (CO2/MeOH, CO2/EtOH, CO2/iPrOH e CO2/H2O) foram analisados por CGAR-DIC (cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução com detector de ionização de chama) e CGAR-EM (cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução acoplada à espectrometria de massas). As análises quantitativas por CGAR-DIC foram feitas pelo método do padrão interno, para a quantificação de lupanina, multiflorina e um alcalóide derivado da esparteína. CGAR-EM permitiu a identificação dos constituintes químicos (alcalóides e outras substâncias) destes extratos.

The alkaloid extracts from Lupinus spp., obtained by conventional methods (maceration/sonication - solid phase extraction; maceration/sonication - liquid-liquid extraction) and SFE (supercritical fluid extraction) using CO2 and modified CO2 (CO2/MeOH, CO2/EtOH, CO2/iPrOH and CO2/H2O) were analysed by HRGC-FID (high resolution gas chromatography - flame ionization detector) and HRGC-MS (high resolution gas chromatography - mass spectrometry). The HRGC-FID quantitative analyses were performed with an internal standard method for quantification of lupanine, multiflorine and a spartein-like alkaloid. HRGC-MS allowed identification of the chemical constituents (alkaloids and other compounds) from these extracts.