Neste trabalho desenvolvemos um modelo clássico para descrever o processo de resfriamento atômico devido à interação de um átomo com uma configuração de feixes de luz laser. Derivamos uma expressão para a força de radiação sobre o átomo com a descrição detalhada da origem de cada um dos termos envolvidos. Por fim construímos um paralelo entre o aspecto clássico e as particularidades da natureza quântica da interação radiação matéria.

In this work we develop a classical model to describe the laser cooling process due to the interaction between an atom and a configuration of laser beams. We derive an expression for the radiation force exerted on the atom, detailing the origin of each term involved. Lastly, we built a parallel between the classical model and the peculiarities of the quantum nature of the interaction radiation-matter.

The biostimulating effect of laser radiation has been observed in many areas of Medicine. However, there are still several questions to be answered, among them the importance of light coherence in the stimulatory process. In the present study, we used light-emitting diodes (LED) to promote the stimulation of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. Fourteen male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were submitted to partial hepatectomy (70%) followed by LED light irradiation (630 nm) of the remaining part of the liver at two doses, i.e., 10 (N = 7) and 140 (N = 7) J/cm². A group irradiated with laser, 590 nm (N = 7, 15 J/cm²) was performed for the study of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-labeling index. Data are reported as mean ± SEM. Statistical comparisons of the groups were performed by analysis of variance for parametric measurements followed by the Bonferroni post-test, with the level of significance set at P < 0.05. Respiratory mitochondrial activity was increased in the irradiated groups (states 3 and 4; P < 0.05), with better results for the group exposed to the lower LED dose (10 J/cm²). The proliferating cell nuclear antigen-labeling index, by immunohistochemical staining, was similar for both LED-exposed groups (P > 0.05) and higher than for the control group (P < 0.05). The cell proliferation index obtained with LED and laser were similar (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the present results suggest that LED irradiation promotes biological stimulatory effects during the early stage of liver regeneration and that LED is as effective as laser light, independent of the coherence, divergence and cromaticity.

Neste trabalho apresentamos um modelo simples de resfriamento evaporativo para átomos ultrafrios aprisionados. Este processo objetiva a diminuição da temperatura da amostra gasosa a partir da retirada dos átomos mais quentes desta e conseqüente retermalização dos remanescentes em uma temperatura mais baixa. O modelo parte da distribuição de Maxwell-Boltzmann de velocidades para a amostra atômica e permite o cálculo da temperatura e número de átomos remanescentes nesta após a retirada dos átomos mais quentes e retermalização. A partir dessas expressões simulamos o processo de resfriamento evaporativo realizado usualmente em experimentos, onde são retirados átomos cada vez mais frios após cada retermalização.

In this work we present a simple model to describe evaporative cooling for ultracold trapped atoms. This process is used to achieve low temperatures of the gaseous sample by removing the hottest atoms and subsequently rethermalizing the remaining atoms at a lower temperature. The model assumes a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of velocities in the atomic sample and allows the calculation of the temperature and the number of remaining atoms after the hottest atoms have been removed and the rethermalization has taken place. Using these expressions we simulate the process of evaporative cooling as it is usually carried out in experiments, where colder atoms are removed after each successive rethermalization.

In order to evaluate an atomic clock, it is important to determine the main frequency shifts caused by external fields, device imperfections, etc. Scanning the frequency of the main oscillator, the Ramsey fringe is obtained and used to determine the main shifts. The gravitational shift (10-17), second order Doppler (1.65×10-13), Black-Body radiation shift (2.9×10-14), quadratic Zeeman effect (5×10-13), Rabi Pulling (1.3×10-13) and cavity pulling (1.3×10-13) have been evaluated. The short term stability, (6.6±0,2)×10-13, was obtained.

O espectro dos modos coerentes para gás atômico de Bose diluído, confinado em uma armadilha harmônica não isotrópica é determinado e utiliza-se da teoria de perturbação otimizada e a técnica das raízes aproximantes auto-similares. As expressões obtidas são válidas para níveis de energia arbitrários de todos os modos coerentes excitados. Este artigo deve ser utilizado como ponto de início para os alunos que querem se aprofundar no tema de condensação de Bose-Einstein atualmente presente em quase todos periódicos de Física.

The spectrum of coherent modes for dilute atomic Bose gas, confined in a non-isotropic harmonic trap, is determined by using the optimized perturbation theory and the technique of self-similar root approximants. The obtained expressions are valid for arbitrary energy levels of all excited nonlinear coherent modes. This article must be used as an introduction for the students that want to deepen nowadays in the theme of the Bose-Einstein condensation.